• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.572-577
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• 2011

The unit load has simply been used to estimate total pollutant loading from non-point sources, however, it does not count on the variable pollutant loading according to land use characteristics and rainfall intensity. Since pollutant emission from the watershed is strongly dependent on the rainfall intensity, it is necessary to find out the relationship between pollutant loading and rainfall intensity. The objective of this study is to develop simple and easy method to compute non-point source pollution loads with consideration of rainfall intensity. Two non-point source removal facility at Gyeongan-dong (Gwangju-si) and Mohyeon-myeon (Yongin-si), Gyeonggi-do was selected to monitor total rainfall, rainfall intensity, runoff characteristics and water quality from June to November, 2010. Most of Event Mean Concentrations (EMC) of measured water quality data were higher in Gyeongan which has urban land use than in Mohyeon which has rural land use. For the case of TP (Total Phosphorus), Mohyeon has higher values by the influence of larger chemical uses such as fertilizer. The relationship between non-point source pollution load and rainfall intensity is perfectly well explained by cubic regression with 0.33~0.81 coefficients of determination($R^2$). It is expected that the pollution loading function based on the long-term monitoring would be very useful with good accuracy in computing non-point source pollution load, where a rainfall intensity is highly variable.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.101-113
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• 2004

본 연구는 기술혁신파급경로를 결정하는 국가 간 무역역할에 대한 실증적인 분석을 목적으로 한다 이 연구목적을 위하여, 최근 자료인 1980년부터 2003년까지 15개 OECD국가를 대상으로 자국의 기술혁신을 결정하는 중요한 변수로 알려진 자국 R&D축적 및 무역대상국의 R&D축적자료를 구축하였으며, 이를 무역지수인 쌍방간에 수출 및 수입량을 경제규모로 나눈 가중지수를 이용하여 유입된 R&D축적량을 구축하였다. 또한 대상변수들의 기술혁신파급역할에 대하여 최근 논의되고 있는 비정상적 패널기법을 이용하여 분석하였다. 최근 제안되고 있는 비정상적 패널기법을 이용하여 국제 간에 기술혁신파급경로를 분석한 결과를 간단하게 요약하면, 다음과 같다. 첫째, 분석대상변수들은 비정상성을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 그러나 장기적으로 분석대상변수들이 서로 균형상태를 나타내는 공적분관계에 있음을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 국가 간에 기술혁신파급경로의 방향과 정도를 파악하기 위하여 패널 공적분계수를 추정하였으나, 설정함수형태에 따라서 여러 가지 상반된 실증결과가 나타났다. 따라서 기존 연구Coe et al., 1995, Keller, 1998, Kao, et al., 1999 그리고 Funk, 2001]의 분석결과 및 그 시사점들이 서로 다른 이유는 분석대상변수들의 선택차이뿐만 아니라, 기술혁신경로에 대한 설정함수형태에 따라서 서로 다른 분석결과가 나타날 수 있는 가능성을 보여준다. 본 연구에서 나타난 분석결과의 시사점을 보면, 국가 간에 기술혁신파급경로분석은 기술혁신파급을 결정하는 매개변수선정도 중요하지만, 결정된 설명변수들 사이에 어떤 기술혁신파급에 관한 연관관계가 존재하는지에 대한 실증분석 즉 파급경로분석도 매우 중요함을 보여준다. 이러한 파급경로분석에는 기존의 선형가정뿐만 아니라 비선형가정을 이용한 기술파급경로분석을 통한 시사점제안이 요구된다.관적인 시스템을 제공하는 것이다.가 생성된다. $M_{C}$에 CaC $l_2$를 첨가한 경우 $M_{C}$는 완전히 $M_{Cl}$ 로 전이를 하였다. $M_{Cl}$ 에 CaC $l_2$를 첨가하였을 경우에는 아무런 수화물의 변화는 발생하지 않았다. 따라서 CaS $O_4$.2$H_2O$를 CaC $O_3$및 CaC $l_2$와 반응시켰을 때의 AFm상의 안정성 순서는 $M_{S}$ < $M_{C}$< $M_{Cl}$ 로 된다.phy. Finally, Regional Development and Regional Environmental Problems were highly correlated with accommodators.젼 공정을 거쳐 제조된다는 점을 고려할 때 이용가능한 에너지 함량계산에 직접 활용될 수는 없을 것이다.총단백질 및 AST에서 시간경과에 따른 삼투압 조절 능력에 문제가 있는 것으로 보여진다.c}C$에서 5시간 가열조리 후 잔존율은 각각 84.7% 및 73.3%였고, 질소가스 통기하에서는 잔존율이 88.9% 및 81.8%로 더욱 안정하였다.8% 및 12.44%, 201일 이상의 경우 13.17% 및 11.30%로 201일 이상의 유기의 경우에만 대조구와 삭제 구간에 유의적인(p<0.05) 차이를 나타내었다.는 담수(淡水)에서 10%o의 해수(海水)로 이주된지 14일(日) 이후에 신장(腎臟)에서 수축된 것으로 나타났다. 30%o의 해수(海水)에 적응(適應)된 틸라피아의 평균 신사구체(腎絲球體)의 면적은 담수(淡水)에 적응된 개체의 면적보다 유의성

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 2004

Recently, as the personal computers are supplied rapidly, they formed the nucleus of the computer system. But, because of the easiness that anyone uses them to go near easily, it is the fact that the security of personal computer is weakness. So, in the paper, 1 propose the technical method that minimizes the loss and leakage of important data. This paper implemented a crypto system for security of data file on personal computer and assistance storage medium. The way of encryption/decryption is applied by complexity method which mixed Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol, a typical RC4(Rivest Cipher version 4) algorithm of stream cipher and a typical MD5(Message Digest version 5) of Hash Function. For valuation implemented crypto system, three criteria is presented, which are crypto complexity, processing time and pattern matching. And according to analysis the three criteria the crypto system is verified the security, efficiency and usefulness. The crypto system is programmed with Visual C++ language of Microsoft. And so, as this is software system, we shall have a technical security system at a minimum cost for all personal computer.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2004

A multi-attribute utility analysis was investigated as a tool for the decision support of countermeasures in early phase of a nuclear accident. The utility function of attributes was assumed to be the second order polynomial expressions, and the weighting constant of attributes was determined using a swing weighting method. Because the main objective of this study focuses on the applicability of a multi-attribute utility analysis as a tool for the decision support of countermeasures in early phase of a nuclear accident, less quantifiable attributes were not included due to lack of information. In postulated accidental scenarios for the application of the designed methodology, the variation of the numerical values of total utility for the considered actions, e.g. sheltering, evacuation and no action, was investigated according to the variation of attributes. As a result, it was shown that the numerical values of total utility for the actions are distinctly different depending on the exposure dose and monetary value of dose. As increasing in both attributes, the rank of the numerical values of total utility increased for evacuation, which is more extreme action than for sheltering, while that of no action decreased. As expected probability of high dose is higher, the break-even values for the monetary value of dose, which are the monetary value of dose when the ranking of actions is changed, were lower. In audition, as aversion psychology for dose is higher, the break-even values for dose were lower.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.49 no.8
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• pp.645-656
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• 2016

The study performed a regional flood frequency analysis and proposed a regression equation to estimate design floods corresponding to return periods for ungauged basins in Geum-river basin. Five preliminary tests were employed to investigate hydrological independence and homogeneity of streamflow data, i.e. the lag-one autocorrelation test, time homogeneity test, Grubbs-Beck outlier test, discordancy measure test ($D_i$), and regional homogeneity measure (H). The test results showed that streamflow data were time-independent, discordant and homogeneous within the basin. Using five probability distributions (generalized extreme value (GEV), three-parameter log-normal (LN-III), Pearson type 3 (P-III), generalized logistic (GLO), generalized Pareto (GPA)), comparative regional flood frequency analyses were carried out for the region. Based on the L-moment ratio diagram, average weighted distance (AWD) and goodness-of-fit statistics ($Z^{DIST}$), the GLO distribution was selected as the best fit model for Geum-river basin. Using the GLO, a regression equation was developed for estimating regional design floods, and validated by comparing the estimated and observed streamflows at the Ganggyeong station.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.117-130
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• 2005

In both deteministic user Optimal Traffic Assignment Model (UOTAM) and stochastic UOTAM, travel time, which is a major ccriterion for traffic loading over transportation network, is defined by the sum of link travel time and turn delay at intersections. In this assignment method, drivers actual route perception processes and choice behaviors, which can become main explanatory factors, are not sufficiently considered: therefore may result in biased traffic loading. Even though there have been some efforts in Stochastic UOTAM for reflecting drivers' route perception cost by assuming cumulative distribution function of link travel time, it has not been fundamental fruitions, but some trials based on the unreasonable assumptions of Probit model of truncated travel time distribution function and Logit model of independency of inter-link congestion. The critical reason why deterministic UOTAM have not been able to reflect route perception cost is that the route perception cost has each different value according to each origin, destination, and path connection the origin and destination. Therefore in order to find the optimum route between OD pair, route enumeration problem that all routes connecting an OD pair must be compared is encountered, and it is the critical reason causing computational failure because uncountable number of path may be enumerated as the scale of transportation network become bigger. The purpose of this study is to propose a method to enable UOTAM to reflect route perception cost without route enumeration between an O-D pair. For this purpose, this study defines a link as a least definition of path. Thus since each link can be treated as a path, in two links searching process of the link label based optimum path algorithm, the route enumeration between OD pair can be reduced the scale of finding optimum path to all links. The computational burden of this method is no more than link label based optimum path algorithm. Each different perception cost is embedded as a quantitative value generated by comparing the sub-path from the origin to the searching link and the searched link.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.552-564
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• 2002

The data of satellite-observed Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) channel 1 (Ch1) brightness temperature and General Circulation Model (GCM) reanalyses over the globe have been used to investigate low tropospheric hydrometeors and microwave surface emissivity during the period from January 1981 to December 1993. The average of GCM Ch1 temperature has been reconstructed from three kinds of reanalyses, based on the MSU weighting function. Since the GCM temperature mainly corresponds to the thermal state of the lower troposphere without the difference in the emissivity between ocean and land, it is higher in summer than in other seasons over the regions. The MSU temperature over the ocean shows its maximum at the ITCZ and the SPCZ due to hydrometeors. Over high latitude ocean, the temperature is enhanced because of sea ice emissivity, while it is reduced over the land. The seasonal displacement of the ITCZ and the SPCZ systematically appeared in the difference of Ch1 temperature between the GCM and the MSU. The difference values decrease in the regions of the ITCZ, the SPCZ, and the sea ice because of the increase of the MSU temperature. According to the local minima of the values, the ITCZ moves norhward to 9 N in fall, and the SPCZ moves southward to 12 S in boreal fall and winter. The sea ice in the northern hemisphere is extended southward to 53 N in winter, while the ice in the southern hemisphere, northward to 58 S in boreal summer. We also have discussed the separated contribution from hydrometeors and surface emissivity to the MSU Ch1 temperature, utilizing radiative transfer theory. The increase of 4-6K in the temperature over the ITCZ is inferred to result from hydrometeors of 1-1.5mm/day, and furthermore the increase of 10-30K over the high latitude ocean, ice emissivity of 0.6-0.9.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.109-122
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• 1983

An accurate thick beam element (TB4) which includes the effects of the shear deformation and rotatory inertia has been degenerated from the three dimensional continuum by employing the Timoshenko beam assumptions. The proposed TB4 element has four nodes and two degrees of freedom at each node, totally eight degrees of freedom. The transverse deflection W and plane rotation ${\theta}$ with the cubic interpolation functions are selected as nodal variables. The element characteristics are formulated by discretizing the beam equations of motion, using the Galerkin weighted residual method, and are numerically integrated by the reduced shear integration technique, using the three-point Gauss quadrature with the various shear coefficients. Several numerical examples are analyzed to demonstrate the accuracy and the monotonic convergence behavior of the proposed TB4 beam element. The result indicates that the TB4 element shows the more excellent performance and the monotonic convergence behavior than the other existing Timoshenko beam type elements for the whole range of the beam aspect ratios, in both static and free vibration analyses.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.1492-1496
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• 2006

수공구조물의 설계에 있어 가중 중요한 변수 중에 하나가 확률 강우량이다. 우리나라의 경우 매개변수적인 지점빈도해석을 통해 확률 강우량을 산정하고 있으나, 최근 들어 지점별 관측자료의 부족으로 인한 지역빈도해석을 수행하여 확률강우량을 산정하고 있는 실정이다. Index Flood 기법이나 L-moment 기법과 같은 기존의 지역빈도해석은 여러 관측 지점에서 관측된 강우자료를 이용하여 매년최대 시간강우량 자료를 추출하여 동질성 분석을 통해 이질성이 없는 것으로 분석된 연최대 강우량을 빈도해석 하여 확률 강우량을 결정한다. 그러나 이와 같은 지역빈도해석은 매개변수적 지점빈도해석과 마찬가지로 적합도 검정에 통과한 다수의 분포형이 선정되는 경우에 어떤 분포형을 사용하느냐 하는 문제점이 발생할 수 있다. 그리고 선정된 여러 강우 관측 지점의 연최대 강우량 자료에 모두 동일한 확률 분포형을 이용하므로 선정된 확률 분포형이 모든 지점의 강우 자료와 적합하지 못할 가능성을 내포하고 있으며, 또한 수문자료가 여러가지 요인으로 인하여 복합분포(mixed distribution)형태를 가질 때, 매개변수적 해석방법으로는 다중 첨두를 갖는 확률밀도함수를 해석하는데는 여러 가지 어려움이 따른다. 따라서 이러한 매개변수적 확률분포형을 이용한 빈도해석의 문제점을 해결할 수 있는 비매개변수적 빈도해석이 하나의 대안으로 제시될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 강우자료의 선별을 통해 신뢰성 있는 자료를 구축하고, 기존의 매개변수를 갖는 확률 분포형을 이용한 지역빈도해석을 적용하여 확률 강우량을 산정하였다. 그리고 동질성분석을 통해 선정된 강우자료에 대해 비매개변수적 지역빈도해석을 적용하여 확률 강우량을 산정하고 각각의 방법에 대한 빈도해석 결과를 비교하여 확률강우량 해석에 있어 하나의 대안을 제시하고자 한다.X>${\mu}_{max,A}$는 최대암모니아 섭취률을 이용하여 구한 결과 $0.65d^{-1}$로 나타났다.EX>$60%{\sim}87%$가 수심 10m 이내에 분포하였고, 녹조강과 남조강이 우점하는 하절기에는 5m 이내에 주로 분포하였다. 취수탑 지점의 수심이 연중 $25{\sim}35m$를 유지하는 H호의 경우 간헐식 폭기장치를 가동하는 기간은 물론 그 외 기간에도 취수구의 심도를 표층 10m 이하로 유지 할 경우 전체 조류 유입량을 60% 이상 저감할 수 있을 것으로 조사되었다.심볼 및 색채 디자인 등의 작업이 수반되어야 하며, 이들을 고려한 인터넷용 GIS기본도를 신규 제작한다. 상습침수지구와 관련된 각종 GIS데이타와 각 기관이 보유하고 있는 공공정보 가운데 공간정보와 연계되어야 하는 자료를 인터넷 GIS를 이용하여 효율적으로 관리하기 위해서는 단계별 구축전략이 필요하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 인터넷 GIS를 이용하여 상습침수구역관련 정보를 검색, 처리 및 분석할 수 있는 상습침수 구역 종합정보화 시스템을 구축토록 하였다.N, 항목에서 보 상류가 높게 나타났으나, 철거되지 않은 검전보나 안양대교보에 비해 그 차이가 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다.의 기상변화가 자발성 기흉 발생에 영향을 미친다고 추론할 수 있었다. 향후 본 연구에서 추론된 기상변화와 기흉 발생과의 인과관계를 확인하고 좀 더 구체화하기 위한 연구가 필요할 것이다.게 이루어질 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.는 초과수익률이 상승하지만, 이후로는 감소하므로, 반전거래전략을 활용하는 경우 주식투자기간은 24개월이하의 중단기가 적합함을 발견하였다. 이상의 행태적 측면과 투자성과측면의 실증결과를 통하여 한국주식시장에 있어서 시장수익률을 평균적으로 초과할 수 있는 거래전

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.277-294
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• 2010

The Seosanmaaesamjonbulsang (National Treasure No. 84) consists of light gray and coarse to mediumgrained biotite granite with partly developed pegmatite and quartz vein. The host rock is divided into dozens of rock blocks with various shape along irregular discontinuity plane. The evaluation results of discontinuity systems reveal that the host rock were exposed to instable sloping environments. Results of deterioration diagnosis show that the degree of damage has been made worse by physical weathering and surface discoloration laying stress on part that vertical and horizontal joints are massed. Generally, deterioration rate of the triad Buddha surface cover with 42.7%, however, the rate of physical weathering and surface discoloration are subdivided to 9.6% and 33.1%, respectively. Ultrasonic measurements indicate that the triad Buddha was reached highly weathered grade in general. And the rock material was weaken to show low velocity zone of 1,000m/s along irregular joint systems. Indoor and outdoor mean relative humidity of the shelter was recorded more than 70% during every season, and high frequency appears in high relative humidity range over 95%. Such environments seem to have produced dew condensation on the rock surface with rainfall and supply water, promoted physical, chemical and biological weathering along crack and joint, resulting in high permeation of water and percentage of water content. Therefore, it is judged that for scientific conservation of the triad Buddha it needs environment control through persistent preservation environment monitoring including water problem.