• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2014

The amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has been increasing steadily over the last 3 years (2009~2011), averaging 5.7 percent a year, due to the growth of low cost carriers and the increased demand for air transportations. The present study attempts to investigate the aviation fuel consumption and GHG emissions of Tier 3a type by the flight phase from three aircraft type such as B737-600(routes between Gimpo-Jeju airport), B737-700(routes between Gimpo-Jeju airport and Inchon-Narita), B737-800(routes between Inchon-Narita) using the Flight Operation Quality Assurance(FOQA) data of the year 2011.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.131-139
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• 2022

The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of a landfill project to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) from La Chureca Landfill in Managua, Nicaragua ("Project"). The feasibility study involved surveying the status and composition of waste on its way in to the landfill and projecting GHG emissions from the landfill. A projection of the GHG emissions with the IPCC model based on the survey results indicated the period 2006 to 2043 would see mean yearly GHG emissions of 290,147 ton-CO₂/year with model certainty not considered, and 217,610 ton-CO₂/year with model certainty considered. Thus, the result exceeded the corresponding median and mean values of other CDM projects implemented in Central America, even after model uncertainty was considered together with the conservative estimation of carbon capture efficiency. The similar result was produced even with an analysis of sensitivity to error factors. All the findings of the study are expected to be applicable as basic data for deciding about whether & how to proceed with the Project.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2023

As the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emphasized the transition to a carbon-neutral society globally by 205 0, major countries such as Korea, Japan, and Europe declared carbon-neutral goals. The agricultural sector is a carbon-absorbing sector, and its importance has increased as the General Assembly of the Parties to the Climate Change Convention (COP 26) held in the UK in November 2021 emphasized the role of agriculture to discuss climate change. However, GHG reduction projects in the agricultural sector are not properly monitored considering the domestic situation, and a system for quantitative evaluation of the effectiveness or basis of implementing the project program is not in place. Therefore, a priori study is needed to understand the current status of existing policies and to review matters that need to be improved in order to facilitate policy design, implementation, and monitoring for GHG reduction in the agricultural sector. The purpose of this study is to examine the opinions of stakeholders by applying a semi-structured interview method to diagnose the current status of Korea's GHG reduction policy in the agricultural sector and identify factors that hinder policy implementation. As a result of the semi-structured interview, this study presented factors that hinder the promotion of GHG reduction policies in the agricultural sector according to four types of data and technology, finance, institutions, and perceptions. Some stakeholders also stressed that the pilot project could be helpful as a way to comprehensively consider the implications of this study, such as securing technology data, establishing a system for verifying effectiveness, and providing incentives and promoting them. Rather than drawing specific conclusions, this study is an exploratory study that diagnoses and reviews the progress of GHG reduction policies, and it can be used as useful basic data if it secures enough interview respondents and balances the number of samples by group.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2020

The rapid climate change is strengthening carbon emissions regulations internationally. Korea is strongly pressed to accept the obligation to reduce greenhouse gases as one of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. This article analyzed the Granger causalities among environmental regulation, economic growth, electricity consumption, and CO₂ emission in Korea, using unit root test, cointegration test, and vector error correction model. As the results, environmental regulation has shown the bidirectional causalities with electricity consumption and CO₂ emission, while being unilaterally affected by economic growth in the long-run and strong relationship. Economic growth has affected electricity consumption, CO2 emission, and environmental regulation in the long-run, in the complex structure of the unilateral and short-run causality with electricity consumption and the bidirectional causality with CO2 emission. The policy implications will be as follows: ① environmental regulation should induce sustainable growth through encouraging technological innovation relating to CO2 reduction and productivity enhancement. ② Responding to the international CO2 reduction regulation, the synthetic policy initiatives will be considered to make synergy effects among policies relating to economic growth, electricity consumption.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.21-44
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• 2011

It is important to consider an equitable allocation framework for domestic GHG emission reduction. First, the study established criteria and indicators for the National Allocation Plan (NAP) based on the principles of cost-efficiency and social-acceptance, and performed a case study of the sectoral effort sharing method, using the effort sharing index. The equity analysis of effort sharing based on sectoral preferences and inter-sectoral equity using a Lorenz Curve are performed. The equitable method is more likely to be suitable than the economic one which considers just reduction potential. Equitable effort sharing reflects a higher level of equity than economic effort sharing. At the same time, the equitable effort sharing method is essential for reflecting equity and establishing criteria for equity because evaluation with the equitable effort sharing method depends in particular on the weight of equity criteria. The result suggests the importance of consideration of equity and the establishment of equity criteria. In conclusion, it is critical to consider not only cost-efficiency but equity in policy decision making in terms of the sectoral effort sharing for national GHG reduction target.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.5-14
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• 2021

As the implementation of carbon reduction measures would be monitored starting from 2023 in line with the Paris Agreement, it is crucial and urgent to control GHGs emitted from wastes contributing to 11% of methane emissions. Despite such importance and urgency, 93% of wastes are deposited in unsanitary landfills in developing countries, presenting challenges to methane management. Against the backdrop, landfill gas-to-energy projects have once again drawn attention for their economic substantiality secured through CDM projects while there has been much research actively carried out to estimate methane emissions and GHG reductions in landfills located in developing countries. Although a signifiant difference was found between estimations calculated based on research methodologies and actual results monitored through registered CDM projects, there has not been a study conducted on what is causing such a difference. Accordingly, the research team conducted an analysis of 18 LFG projects out of 46 that were registered as LFG CDM projects under the UNFCCC and has identified precipitation(28%), malfunction(22%), organic content(11%), amount of landfilled waste(11%) and temperature(11%) as key parameters causing the difference between the amount of methane captured and the amount of GHG reduced.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.33-52
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• 2014

Although climate change is a global scale question, some concerns have been raised that principles of investment arbitration may not adequately address the domestic implementation of climate change measures. A recent ICSID investment arbitration of Vattenfall v. Germany with regard to the investor's alleged damages from the phase-out of nuclear plants is a salient climate change case. The 2005 Kyoto Protocol was made to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and it provides a number of flexible mechanisms such as Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol allows dispute settlement through investor-state arbitration. Any initiation of stricter emission standards can violate the prohibition on expropriations in investment agreements, regardless of the measures created to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The effect-based expropriation doctrine can charge changes to existing emission standards as interference with the use of property that goes against the legitimate expectation of a foreign investor. In regulatory chill, threat of investor claims against the host state may preclude the strengthening of climate change measures. Stabilization clauses also have a freezing effect on the hosting state's regulation and a new law applicable to the investment. In the fair and equitable standard, basic expectations of investors when entering into earlier carbon-intensive operations can be affected by a regulation seeking to change into a low-carbon approach. As seen in the Methanex tribunal, a non-discriminatory and public purpose of environmental protection measures should be considered as non-expropriation in the arbitral tribunal unless its decision would intentionally impede a foreign investor's investment.

• Bulletin of the Korea Photovoltaic Society
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.36-41
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• 2018

연일 뉴스에 보도되고 있는 미세먼지는 노약자의 호흡기는 물론 발암물질을 포함하고 있어 국민건강에 악영향을 미치기 때문에 반드시 해결되어야 할 사회 문제이다. 미세먼지는 해외 유입 인자와 국내 유발인자를 정확하게 구분하기 어려우나 약 50%의 미세먼지는 2차 발생에 의한 국내 요인으로 발생하고 있는 것으로 파악되고 있으며 화력발전소가 미세먼지 유발 물질의 주요 생성원으로 지목되어왔다. 국내 화력발전소의 50%가 충남 서해안이 위치하고 있어 수도권에 가장 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 밝혀져 충남은 내구연한에 도달한 노후 화력발전소의 폐쇄 및 발전량 감축 조절을 통해 미세먼지 발생을 최소화 하기 위해 노력해왔다. 그러나 태양전지 주도의 신재생에너지 발전으로 전환하는 것만이 미세먼지를 저감시킬 근본적인 해결책이라고 할 수 있다. 충남은 2050년까지 화력발전 비중을 0%로 낮추고 필요한 전력은 에너지컨슈머들이 생산하는 신재생에너지로 생산하는 내용을 골자로 하는 에너지 전환비전을 선포하였다. 이 비전이 선언에 그치지 않고 목표를 달성하기 위해서 이에 대한 세부 이행계획을 수립하고 충남에 맞는 태양광 발전 산업 육성을 위한 정책을 병행해야 할 것이다. 이번 글에서는 충남의 여건을 고려하여 태양광을 이용한 수소 생산 및 인공광합성을 연계한 고부가가치 화학물질의 생산 연구 및 실증 과제를 추진할 것을 제안하였다. 이러한 충남의 노력은 수도권 수요 지역에 대한 전력 공급기지에서 친환경에너지로 유지되는 '청정남도'로서의 재도약을 가능하게 할 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.117-128
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• 2012

The Government of South Korea has continued its effort to fixate virtuous circle of economic growth and climate change response to cope with international demands and pressure to commitment for greenhouse gas reduction effectively. Nationally, Korean Government has established "Enforcement of the Framework Act on Low carbon, Green Growth"(2010. 4. 13) to implement national mid-term GHG mitigation goal(30% reduction by 2020 compare to BAU), which established the foundation for phased GHG mitigation by setting up the sectoral and industrial goal, adopting GHG and Energy Target Management System. Also, follow-up measures are taken such as planning and control of mid-term and short-term mitigation target by detailed analysis of potential mitigation of sector and industry, building up the infrastructure for periodic and systematic analysis of target management. Likewise, it is required to establish more accurate, reliable and detailed sectoral GHG inventory for successfully establishment and implement the frame act. In comparison to the $CO_2$ emission, Especially fluorinated greenhouse gases (HFCs, PFCs, $SF_6$) are lacking research to build the greenhouse gas inventories to identify emissions sources and collection of the applicable collection activities data. In this study, with the refrigeration and air conditioning sector being used to fluorine refrigerant(HFCs) as the center, greenhouse gas emission estimation methodology for evaluating the feasibility of using this methodology look over and mobile air conditioning, fixed air conditioning, household refrigeration equipment, commercial refrigeration equipment for the greenhouse gas emissions were calculated. First look at in terms of methodology, refrigeration and air conditioning sector GHG emissions in developing country-specific emission factors and activity data of the industrial sector the construction of the DB is not enough, it's 2006 IPCC Guidelines Tier 2a (emission factor approach) rather than the Tier 2b (mass balance approach) deems appropriate, and each detail by process, sectoral activity data more accurate, if DB is built Tier 2a (emission factor approach) can be applied will also be judged. Refrigeration and air conditioning sector in 2009 due to the use of refrigerant greenhouse gas emissions ($CO_2eq.$) assessment results, portable air conditioner 1,974,646 ton to year, fixed-mount air conditioner 1,011,754 ton to year, household refrigeration unit 4,396 ton to year, commercial refrigeration equipment 1,263 ton to year was estimated to total 2,992,037 tons.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.19-34
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• 2022

This study was conducted to provide basic data that can be used when establishing Net Zero policies and implementation plans for non-urban settlements by quantitatively analyzing the Net Zero contribution to green infrastructure in rural areas corresponding to non-urban settlements. The main purpose is to first, systematize green infrastructure in rural areas, secondly derive basic units for each element of green infrastructure, and thirdly quantify and present the impact on Net Zero in Korea using these. In this study, CVR(Content Validity Ration) analysis was performed to verify the adequacy of green infrastructure elements in rural areas derived through research and analysis of previous studies, is as follows. First, Hubs of Green infrastructure in rural area include village forests, wetlands, farm land, and smart farms with a CVR value of .500 or higher. And Links of Green infrastructure in rural area include streams, village green areas, and LID (rainwater recycling). Second, the basic unit for each green infrastructure element was presented by classifying it into minimum, maximum, and median values using the results of previous studies so that it could be used for spatial planning and design for Net Zero. Third, when Green infrastructure in rural areas is applied to non-urban settlements in Korea, it is analyzed that it has the effect of indirectly reducing CO₂ by at least 70.76 million tons and up to 141.16 million tons. This is 3.4 to 6.7 times the amount of CO₂ emission from the agricultural sector in 2019, and it can be seen that the contribution to Net Zero is very high. It is expected to greatly contribute to the transformation of the ecosystem. This study quantitatively presented the carbon-neutral contribution to settlements located in non-urban areas, and by deriving the carbon reduction unit for each element of green infrastructure in rural areas, it can be used in spatial planning and design for carbon-neutral at the village level. It has significance as a basic research. In particular, the basic unit of carbon reduction for each green infrastructure factors will be usable for Net Zero policy at the village level, presenting a quantitative target when establishing a plan, and checking whether or not it has been achieved. In addition, based on this, it will be possible to expand and apply Net Zero at regional and city units such as cities, counties, and districts.