• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.209-216
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• 2019

Ultraviolet rays (UV) cause photoaging by inducing skin photodamages such as erythema and sunburn. Silymarin is a mixture of antioxidant polyphenols extracted from Silybum marianum fruit (S. m), which is known as milk thistle. It is known to protect skin tissues from UV treatment and antioxidant effects. In this study, we aimed to identify the photoprotective effects of S. m extract, which has silymarin in the epidermis layer of the skin. We found that the extract can function as a UV filter, so it can reduce DNA damage by UV treatment. Especially, we found that, in the stratum corneum, the extract can suppress the protein carbonylarion and DNA damages caused by suberythemal dose of UV treatment which does not induce erythema in the skin. UV treatment also increased protein carbonylation levels in the stratum corneum by oxidation, but it was prevented by applying the extract. The extract can absorb UV with minimal phototoxicity. Together, our study suggests that S. m extract can be used as a photo-protective ingredient to avoid photoaging of the skin.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.514-523
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• 2019

We investigated the gene expression patterns and the mechanisms of action of the apoptotic response by microarray analysis of human keratinocyte HaCaT cells treated with ginsenoside Rb1, a saponin of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Genes related to apoptosis, the G2/M transition of the mitotic cell cycle, cell division, mitotic nuclear division, and intracellular protein transport were 2-fold up-regulated in HaCaT cells treated with the ginsenoside Rb1, whereas genes related to DNA repair, regeneration fission, and extracellular matrix organization were 2-fold down-regulated. Apoptosis signaling may be mediated by FAS and PLA2G4A, and pathway analysis indicated that STAT3 might be an upstream regulator of these genes. The activity of FAS and PLA2G4A was verified by qPCR, which showed that FAS was increased about 2-fold in HaCaT cells treated with $10{\mu}g/ml$ of ginsenoside Rb1 for 24 hr, PLA2G4A was increased about twice after 6 hours, and gene expression was increased more than 2-fold after 24 hr. Knockdown of STAT3 with siRNA decreased FAS expression and increased PLA2G4A expression but only FAS was passed from the upstream regulator STAT3. These results indicate that STAT3, which is an upstream regulator, induces apoptosis via FAS during treatment with ginsenoside Rb1.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 2021

The stratum corneum is formed from keratinocytes and intercellular lipids, with ceramide as the main component of intercellular lipids. Ceramides are one of the important components of the intercellular lipids to form a lamellar structure, but they are insoluble and therefore are not suitable for direct application to the skin. Thus, it was intended to apply ceramide to the formulation of pluronic lecithin organogel (PLO gel), which received constant attention among drug delivery systems. A suitable oil for formulation was selected and a PLO gel containing ceramide was manufactured. Liquid crystal formation and variation were observed using polarized microscopes, and viscoelastic analysis was performed to find out the viscoelastic behavior of the PLO gel. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) analysis were performed to confirm the structures in the formulation. Results showed that the size and stability of the liquid crystal differed depending on the content ratio of ceramide and lecithin in the PLO gel containing ceramide. Furthermore, viscoelastic analysis showed the stability of the formulation, and SAXS/WAXS analysis confirmed that the PLO gel without ceramide had hexagonal structure of the quadrilateral system array, and the PLO gel with ceramide had the lamellar structure of the quadrilateral system array.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.179-184
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• 2021

Stratum corneum known as a skin barrier, which maintains water in skin, is the outer layer of the skin. Natural moisturizing factors (NMF) are one of the constituents in stratum corneum and amino acids are the highest components among NMF. In this study, we designed stearic acid-based solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for improved skin penetration of serine (Ser). Ser-capsulated SLN was manufactured by double-melting emulsification method. The mean particle size and zeta potential of SLNs were 256.30 ~ 416.93 nm and -17.60 ~ -35.27 mV, respectively. The higher the degree of hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of emulsifiers, the smaller the particle size and the higher the stability and capsulation rate. In addition, skin penetration was conducted using SkinEthic^TM RHE which is one of the reconstructed human epidermis models. The results of Ser penetration demonstrated that all SLNs enhanced than serine solution. The amount of enhanced Ser penetration from SLNs were approximately 4.1 ~ 6.2 times higher than that from Ser solution. Therefore, Ser-loaded SLN might be a promising drug delivery system for moisturizing formulation in cosmeceutical.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2021

In this study, we investigated the biological functions of Grateloupia elliptica (G. elliptica) fermented with Aureobasidium pullulans (A. pullulans). Total phenolic contents (TPC) of the hot-water extract of the fermented G. elliptica increased 2.7 folds than that of the non-fermented G. elliptica. Furthermore, total flavonoid contents of both the hot-water extract and the ethanol extract increased maximum 2.4 folds amounts than non-fermented G. elliptica extracts.HaCaT cells were induced inflammation treated with LPS (1 ㎍/mL) or H₂O₂ (1mM) and examined with 100 ㎍/mL of G. elliptica extracts. The extraction of the fermented G. elliptica increased HaCaT cell proliferation in the maximum 10% than non-fermented G. elliptica extraction. Furthermore, investigating changes in protein expression associated with inflammation resulted in a significant reduction in the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and 70 kDa heat shock proetin. Conclusively, the extracts of G. elliptica fermented with A. pullulans have bioactive functions both anti-oxidant to protect environmental stresses and anti-inflammation activity. Hence, G. elliptica fermented with A. pullulans would be a good natural resource as bioactive ingredients for cosmetics. Therefore, G. elliptica fermented with A. pullulans is useful as a astringent material with anti-inflammatory skin.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.58-65
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• 2021

As aging progresses, reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduces skin moisturization and collapses skin barrier function. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of skin moisturizing and skin barrier function enhancement by extracts from halophytes using HaCaT cells. Spartina anglica (S. anglica; SAE) and Calystegia soldanella (C. soldanella; CSE), a kind of halophytes, were collected from Dongmak beach in Incheon, and extracted with 70% ethanol. At the first, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of extracts in HaCaT cell using WST-8 Kit. As a result, the other experiment was conducted by setting the concentration at which the cell viability was 90% or more. SAE and CSE showed high radical scavenging activity through ABTS assay. Expression levels of genes related to skin moisturizing and skin barrier functions, were analyzed by real-time qPCR. As a result, it showed that the expression of aquaporin 3, hyaluronan synthase 2, and transglutaminase 1 was increased by SAE treatment but not changed by CSE. Activation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase was induced by SAE. These results suggest that SAE can be used as functional materials for cosmetics for skin moisturizing and barrier function enhancement.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.965-976
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• 2023

Reynoutria japonica is a perennate plant belonging to Polygonaceae and grows wild in East Asia containing Korea. Roots of Reynoutria japonica (R. japonica), part of roots of Reynoutria japonica, has been used for anti-inflammation and antispasmodics and contains emodin as active compound. Epidermis of skin is crucial roles to defense our body against stimulants, harmful substance and prevent water loss. In this study, we examined the effect of R. japonica and emodin, its active compound, on skin-barrier and moisturizing on HaCaT cells. First, antioxidant effect of R. japonica was prominent by scavenging ABTS⁺ radicals. Next, we conducted real time PCR and expression of filaggrin mRNA which is crucial role in differentiation of keratinocyte increased by R. japonica and emodin dose-dependently. In addition, R. japonica and emodin significantly elevated the expression of HAS-2 mRNA which play a role in hyaluronic acid synthesis on HaCaT cells. Taken together, R. japonica containing emodin, as active compound has potential as a cosmetic material for enhancing the function of skin-barrier and moisturizing in epidermis.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.141-154
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• 2015

Objective : In this paper, we investigated the anti-oxidative capacities and protective effects of water extract of palmul-tang (PMT) against Ultraviolet B(UVB)-induced oxidative damage in human keratinocytes(HaCaT). Method : To evaluate the anti-oxidative activities of PMT, we measured scavenging activities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, lipid peroxidation and reducing power of PMT. To give an oxidative stress to HaCaT cells, UVB was irradiated with $40mJ/cm^2$ to HaCaT cells. To detect the protective effects of PMT against UVB, we measured cell viability, apoptotic bodies and reactive oxygen species(ROS) generation. Results : PMT showed the anti-oxidative activities by scavenging DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, lipid peroxidation. Also PMT showed high reducing values. The UVB-induced oxidative conditions led to the cell apoptosis. However, treatment with PMT reduced oxidative stress conditions, including inhibition of cell apoptosis and expression of ROS. Conclusion : PMT had anti-oxidative activities and exhibited protective effects against UVB on HaCaT cells. PMT would be useful for the development of cosmetics treating UVB-induced skin aging.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.227-230
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• 2007

The multi-lamellar and liquid crystal structures have drawn great public attention in the functional cosmetic and skin-related medicinal areas recently. The structure of an emulsion containing aqueous phase as a binding water and fixed oil phase components forming an association compound of the multi-lamellar structure can reconstruct the intercellular lipid lamellar structure in the stratum corneum and restore barrier function of the skin. In this study, we investigated the beneficial effect of bio-mimic liquid crystal emulsions (BLCE) containing higher fatty alcohol, lecithin, and cholesterol on the skin barrier function, and evaluated its cytotoxicity.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.357-362
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• 2005

The aim of this study is to elucidate the effect of keratinase on epidermis of rat skin. Twenty-five male Sprague-Dolly rats were used. The hair on the back were removed and $2{\times}2cm$ area was marked. The rats were divided five groups; 1) Control group(Co), 2) Cleansing gel group(Cl), 3) Cleansing gel+keratinase group, 4) Exfoliant gel group(Ex), and 5) Exfoliant gel+ keratinase group(Ex+K). The solutions were applied to the back area twice a day for five days. On fifth day, the skins were harvested, fixed and prepared for histologic sections. The thickness of keratin layer, living epidermis, dermis, and cell layer number of living epidermis were measured. In the group containing keratinase(Cl+K, Ex+K), the thickness of keratin layer and living layer were thinner than other groups. However, there were no significant differences of the cell layer number of living epidermis and thickness of the dermis among the five groups. We think the keratinase may have the effect thinning the keratin layer as well as the thickness of living epidermis, without effecting the living cell and dermal component. The keratinase containing soap may be of benefit to remove the excess keratin layers in human.