• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.106-111
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• 2005

After many casualties of conventional bulk carriers in recent years, a double hull bulk carrier was proposed to enhance the structural safety of a side shell and a transverse bulkhead. In this paper, two alternative structural designs of a double hull bulk carrier were carried out based on the Lloyd's rule. One has the double sided hull with longitudinal stiffeners and the other has that with a girder. The final structural design was examined in comparison with an existing single hull bulk carrier from the viewpoints of cargo hold capacity and the increases of weight and construction cost. Generally, the construction cost of a ship consists of the costs of material, labor and overhead cost. But, in this study, the relative construction cost concept was introduced to compare the economical validity more precisely. In this concept, fixed overhead cost is excluded in the assessment of construction cost, and only the variable overhead cost is added up to labor cost. As the result of this study, a double hull bulk carrier can be constructed within 1% increase of weight and construction cost.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.147-156
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• 2009

We present a methodology for modeling and solving the transit frequency design problem with variable demand. The problem is described as a bi-level model based on a non-cooperative Stackelberg game. The upper-level operator problem is formulated as a non-linear optimization model to minimize net cost, which includes operating cost, travel cost and revenue, with fleet size and frequency constraints. The lower-level user problem is formulated as a capacity-constrained stochastic user equilibrium assignment model with variable demand, considering transfer delay between transit lines. An efficient algorithm is also presented for solving the proposed model. The upper-level model is solved by a gradient projection method, and the lower-level model is solved by an existing iterative balancing method. An application of the proposed model and algorithm is presented using a small test network. The results of this application show that the proposed algorithm converges well to an optimal point. The methodology of this study is expected to contribute to form a theoretical basis for diagnosing the problems of current transit systems and for improving its operational efficiency to increase the demand as well as the level of service.

• Composites Research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.20-27
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• 2006

Self-sensing and interfacial evaluation of Ni nanowire/polymer composites were investigated using electro-macromechanical technique, which can be used fur a feasible sensing measurement on tensile and compressive loading/consequent unloading, temperature, and humidity. Mechanical properties of Ni nanowire with different aspect ratio and adding contents in either epoxy or silicone composites were measured indirectly using electro-pullout test under uniform and non-uniform cyclic loadings. Comparing apparent modulus with the conventional mechanical tensile modulus of Ni nanowire/epoxy composites, the trends were consistent with each other. Ni nanowire/epoxy composites showed the sensing response on humidity and temperature. Self-sensing on applied tensile and compressive loading/unloading was also responded for Ni nanowire/silicone composites via electrical contact resistivity showing the opposite trend between tension and compression. It can be due to the different electrically-interconnecting mechanisms of dispersed Ni nanowires embedded in silicone matrix.