• Korean Security Journal
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• no.37
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• pp.29-50
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• 2013

With the recent global threats of terrorism as well as religious conflicts, Northeast Asian countries including South Korea, China, and Japan are experiencing particularly serious security crises as demonstrated by North Korea's threats of nuclear weapons testings and long-range missile launching as well as military provocation toward South Korea such as sinking of ROKS Cheonan and bombardment of Yeonpyeong island and the territorial dispute between China and Japan over Senkaku Islands(Diaoyu Islands). As a result, Park Geun Hye Administration of South Korea and the 2nd Abe Shinzo Cabinet of Japan, both recently established, are making efforts to improve their national security and crisis management policies. One of the key elements of such efforts is the strengthening of National Security Council(NSC) or its equivalent organization as the control tower of national security policy, modeled after the NSC of the United States. This paper compares NSC organization of Korea, the U.S., and Japan and draws policy insights focusing on the current political and national security situation South Korea is facing. Although organizational structure, function, and history of NSC of each country differs, it can be inferred from this comparison that NSC-type of organizations can play an important role as a control tower of security and emergency management policies.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2011

The outbreak of Newcastle disease occurred for the first time at a commercial chicken farm near Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia in August 2010. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) obtained from infected chickens in Mongolia was characterized by biological and molecular biological approches. Mongolian NDV isolate killed all of chicken embryos within 60 h in the mean death time assay, indicating virulent for chicken. A genomic region of 695 nts between nts 1055 of the M gene and 508 of the F gene was amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence of the F protein cleavage site was $^{112}RRQKRF^{117}$, which is a typical sequence of velogenic strains of NDV and is agreement with the result of the MDT assay. The sequence of the partial F gene (nts 47 to 435) was used for genotyping by phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the Mongolian isolate was of genotype VII within class II of NDV. Further phylogenetic analysis on the genotype VII strains revealed that the isolates placed in a genetic sublineage of VIId and most closely related with velogenic strains of NDV circulating in Far-east Asian region especially China, suggesting the introduction of velogenic NDV into Mongolia from neighboring countries.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.865-873
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• 2016

Since 2004, Asiatic Black Bear of the Jirisan National Park is subjected to the restoration project through the re-introduction by the Maritime Province of Siberia in Russia, North Korea, Northeastern part of China and Seoul Grand Park. The purpose of this study is to analyze diets with scat to identify Asiatic Black Bear's feeding habit and eating resources environment in the Jirisan National Park. 78 scats of Asiatic Black Bears were observed during the field studies of radio telemetry-marked bears and by chance in the Jrisan National Park, from 2005 to 2013. The relative frequency of occurrence demonstrated that the plants comprised the highest with 77%, followed by insects with 12.8%, mammals with 5.6%, birds with 0.5%, arthropoda with 0.5%, and others with 3.6%. Also, 52 scats among the collected scats that were measured for the ratio of food were subjected to dry weight, and plants were the highest with 91.2%, followed by mammals with 3.6%, insects with 1.0% and others with 4.2% in the order mentioned. Asiatic Black Bear's feed research demonstrated that the Asiatic Black Bear at Jirisan is omnivorous and that the vegetable food is the main feed instead of animal feed.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.405-412
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• 2021

Wolfiporia cocos is an important medicinal fungus that has been used in regions of Northeast Asia including Korea, Japan, and China. W. cocos is classified in Korea into two types (red bokryeong and white bokryeong) based on the internal colors (yellow orange-pale pink and white) of the sclerotium. Generally, the W. cocos type cultivated on farms produces white sclerotium. In this study, we endeavored to select strains that form sclerotium in sawdust medium using 2-way cross-breeding among two cultivated strains and three wild strains. Monospores were isolated from the fruiting bodies of cultivated and wild strains on potato dextrose agar. Thirty-nine strains of 338 hybrid strains isolated formed sclerotia with white or yellow colors upon culture for 3 months in Pinus densiflora sawdust medium. Selection for sclerotium forming strains using sawdust culture follows a very simple and easy procedure that is presented for the first time in this paper. We plan to test selected strains in the field to aid in developing new varieties for the future.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.311-368
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• 2009

In order to survive the on-going natural resource war, Korea needs various efforts such as enhancing self-exploitation ratio, increasing the supply of new-reuse energy, strengthening cooperation with resource rich countries. Central Asian countries are geometrically far away from Korea. However, Korea should try to develop political, economic and ethnic relationship with those countries into much higher dimension to secure various natural resources. Major countries including U.S., EU. Japan and China are approaching Central Asian countries with long term perspective. Improving country-image through enlargement of ODA is the first concern of those countries. Korea should try to follow their practices. Government should try to improve Korea's image in the first place and lead economic cooperation with very detailed supportive measures to induce Korean firms' investment into the Central Asian countries. In the due process, a lot of information about those countries' political climate, social situation, ethnical composition, major religions, educational system, current state and structure of economies and industries, etc should be made available to Korean firms.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.451-463
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• 2016

We explore the impact of Chinese future air pollutant emissions on ozone air quality in Northeast Asia (NEA) and health in South-Korea using an assessment framework including ICAMS (The Integrated Climate and Air Quality Modeling System) and BenMAP (The Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program). The emissions data sets from the climate change scenarios, the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) (emission scenarios, EMSO), are used to simulate ozone air quality in NEA in the current (1996~2005, 2000s), the near future (2016~2025, 2020s) and the distant future (2046~2055, 2050s). Furthermore, the simulated ozone changes in the 2050s are used to analyze ozone-related premature mortality and economic cost in South-Korea. While different EMSOs are applied to the China region, fixed EMSO are used for other country regions to isolate the impacts of the Chinese emissions. Predicted ozone changes in NEA are distinctively affected by large changes in NOx emission over most of China region. Comparing the 2020s with the 2000s situation, the largest increase in mean ozone concentrations in NEA is simulated under RCP 8.5 and similarly small increases are under other RCPs. In the 2050s in NEA, the largest increase in mean ozone concentrations is simulated under RCP 6.0 and leads to the occurrence of the highest premature mortalities and economic costs in South-Korea. Whereas, the largest decrease is simulated under RCP 4.5 leads to the highest avoided premature mortality numbers and economic costs. Our results suggest that continuous reduction of NOx emissions across the China region under an assertive climate change mitigation scenario like RCP 4.5 leads to improved future ozone air quality and health benefits in the NEA countries including South-Korea.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.139-162
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• 2019

In the case of Korea, policy support for shipping companies is limited, and the financial support should address the scale and period of support. Comprehensive measures are needed to boost the chances of reviving the industry. In order to secure competitiveness, the shipping companies need to make continuous efforts, prepare for the future by strengthening environmental regulations, and ensure that they have the ability to be flexible in their responses. The shipbuilding industry witnessed some improvement last year amid severe recession, but reforms are needed to address external and internal structural problems; further, to gain the characteristics of future leading industries, it is necessary to secure core technologies, as well as differentiated and specialized industrial competitiveness among rival countries through joint government intervention and joint R&D investment. Taking these steps will ensure that it has environment-friendly vessels and economic shipbuilding capabilities. The competitiveness of Busan Port should enable the utilization of the geopolitical characteristics of East Asia and contribute to: regional economic revitalization; development of its status as hub port; and securing the position of developed countries in East Asian logistics. For this purpose, it is necessary to establish a strategy to: expand the usability of shipowners/carriers; improve the quality of port operations; improve the portability of the smart system; expand the port of mega-ocean carriers; speed up port operations; and create low-cost ports. The establishment of a network of four countries will also require long-term global linkages. For example, there is a need to establish a logistics network between Eurasia and the European region, which will use the Russian Land Bridge System, as well as that of China.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.138-146
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of usage motivation of SNS emoticons in Northeast Asian culture regions, with the strong influence of normative society and to interpret these characteristics based on traditional humanistic thought. Since the mainstream SNS of each country is different, this study focused on China's WeChat. For the research, we found 38 motivations for the use of emoticons through literature research and interviews with 21 users, and we surveyed 209 participants for usage motivation. The results were as follows: First, six factors were derived from the motivation for use of emoticons, these factors were named emotional expressions, aesthetics, usability, impression management, entertainment, and sense of collectivism. Second, we explained how the ideas of 'Hwa(和)' and 'Ye(禮)' appeared in the use of emoticons, focusing on 'Impression management' and 'Sense of collectivism' among the motives of using emoticons. Hwa(和) is interpreted as a factor of 'sense of collectivism' which intends to strengthen the feeling of belonging in the chat room using emoticons and actively emphasize oneself and to be well integrated in the communication process. Ye (禮) is interpreted as a factor of 'impression management' which forms and maintains a better relationship with the moral code of ethics.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.33
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• pp.273-301
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• 2016

In this paper, it is entraining surface and the historical flow of Japanese flying acrobatic, look and lore situation up to now, as compared to this, restore our Sotte riding, trying to provide a clue of hatching in order to reproduce. In particular, the tricks to raise the rod into the body is sublimated to the big festivals of the region, focused on Akita Kanto festival was devised by one of Japan's northeastern 3 major festivals. As a typical traditional performance festival with a history of more than 200 years, the same manner as was sublimated as a professional performing arts and folk arts, actively protect the traditional performing arts, and lore, this representative of the regional festival It has a great meaning in that it was successful. That the order to act strongly cooperation of the public and private sectors to be highlighted on the whole surface of the strong act is acrobatic nature to the main content of the festival, of course the identity recovery of the region, also serves as a proud representative of the region it is also very significant. Want is greater place to suggest to researchers who want to take over the pulse of the tradition correctly restore the future Sotte ride.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.57
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• pp.31-55
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• 2018

Professor Dowon (道原) Lew, Seung-Kook (柳承國: 1923~2011) was a master of Eastern philosophy in Korea, in the 20th century. 'Confucianism' was the root of his discipline. Nevertheless he studied extensively throughout Eastern philosophy. He was also a pioneer of 'Korean Philosophy', who devoted himself to 'establishing the original form (原型) of Korean thought'. Professor Lew showed a unique view on how Confucian thought was formed. He has done many years of precise comparative analysis of the results of archaeological studies before 1970, particularly the study of bone-and-shell inions, and what was said in previous literature. As a result, he concluded that "we cannot discuss the origins of Confucian thought by separating the relationship with the Dongyi tribe". Confucianism was formed in relation to Dongyi. The purpose of his attention to the Dongyi tribe - RenFang tribe (人方族) was not to examine Dongyi tribe and its culture. His purpose was to examine how Confucian thought was formed and to examine the relevance of Dongyi tribe in this process. This was in conjunction with the task of exploring 'the original form of Korean thought', whether he pretended or not. Professor Lew, Seung-Kook's theory differed not only from the conventional view of the academic world in his time but also from the conventional view up to now. It is a pity that it was not yet discussed it in the academic world. I consider that it is necessary to seriously review Professor Lew and Seung-Kook's theory at this point when China has outlined the Northeast project (東北工程).