• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.514-523
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• 2019

We investigated the gene expression patterns and the mechanisms of action of the apoptotic response by microarray analysis of human keratinocyte HaCaT cells treated with ginsenoside Rb1, a saponin of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Genes related to apoptosis, the G2/M transition of the mitotic cell cycle, cell division, mitotic nuclear division, and intracellular protein transport were 2-fold up-regulated in HaCaT cells treated with the ginsenoside Rb1, whereas genes related to DNA repair, regeneration fission, and extracellular matrix organization were 2-fold down-regulated. Apoptosis signaling may be mediated by FAS and PLA2G4A, and pathway analysis indicated that STAT3 might be an upstream regulator of these genes. The activity of FAS and PLA2G4A was verified by qPCR, which showed that FAS was increased about 2-fold in HaCaT cells treated with $10{\mu}g/ml$ of ginsenoside Rb1 for 24 hr, PLA2G4A was increased about twice after 6 hours, and gene expression was increased more than 2-fold after 24 hr. Knockdown of STAT3 with siRNA decreased FAS expression and increased PLA2G4A expression but only FAS was passed from the upstream regulator STAT3. These results indicate that STAT3, which is an upstream regulator, induces apoptosis via FAS during treatment with ginsenoside Rb1.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 1991

Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of light shading around the heading stage on grain yield and its components of rice. Early, medium, and late-maturing varieties were trected with the light shading of 50% and 75% from the reduction division stage to 20 days after heading date. Heading date were delayed 2-3 days, whereas the mid -late varieties, Sangpung- byeo, and Bongkwang- byeo were no significantly affected. Culm length was increased and panicle exsersion was reduced as the shading treatments become higher, and the degree of the shading effect was more intensive at 75% of shading. The rate of spikllet degeneration was higher at the secondary rachis branches than the primary rachis branch. The early maturing varieties showed the higher rate of spikelet degeneration. Spikelet number was reduced 12-15, spikelet sterility was increased and ripening rate was declined by the shading treatments. Grain yield was decreased by 30-40% at the shading treatment of 50%, and 50% at the shade treatment of 75%.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.48-54
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• 1987

To search for the optimal nitrogen application method for the machine transplanting to Dongjinbyeo, compared to conventional method, in the various methods of nitrogen split application at different growth stages of rice plant. This experiment was performed at Honam Crop Experiment Station, in 1985 year. The results were as followed; the nitrogen contents of leaf blade was the highest at maximum tillering stage under the conventional method and reduction division stage under the nitrogen top-dressing at panicle initiation and 5 times split application of nitrogen for the whole rice growth stages. CGR, RGR and NAR after heading was highest under 5 times split application of nitrogen for the whole rice growth stages. Relationships between CGR and NAR, NAR and RGR, CGR and RGR showed the positive correlation significantly at each rice growth stage, respectively, and showed more high correlation according to further rice growth stages. The degree of contribution of CGR to rice grain yield was the highest at 20 days after heading. Rice grail: yield was higher under top-dressing of nitrogen at panicle initiation and basal application (30%) + 4 times equal dispensing top-dressing after basal application of nitrogen than conventional method.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.195-200
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• 1988

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the flooding injury and yield compensating ability by uppernode tillers formed during the recovery periods. Rice plants grown in experimental field transplanted on 1st, June were completely flooded for 3 days by the artificial flooding device in each different growth stage such as middle tillering stage (20 days after transplanting), young panicle formation stage, meiotic stage and heading stage. And the farmer's rice fields which had various transplanting dates were completely flooded for 3 days by typhoon 'Thelma' from 16th to 18th, July, 1987. Percent of dead leaves and yield reduction of rice in experimental field flooded at the different growth stages were resulted that the earlier growth stages were the lower damage because of the low temperature in the earlier growth stage, but it showed opposite tendency in farmer's rice field flooded in high temperature season by typhoon 'Thelma'. Rice yield compensating ability attained to 66% of check plot yield was greatly depend on uppernode panicles induced after damage of original young panicles. Uppernode panicle produced 236 kg per 10a in polished rice by securing 690$^{\circ}C$ of accumulated mean temperature and 210 hours of sunshine during the ripening periods when headed up to 15th of September.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.148-155
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• 2000

The typhoon and flooding injury in rice were investigated both the region of downpour at the middle of August and the region of typhoon 'Yanni' at the late of September, 1998 in Kyongbuk provincial of Korea. More than 10% of rice stem were buried by soil inundation, the heading was delayed and the high node tiller was brought out. Yield components were deteriorated and yield was reduced. As the clay in the muddy water was attached on grains of rice, the yield was greatly reduced by reason of low grain filling ratio and polished rice ratio. The injury of muddy water was less at yellow ripening stage than at early ripening stage. On the other hand, the muddy water injury was reduced by the fungicide 'Benomyl' and 'Daconil' treatments. The degree of lodging according to varieties and ripening stages was not made a great difference, while the lodging was mainly occurred in the early transplanting time. In a week after lodging, viviparous spikes were occurred in almost all varieties, the degree of viviparity was shown highly in order of early maturing, middle maturing and late maturing varieties in the field as well as in laboratory test. The viviperous spikes were greatly occurred in the lodging toward hill space within row than row space because the more grains were touched on the ground.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.235-242
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• 2015

Morphology and characteristics of floral organ in highbush blueberry cultivars were studied to select suitable cultivars of highbush blueberry for domestic cultivation. The stamen consists an anther and a tape-like hairy filament with well-developed trichomes. When the anther was opened, the wall of anther was not dehiscent, and pollen grains were discharged into two tubes. Pollen was mature tetrad type without being separated after meiosis (Late March). The number of pollen granules per anther was 400~1,300, the germination rate was higher in the cultivars having many pollen grains. Pistil was composed of five carpels and a shipper without separate part. The number of ovules per ovary was 39~67, therefore, the coefficient of ranged from 11.6 to 31.0%. The seed pod formation by combination of ‘Bluejay’ and ‘Sharpblue’ was higher in the cross-pollination than in the self-pollination.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.311-318
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• 2006

Ultrastructure of germ cells, the cyst epithelial cells and interstitial cells during spermatogenesis of the stone flounder, Kareius bicoloratus (Pleuronectidae) sampled on the west coast of Korea were investigated by electron microscopic observations. In the primary spermatocyte, the synaptonemal complexes appear in the zygotene stage of the prophase during maturation division. In the growing testis, especially, the interstitial cells (Leydig cells) appear near the primary, secondary spermatocytes and spermatids. Well-developed interstitial cells (steroid hormone secreting cells) which are located in the interlobular space in growing testis have three morphological characteristics of a vesicular nucleus, mitochondria with tubular cristae and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. During spermatogenesis, the primary and secondary spermatocytes attach to the cyst epithelial cell (Sertoli cell) having an elongated ovoid or triangular nucleus and several mitochondria in the cytoplasm. In the growing testis, lipid droplets, the mitochondrial rosettes and glycogen particles appear in the cytoplasm of the cyst epithelial cells near the secondary spermatocytes and spermatids. Particularly, the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, little lipid droplets and the large amount of glycogen particles are present in the cytoplasm of the cyst epithelial cell in the late growing testis. In the late stage of spermiogenesis, the proximal centriole is joined to the nuclear envelope, the distal centriole forms the basal body of the flagellum and gives rise to the axial filament of the flagellum. No acrosome of the sperm is formed as seen in other teleost fish. The head of the spermatozoon is approximately $3{\mu}m$ in length and its tail is about $30{\mu}m$ in length. The axoneme of the tail flagellum of the spermatozoon consists of nine outer doublet microtubules at the periphery and two centrial singlet microtubules at the center. The spermatozoon of this species has two axonemal lateral fins. Especially, the cyst epithelial cells which located near groups of gametes in the various stages, show three functions: nutrition, phagocytosis and steroidogenesis. Especially, the nuclei of cyst epithelial cells in the recovery stage of the testicular developmental stages appear to be irregular in shape after spermiation. Of three functions of the cyst epithelial cell, several characteristics of phagocytosis are showed in the cytoplasm of the cyst epithelial cells in the recovery stage of the testicular developmental stages. At this stage, therefore, it is assumed that the cyst epithelial cells are involved in degeneration and resorption of undischarged germ cells after spermiation.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.107-115
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• 2001

Development of effective activation protocols is of great importance for improving the success of cloning and subsequent transgenic. Three methods for oocyte activation, including 5$\mu$M ionomycin (5 min) alone, ionomycin + 1.9 mM 6-dimetylaminopurine (DMAP, 3 hrs) and ionomycin + 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml cycloheximide (CHX, 3 hrs) were compared for their effects of pronuclei (PN) formation, development, developmental velocity and ploidy of parthenotes to IVF control in bovine. In group of ionomycin + DMAP, the oocytes having more 3PN were significantly (P<0.05) higher than in groups of ionomycin alone and of ionomycin + CHX (45.5% vs. 0 and 0%, respectively). Activation with the ionomycin alone, ionomycin + DMAP and ionomycin + CHX resulted in cleavage rates of 30, 85.5 and 57.9%, respectively. The blastocysts rate of parthenotes activated by ionomycin + DMAP treatment was significantly higher (12.3%. p<0.05) than those of other treated groups. Chromosome analysis shows that ionomycin + DMAP treatment greatly enhances the incidence of chromosomal abnormality of the parthenotes. From the results, we may conclude that DMAP treatment to the oocytes accelerates developmental velocity resulting in both the higher incidence of chromosome abnormality and of PN formation, and strongly suggest that CHX combined with ionomycin is better than DMAP for the purpose of successful nuclear transplantation. Developmental velocity of parthenotes activated by ionomycin + DMAP treatment was significantly (P<0.05) faster than others.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.160-164
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• 2010

Structural abnormalities of the Y chromosome affect normal testicular differentiation and spermatogenesis. The present case showed a rare monocentric derivative Y chromosome with partial duplication of Yp including the SRY gene and deletion of Yq12 heterochromatin. The karyotype was 46,X,der(Y)(pter${\rightarrow}$q11.23::p11.2${\rightarrow}$pter).ish der(Y)(DYZ3+,DYZ1-,SRY++), confirmed through a FISH study. Even though the patient possessed an abnormal Y chromosome, testicular biopsy showed normal testicular volumes in the proband, with gonadal hormonal levels in the normal range but bilateral varicocele and hypospermatogenesis. We speculate that the abnormal Y chromosome arose from sister chromatids during Y chromosome recombination or intra chromosomal NAHR (non-allelic homologous recombination) during meiosis in the patient's father or in the very early stages of embryogenesis. The derivative Y chromosome might interfere in the meiotic stage of spermatogenesis, leading to the developmental arrest of germ cells. The present case illustrates that the infertility phenotype can have various causes. Also, it emphasizes the importance of accurate and various genetic analyses and could aid in male infertility treatment.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.17
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• pp.115-133
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• 1974

This study was done on the metabolism of chemical components during the seed development of ginseng. The changes of the chemical components were inspected in the following periods: from the early stage of flower organ formation to flowering time, from the early stage of fruiting to maturity, during the moisture stratification before sowing. From flower bud forming stage to meiosis stage, the changes in the fresh weight, dry weight, contents of carbohydrates, and contents of nitrogen compounds were slight while the content of TCA soluble phosphorus and especially the content of organic phosphorus increased markedly. From meiosis stage to microspore stage the fresh and dry weights increase greatly. Also, the total nitrogen content increases in this period. Insolub]e nitrogen was 62-70% of the total nitrogen content; the increase of insoluble nitrogen seems to have resulted form the synthesis of protein. The content of soluble sugar (reducing and non-reducing sugar) increases greatly but there was no observable increase in starch content. In this same period, TCA soluble phosphorus reached the maximum level of 85.4% of the total phosphorus. TCA insoluble phosphorus remained at the minimum content level of 14.6%. After the pollen maturation stage and during the flowering period the dry weight increased markedly and insolub]e nitrogen also increased to the level of 67% of the total nitrogen content. Also in this stage, the organic phosphorus content decreased and was found in lesser amounts than inorganic phosphorus. A rapid increase in the starch content was also observed at this stage. In the first three weeks after fruiting the ginseng fruit grows rapidly. Ninety percent of the fresh weight of ripened ginseng seed is obtained in this period. Also, total nitrogen content increased by seven times. As the fruits ripened, insoluble nitrogen increased from 65% of the total nitrogen to 80% while soluble nitrogen decreased from 35% to 20%. By the beginning of the red-ripening period, the total phosphoric acid content increased by eight times and was at its peak. In this same period, TCA soluble phosphorus was 90% of total phosphorus content and organic phosphorus had increased by 29 times. Lipid-phosphorus, nucleic acid-phosphorus and protein-phosphorus also increased during this stage. The rate of increase in carbohydrates was similar to the rate of increase in fresh weight and it was observed at its highest point three weeks after fruiting. Soluble sugar content was also highest at this time; it begins to decrease after the first three weeks. At the red-ripening stage, soluble sugar content increased again slightly, but never reached its previous level. The level of crude starch increased gradually reaching its height, 2.36% of total dry weight, a week before red-ripening, but compared with the content level of other soluble sugars crude starch content was always low. When the seeds ripened completely, more than 80% of the soluble sugar was non-reducing sugar, indicating that sucrose is the main reserve material of carbohydrates in ginseng seeds. Since endosperm of the ripened ginseng seeds contain more than 60% lipids, lipids can be said to be the most abundant reserve material in ginseng seeds; they are more abundant than carbohydrates, protein, or any other component. During the moisture stratification, ginseng seeds absorb quantities of water. Lipids, protein and starch stored in the seeds become soluble by hydrolysis and the contents of sugar, inorganic phosphorus, phospho-lipid, nucleic acid-phosphorus, protein phosphorus, and soluble nitrogen increase. By sowing time, the middle of November, embryo of the seeds grows to 4.2-4.7mm and the water content of the seeds amounts to 50-60% of the total seed weight. Also, by this time, much budding material has been accumulated. On the other hand, dry stored ginseng seeds undergo some changes. The water content of the seeds decreases to 5% and there is an observable change in the carbohydraes but the content of lipid and nitrogen compounds did not change as much as carbohydrates.