• 대한방사선방어학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.98-99
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• 2011

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.557-564
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• 2016

Effects of Gamma camera imaging on gamma ray counting rates as a function of use and density of the iodine contrast medium currently in primary use for clinics, and changes in gamma ray counting rates as a function of the contrast medium status upon attenuation correction using a CT absorption coefficient in an SPECT/CT attenuation correction will be considered herein. For experimental materials used $^{99m}TcO_4$ 370 MBq and Pamiray 370 mg, Iomeron 350 mg, Visipaque 320 mg, Bonorex 300 mg of iodine contrast medium. For image acquisition, planar imaging was consecutively filmed for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 min, respectively, 30 min after administration of $^{99m}TcO_4$. while 60 views were filmed per frame for 20 min at 55 min for the SPECT/CT imaging. In planar imaging, the gamma ray counting rates as a function of filming time were reduced showing a statistically significant difference when mixed according to the type of contrast medium density rather than when the radioactive isotope $^{99m}TcO_4$ and the saline solution were mixed. In the tomography for mixing of the radioactive isotope $^{99m}TcO_4$ and saline solution, the mean counting rate without correction by the CT absorption coefficient is $182{\pm}26counts$, while the counting rate with correction by the CT absorption coefficient is $531.3{\pm}34counts$. In the tomography for mixing of the radioactive isotope $^{99m}TcO_4$ and the saline solution with the contrast medium, the mean values before attenuation correction by CT absorption coefficient were $166{\pm}29$, $158.3{\pm}17$, $154{\pm}36$, and $150{\pm}33counts$ depending on the densities of the contrast medium, while the mean values after attenuation correction were $515{\pm}03$, $503{\pm}10$, $496{\pm}31$, and $488.7{\pm}33counts$, showing significant differences in both cases when comparatively evaluated with the imaging for no mixing of the contrast medium. Iodine contrast medium affects the rate of gamma ray. Therefore, You should always be preceded before another test on the day of dignosis.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.131-142
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• 1999

Purpose: Either gated myocardial perfusion SPECT or attenuation corrected SPECT can be used to improve specificity in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. We investigated in this study whether gating or attenuation correction improved diagnostic performance of rest/stress perfusion SPECT in patients having intermediate pre-test likelihood of coronary artery disease. Materials and Methods: Sixty-eight patients underwent rest attenuation-corrected T1-20l/dipyridamole stress gated attenuation-corrected Tc-99m -MIBI SPECT using an ADAC vertex camera (M:F=29:39, aged $59{\pm}12$ years, coronary artery stenosis ${\geq}70%$, one vessel: 13, two vessel: 18, three vessel: 8, normal: 29). Using a five-point scale, three physicians graded the post-test likelihood of coronary artery disease for each arterial territory (1:normal, 2: possibly normal, 3:equivocal, 4. possibly abnormal, 5: abnormal). Sensitivity, specificity and area under receiver-operating-characteristic curves were compared for each operator between three methods : (A) non-attenuation-corrected SPECT; (B) gated SPECT added to (A): and (C) attenuation-corrected SPECT added to (B). Results: When grade 3 was used as the criteria for coronary artery disease, no differences in sensitivity and specificity were found between the three methods for each operator. Areas under receiver-operating-characteristic curves for diagnosis of coronary artery disease revealed no differences between each modality (p>0.05). Conclusion: In patients at intermediate risk of coronary artery disease, gated SPECT and attenuation- corrected SPECT did not improve diagnostic performance.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 1993

A method and results of computations are presented for the 2-D seismic migration process in the frequency-wavenumber domain for the laterally and vertically inhomogeneous medium. In order to take the intrinsic attenuation effect into account in the migration process the complex-valued wave velocity is used in the wavefield extrapolation operator, improving the generalized frequency-wavenumber migration technique. The imaginary part of the complex-valued wave velocity includes the seismic quality factor Q value. In derivation of the solution of the wave equation for the medium of inhomogeneous wave velocity and anelasticity, the inhomogeneous medium is mathematically converted to an equivalent system which consists of a homogeneous medium of averaged slowness and an inhomogeneous distribution of hypothetical wave source. The strength of the hypothetical wave source depends on the deviation of squared slowness from the averaged value of the medium. Results of numerical computation using the technique show more distinct geologic images than those using the convensional generalized frequency-wavenumber migration. Especially, the obscured images due to the wave attenuation by anelasticity are restored to show sharp boundaries of structures. The method will be useful in the imaging of the reflection data obtained in the regions of possible petroleum or natural gas reservoir and of fractured zone.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1998

The attenuation of acoustic emission (AE) waves was evaluated for injection-molded short-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites employing simulated AE waves. Values of attenuation coefficient (${\alpha}$) decreased more with increasing fiber volume fraction ($V_f$) than that expected from a simple linear relation between ${\alpha}$ and $V_f$. The effect of wave attenuation was taken into account in a quantitative analysis of the AE peak amplitude distribution which was obtained from each zone partitioned in a specimen gage portion. The amplitude distribution compensated for the measured attenuation loss was exhibited almost similar in every zone of the specimen. Consequently, it was, shown that the AE amplitudes obtained from fiber/plastic composites were considerably affected by the attenuation.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.235-240
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• 2008

Purpose: At the beginning of PET/CT, Computed Tomography was mainly used only for Attenuation Correction (AC), but as the performance of the CT have been increase, it could give improved diagnostic information with Contrast Media. But it was controversial that Contrast Media could affect AC on PET/CT scan. Some submitted thesis' show that Contrast Media could overestimate when it is for AC data processing. On the contrary, the opinion that Contrast Media could be possible to affect the alteration of SUV because of the overestimated AC. But it does not have a definite effect on the diagnosis. Thus, the affection of Contrast Media on AC was investigated in this study. Materials and Methods: Patient inclusion criteria required a history of a malignancy and performance of an integrated PET/CT scan and contrast- enhanced CT scan within a 1-day period. Thirty oncologic patients who had PET/CT scan from December 2007 to June 2008 underwent staging evaluation and met these criteria. All patients fasted for at least 6 hr before the IV injection of approximately 5.6 MBq/kg (0.15 mCi/kg) of $^{18}F$-FDG and were scanned about 60 min after injection. All patients had a whole body PET/CT performed without IV contrast media followed by a contrast-enhanced CT on the Discovery STe PET/CT scanner. CT data were used for AC and PET images came out after AC. The ROIs drew and measured SUV. A paired t-test of these results was performed to assess the significance of the difference between the SUV obtained from the two attenuation corrected PET images. Results: The mean and maximum Standardized Uptake Values (SUV) for different regions averaged over all Patients. Comparing before using Contrast Media and after using, Most of ROIs have the increased SUV when it did Contrast Enhanced CT compare to Non-Contrast enhanced CT. All regions have increased SUV and also their p value was under 0.05 except the mean SUV of the Heart region. Conclusion: In this regard, the effect on SUV measurements that occurs when a contrast-enhanced CT is used for attenuation correction could have significant clinical ramifications. But some submitted thesis insisted that the percentage change in SUV that can determine or modify clinical management of oncology patients is small. Because there was not much difference that could be discovered by interpreter. But obviously the numerical change was occurred and on the stage finding primary region, small change would be base line, such as the region of liver which has greater change than the other regions needs more attention.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.3 no.3 s.10
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• pp.23-27
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• 2003

수문학자들의 주요 관심사 중 하나인 정확한 면적 강우량을 파악하는데 있어서 강우레이더는 아주 우수한 첨단 장비이다. 그러나 S 밴드나 C 밴드 레이더를 고지대에서 운영하는 것은 많은 시설비와 운영비가 필요하다. 따라서 연구 및 대도시 소유역에 대한 강우 관찰 목적으로는 차량 탑재가 가능한 소형 X 밴드 레이더가 유용할 수 있다. X 밴드 전파는 강우 도래시 전파특성상 감쇠(減衰:attenuation)가 크며, 감쇠도는 강우강도에 영향을 받는다. 이를 극복하기 위한 이중-편파 이론이 1970년대에 제시되었으나, 기술적인 어려움으로 20여년이 지난 1990년대에 실무적용이 가능하게 되었다. 현재 이중-편파 레이더의 도입으로 감쇠보정 알고리듬이 성공적으로 개발되고 있으며, 그와 같은 발상의 전환은 차등위상(differential phase)에 의한 강우 측정방법 개발로 전파 감쇠에 영향을 받지 않는 강우 관측이 가능하게 하였다. 본 기사에서는 소형 X밴드 이중-편파(偏波) 레이더의 강우량 산정방법에 대하여 간략히 검토하고자 한다.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.3-7
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• 2014

Purpose SPECT/CT scan to be performed attenuation correction on the basis of CT induce an overestimation of the site due to the beam hardening artifact by metal cover and reduce the images quality. Therefore, this study using a phantom that has been inserted artificial hip joint investigated that effect on the SPECT/CT image causing by metal artifact for varying the parameters of the Attenuation Map. Materials and Methods Siemens Symbia T16 SPECT/CT equipment was used. Artificial hip joint was inserted to SPECT/PET phantom, 17 mm sphere of Bright Streak area in CT image was filled with Tc-99m so that the radiation activity was 8 times compared to background. And then Hot and Background was measured in varying Wide Beam Coefficient on Attenuation Map and RBR (Region to Background Ratio) of Metal and Non-Metal was calculated and analyzed depending on the presence or absence of the hip joint. Results It tended to hot count of Non-Metal and Metal to increase as the value of the manual mode is increased, hot count ratio with the group of both manual mode 0.5 and 0.4 is the best match. Also, in automatic mode, the ratio of RBRNon-Metal and RBRMetal was 1.135, statistically significant difference was not observed in the manual mode 0.5 and 0.4. Conclusion In the automatic mode of Wide Beam Coefficient in attenuation correction map, it was found that it is over-correction by 13.52%, it was possible to minimize the over-correction by the artifact in 0.5 and 0.4 of manual mode. Further studies should be performed in order to apply to a patient with the help of this and it is considered possible to reduce the over-correction by the metal artifact of an artificial hip joint for Hip-Resurfacing Arthroplasty patients, and to improve the diagnostic performance.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.192-201
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• 2005

Experiments and simulation were done to study the impact of contrast agent when CT scan was used to attenuation correction for PET Images in PET/CT system. Whole body phantom was imaged with various concentration of iodine-based contrast agent using CT. Mathematical emission and transmission density map with liver were made to simulate for whole body FDG Imaging. A variety of factors were estimated, including non-uniform enhancement of contrast agent, concentration and distribution size of contrast agent, noise level, image resolution, reconstruction algorithm, hypo-attenuation of contrast agent, and different time phases for contrast agent. Experimental studies showed that Hounsfield unit depends on the concentration of contrast agent and tube voltage. From the simulation data, contrast agents Introduced artifacts and degraded image quality on the attenuation-corrected PET images. The severity of these effects depends on a variety of factors, including the concentration and distribution size of contrast agent, the noise levels, and the Image resolution. These results Indicated that the impact of contrast agents should be considered with a full understanding of their potential problems in clinical PET/CT images.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.114-114
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• 2023

기상레이더는 대류권의 기상 관측에 널리 사용되며, 기상예보를 비롯하여 항공, 농업, 수문학 등 다양한 분야에서 활용하고 있다. 기상레이더센터는 SSPA(Solid State Power Amplifier) 기반 X-Band 주파수대역(9GHz)을 사용하는 연구용 소형기상레이더 관측망을 운영하고 있다. 주로 수도권 저층 대기에서 발생하는 위험 기상현상을 1분 단위로 빠르게 관측하면서 정확한 강수 정보생산을 위한 연구를 수행하고 있다. 레이더 관측 자료는 전파를 이용하여 넓은 범위에 분포하는 눈, 비, 우박 등 대기수상체를 관측하여, 강수량 추정을 통해 강수 정보를 생산한다. 이에 따라 레이더 관측 자료의 정확성과 신뢰도를 높이기 위해서 레이더 품질관리 기술 적용은 필수적이다. 기상레이더센터는 소형기상레이더로 관측한 이중편파 자료의 효과적인 품질관리를 위한 각종 자료처리 모듈을 개발하여, 실시간 자료처리 프로그램에 적용하였다. 우선, 저층 대기 관측 시 기상에코와 더불어 강한 반사도로 나타나는 지형에코를 판별하는 모듈과 선형 또는 쐐기형태의 전파간섭에코를 비롯한 비기상에코를 효과적으로 제거하는 기술을 개발하였다. 다음으로, X-Band 주파수대역 기상레이더 관측 자료의 취약점인 강한 강수 시 발생하는 반사도 감쇠 현상을 보정하기 위한 기술도 개발하였다. 소형기상레이더 품질관리 개발과 적용을 통하여 생산된 자료는 HSR(Hybrid Surface Rainfall), 레이더 강수량 추정, 대기수상체 등 다양한 기상 산출물 생산과 동시에 기상 감시 및 연구 분야에 효과적으로 활용하고 있다.