• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.11B no.6
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• pp.749-758
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• 2004

In this paper, we propose a new method utilizing only raw corpus without additional human effort for disambiguation of target word selection in English-Korean machine translation. We use two data-driven techniques; one is the Latent Semantic Analysis(LSA) and the other the Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis(PLSA). These two techniques can represent complex semantic structures in given contexts like text passages. We construct linguistic semantic knowledge by using the two techniques and use the knowledge for target word selection in English-Korean machine translation. For target word selection, we utilize a grammatical relationship stored in a dictionary. We use k- nearest neighbor learning algorithm for the resolution of data sparseness Problem in target word selection and estimate the distance between instances based on these models. In experiments, we use TREC data of AP news for construction of latent semantic space and Wail Street Journal corpus for evaluation of target word selection. Through the Latent Semantic Analysis methods, the accuracy of target word selection has improved over 10% and PLSA has showed better accuracy than LSA method. finally we have showed the relatedness between the accuracy and two important factors ; one is dimensionality of latent space and k value of k-NT learning by using correlation calculation.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.188-198
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• 2005

The Goldschmidt iterative algorithm for finding a floating point square root calculated it by performing a fixed number of multiplications. In this paper, a variable latency Goldschmidt's square root algorithm is proposed, that performs multiplications a variable number of times until the error becomes smaller than a given value. To find the square root of a floating point number F, the algorithm repeats the following operations: $R_i=\frac{3-e_r-X_i}{2},\;X_{i+1}=X_i{\times}R^2_i,\;Y_{i+1}=Y_i{\times}R_i,\;i{\in}\{{0,1,2,{\ldots},n-1} }}'$with the initial value is $'\;X_0=Y_0=T^2{\times}F,\;T=\frac{1}{\sqrt {F}}+e_t\;'$. The bits to the right of p fractional bits in intermediate multiplication results are truncated, and this truncation error is less than $'e_r=2^{-p}'$. The value of p is 28 for the single precision floating point, and 58 for the doubel precision floating point. Let $'X_i=1{\pm}e_i'$, there is $'\;X_{i+1}=1-e_{i+1},\;where\;'\;e_{i+1}<\frac{3e^2_i}{4}{\mp}\frac{e^3_i}{4}+4e_{r}'$. If '|X_i-1|<2^{\frac{-p+2}{2}}\;'$ is true, $'\;e_{i+1}<8e_r\;'$ is less than the smallest number which is representable by floating point number. So, $\sqrt{F}$ is approximate to $'\;\frac{Y_{i+1}}{T}\;'$. Since the number of multiplications performed by the proposed algorithm is dependent on the input values, the average number of multiplications per an operation is derived from many reciprocal square root tables ($T=\frac{1}{\sqrt{F}}+e_i$) with varying sizes. The superiority of this algorithm is proved by comparing this average number with the fixed number of multiplications of the conventional algorithm. Since the proposed algorithm only performs the multiplications until the error gets smaller than a given value, it can be used to improve the performance of a square root unit. Also, it can be used to construct optimized approximate reciprocal square root tables. The results of this paper can be applied to many areas that utilize floating point numbers, such as digital signal processing, computer graphics, multimedia, scientific computing, etc.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.334-343
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• 1997

This study was performed to elucidate the effects of dietary calcium-salt, estrogen-treatment, and estrogen/calcium treatment on bone metabolism. Ovariectomized rats were used as an animal model. Female Sprague-Dawley rats with a body weight of $250{\sim}280g$ underwent ovariectomy or sham-operation. The ovariectomized rats were divided into 9 different experimental groups including saline-treated group, estrogen-treated group, high calcium salt-treated group, and estrogen/calcium treated groups, and fed the experimental diet for 6 weeks. The mineral content, weight, length, strength and density in femur and scapula of the animals were determined. The results of the experiment are as follows: there were no difference in weight of wet bone, density, length, strength and content of ash in right femur between ovariectomized rat and sham-operation. When the weight of bones was expressed as bone gram per body weight, it was significantly lower in ovariectomized rat than sham-operation. Estrogen and estrogen/calcium in ovariectomized rats resulted in increased weight of wet bone. Estrogen with its gradual reduction in ovariectomized rats showed the lowest values in strength, content of ash, content of calcium and content of phosphorus among the groups. There were no differences in weight of wet hone, density, content of ash, content of calcium and content of phosphorus in right scapula between ovariectomized rat and sham-operation. In addition skeletal composition was not changed by ovariectomy. Estrogen and estrogen/calcium in ovariectomized rats resulted in decreased skeletal composition however, estrogen with its gradual reduction did not caused the skeletal composition change. Moreover, the gradual reduction of estrogen had a preventive effect on bone loss when the treatment was combined with calcium intensification.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.193-199
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• 1989

This study was conducted to estimate heritabilities and genetic correlations on egg compositions in Korean Native Ogol Fowl. The date analysis were a total of 58,320 eggs in 450 pullets producted from 150 dams and 20 sires of Korean Native Ogol Fowl raised at Chungnam National University from June 18. 1987 to April 6. 1989. The results obtained are summarized as follows： 1. On the egg compositions, the albumen weight at first egg, 300 and 500 days were $24.003\pm$2.499, $28.354\pm$2.755 and $31.863\pm$3.341g； the yolk weight were $10.272\pm$1.536, $16.346\pm$1.321 and $19.212\pm$1.661g： the shell weight were $3.906\pm$0.414, $4.336\pm$0.506 and $4.822\pm$0.515g, respectively. 2. The heritability estimates of egg compositions based on the valiance of sires, dams and combined components were 0.620-0.723, 0.206-0.300 and 0.413-0.511 for albumin weight；0.439-0.737, 0.484-0.544 and 0.492-0.615 for yolk weight：0.172-0.187, 0.412-0.642 and 0.390-0.503 for shell weight, respectively. 1. The genetic and phenotypic correlation coefficients of egg compositions were as follows； The coefficients between albumen weight and yolk weight were 0.089-0.654 and 0.084-0.255；between albumen weight and shell weight were 0.396-0.925 and 0.225-0.544； between yolk weight and shell weight were 0.227-0.357 and 0.098-0.358 respectively.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.151-159
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• 1991

As a part of investigation on causes of drop in egg production in domestic chicken breeding farm, bacteriological contamination on air, feed, drinking water and artificial insemination instruments of randomly selected three farms was surveyed. Total bacterial population in the air was very high in all of the chicken houses tested and was not significantly different among these farms . However, total bacterial counts in the air of the problem house having egg drop problem and colibacillosis was higher than normal house within the problem farm. Bacterial population in the assorted feed was low before or after administration on the normal farm while it was much more increased after administration than before administration on the problem farm. Bacterial population of the drinking water in the source of water supply was very low and has no differences among farms tested. Also, bacterial population in the normal farm was not significantly different between source of water supply and after administration. However, population of total bacteria and coliform bacteria after administration was increased. Bacterial population was much higher in the artificial insemination instrument of problem farm than normal farm. However, this bacterial population in the problem farm was decreased to those of normal farm after these instruments were sanitized.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.185-205
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• 2010

Climate change vulnerability assessment based on local conditions is a prerequisite for establishment of climate change adaptation policies. While some studies have developed a methodology for vulnerability assessment at the national level using statistical data, few attempts, whether domestic or overseas, have been made to develop methods for local vulnerability assessments that are easily applicable to a single city. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to develop a conceptual framework for climate change vulnerability, and then develop a general methodology for assessment at the regional level applied to a single coastal city, Mokpo, in Jeolla province, Korea. We followed the conceptual framework of climate change vulnerability proposed by the IPCC (1996) which consists of "climate exposure," "systemic sensitivity," and "systemic adaptive capacity." "Climate exposure" was designated as sea level rises of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 meter(s), allowing for a simple scenario for sea level rises. Should more complex forecasts of sea level rises be required later, the methodology developed herein can be easily scaled and transferred to other projects. Mokpo was chosen as a seaside city on the southwest coast of Korea, where all cities have experienced rising sea levels. Mokpo has experienced the largest sea level increases of all, and is a region where abnormal high tide events have become a significant threat; especially subsequent to the construction of an estuary dam and breakwaters. Sensitivity to sea level rises was measured by the percentage of flooded area for each administrative region within Mokpo evaluated via simulations using GIS techniques. Population density, particularly that of senior citizens, was also factored in. Adaptive capacity was considered from both the "hardware" and "software" aspects. "Hardware" adaptive capacity was incorporated by considering the presence (or lack thereof) of breakwaters and seawalls, as well as their height. "Software" adaptive capacity was measured using a survey method. The survey questionnaire included economic status, awareness of climate change impact and adaptation, governance, and policy, and was distributed to 75 governmental officials working for Mokpo. Vulnerability to sea level rises was assessed by subtracting adaptive capacity from the sensitivity index. Application of the methodology to Mokpo indicated vulnerability was high for seven out of 20 administrative districts. The results of our methodology provides significant policy implications for the development of climate change adaptation policy as follows: 1) regions with high priority for climate change adaptation measures can be selected through a correlation diagram between vulnerabilities and records of previous flood damage, and 2) after review of existing short, mid, and long-term plans or projects in high priority areas, appropriate adaptation measures can be taken as per this study. Future studies should focus on expanding analysis of climate change exposure from sea level rises to other adverse climate related events, including heat waves, torrential rain, and drought etc.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.134-152
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• 2007

This study deals with the development of computer program which can restrict students to access to the unallowable web sites during the Internet based class. Our suggested program can find the student's access list to the unallowable sites, display it on the teacher's computer screen. Through the limitation of the student's access, teacher can enhance the efficiency of class and fulfill his educational purpose for the class. The use of our results leads to the effective and safe utilization of the Internet as the teaching tools in the class. Meanwhile, the typical method is to turn off the LAN (Local Area Network) power in order to limit the student's access to the unallowable web sites. Our program has been developed on the Linux operating systems in the small network environment. The program includes following five functions: the translation function to change the domain name into the IP(Internet Protocol) address, the search function to find the active students' computers, the packet snoop to capture the ongoing packets and investigate their contents, the comparison function to compare the captured packet contents with the predefined access restriction IP address list, and the restriction function to limit the network access when the destination IP address is equal to the IP address in the access restriction list. Our program can capture all passing packets through the computer laboratory in real time and exactly. In addition, it provides teacher's computer screen with the all relation information of students' access to the unallowable sites. Thus, teacher can limit the student's unallowable access immediately. The proposed program can be applied to the small network of the elementary, junior and senior high school. Our research results make a contribution toward the effective class management and the efficient computer laboratory management. The related researches provides teacher with the packet observation and the access limitation for only one host, but our suggested program provides teacher with those for all active hosts.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.642-650
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• 1996

Apo E polymorphism (e2, e3, e4) was among the first reported genetic polymorphism that explained part of the normal variation in plasma cholesterol concentrations. Both alleles E2 and E4 are significantly more frequent in patients with mixed forms of hyperlipidemia and contribute on the observed differences in CHD risk among different populations. Effects of apo E polymorphism on the distribution of plasma lipid profiles were studied in 105 normolipidemic healthy women. The relative frequencies of common alleles for gene locus of apo E in this study were that E3 allele was 0.848, E4 allels was 0.087, and E2 allele was 0.067. SBP and DBP were slightly more elevated in E2 allele than those in E3 and E4. The pulsation was also significantly (p<0.016) increased by E2 allele with excess body fat % in E2 allele. There were no differences in total-, total HDL-, VLDL+LDL-, VLDL- and LDL cholesterol among the apo E alleles. However, apo E2 allele subject had lower level of total HDL and HDL2 cholesterol (P<0.047) and significantly higher lev디 of HDL3 cholesterol (P<0.05) than those in apo E3 and E4 allele subject. The conclusion is that first, it seems that apo E4-mediated alteration through LDL B/E receptors or E receptors in cholesterol metabolism results in lower plasma TG or remanate particles and in higher levels of VLDL+LDL or LDL. Second, apo E2 allele shows reciprocal effects of E4 on the plasma lipid metabolism, respecitvely. Third, apo E2 allele was more atherogenic than apo E4 because the higher levels of HDL3/HDL2 ratio and atherogenic index[(TC-HDL)/HDL]were criticized.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.153-169
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• 2011

Today using Internet environment is considered absolutely essential for establishing corporate marketing strategy. Companies have promoted their products and services through various ways of on-line marketing activities such as providing gifts and points to customers in exchange for participating in events, which is based on customers' membership data. Since companies can use these membership data to enhance their marketing efforts through various data analysis, appropriate website membership management may play an important role in increasing the effectiveness of on-line marketing campaign. Despite the growing interests in proper membership management, however, there have been difficulties in identifying inappropriate members who can weaken on-line marketing effectiveness. In on-line environment, customers tend to not reveal themselves clearly compared to off-line market. Customers who have malicious intent are able to create duplicate IDs by using others' names illegally or faking login information during joining membership. Since the duplicate members are likely to intercept gifts and points that should be sent to appropriate customers who deserve them, this can result in ineffective marketing efforts. Considering that the number of website members and its related marketing costs are significantly increasing, it is necessary for companies to find efficient ways to screen and exclude unfavorable troublemakers who are duplicate members. With this motivation, this study proposes an approach for managing duplicate membership based on the social network analysis and verifies its effectiveness using membership data gathered from real websites. A social network is a social structure made up of actors called nodes, which are tied by one or more specific types of interdependency. Social networks represent the relationship between the nodes and show the direction and strength of the relationship. Various analytical techniques have been proposed based on the social relationships, such as centrality analysis, structural holes analysis, structural equivalents analysis, and so on. Component analysis, one of the social network analysis techniques, deals with the sub-networks that form meaningful information in the group connection. We propose a method for managing duplicate memberships using component analysis. The procedure is as follows. First step is to identify membership attributes that will be used for analyzing relationship patterns among memberships. Membership attributes include ID, telephone number, address, posting time, IP address, and so on. Second step is to compose social matrices based on the identified membership attributes and aggregate the values of each social matrix into a combined social matrix. The combined social matrix represents how strong pairs of nodes are connected together. When a pair of nodes is strongly connected, we expect that those nodes are likely to be duplicate memberships. The combined social matrix is transformed into a binary matrix with '0' or '1' of cell values using a relationship criterion that determines whether the membership is duplicate or not. Third step is to conduct a component analysis for the combined social matrix in order to identify component nodes and isolated nodes. Fourth, identify the number of real memberships and calculate the reliability of website membership based on the component analysis results. The proposed procedure was applied to three real websites operated by a pharmaceutical company. The empirical results showed that the proposed method was superior to the traditional database approach using simple address comparison. In conclusion, this study is expected to shed some light on how social network analysis can enhance a reliable on-line marketing performance by efficiently and effectively identifying duplicate memberships of websites.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.37-52
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• 2010

The main purpose of this study is to examine how place representation is related to the formation of urban parks in Seoul, which began at the end of the 19th century. In order to grasp place representation, the hypothesis of this study is that most urban parks are undertaken with the idea of monumentality and symbolism or memories of the place itself. Diverse ways of representation through physical or non-physical aspects of symbolism, monumentality, and place memory are summarized as follows. First, in the case of the physical aspects of representation in the parks, monumentality and symbolism are expressed mostly through monuments or statues. In the case that the intention of the park is commemorative, celebrative elements are more actively utilized. In other cases, symbolic sculptures or statues, which are randomly designated by the government, are so often used regardless of the overarching concept of the urban park. In addition, in the case of place memory, monumentality or symbolism are commonly represented through bronze statues or partial remnants of the past. Recently, however, the site in itself has been constructed to coordinate the memories of a certain place into the configuration of the park. Secondly, in relation to the non-physical representation elements, many urban parks tend to reveal monumentality or symbolism through the names they are given. Recently, this tendency has significantly dropped, but some places of parksare frequently denominated in consideration of place memory. In the case of events held in parks, parks which were constructed in the beginning of the park movement, such as Tapgol Park, hold certain events to commemorate certain causes that took place in those days. On the other hand, the main purpose of recently-constructed urban parks relating to place memory is to encourage citizens to participate in events in a variety of ways.