• Spatial Information Research
• /
• v.14 no.1 s.36
• /
• pp.129-150
• /
• 2006

Mineral potential mapping is an important procedure in mineral resource assessment. The purpose of this study is to analyze mineral potential using weight of evidence model and a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment to identify areas that have not been subjected to the same degree of exploration. For this, a variety of spatial geological data were compiled, evaluated and integrated to produce a map of potential mineral in the Gangreung area, Korea. for this, a spatial database considering mineral deposit, topographic, geologic, geophysical and geochemical data was constructed for the study area using a GIS. The used mineral deposits were non-metallic(Kaolin, Porcelainstone, Silicastone, Mica, Nephrite, Limestone and Pyrophyllite) deposits of sedimentary type. The factors relating to mineral deposits were the geological data such as lithology and fault structure, geochemical data, including the abundance of Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Si, Sr, V, Zn, $Cl^-,\;F^-,\;{PO_4}^{3-},\;{NO_2}^-,\;{NO_3}^-,\;SO_{42-}$, Eh, PH and conductivity and geophysical data, including the Bouguer and magnetic anomalies. These factors were used with weight of evidence model to analyze mineral potential. Probability models using the weight of evidence were applied to extract the relationship between mineral deposits and related factors, and the ratio were calculated. Then the potential indices were calculated by summation of the likelihood ratio and mineral potential maps were constructed from Geographic Information System (GIS). The mineral potential maps were then verified by comparison with the known mineral deposit areas. The result showed the 85.66% in prediction accuracy.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.269-284
• /
• 1985

The metabolism of Entamoeba histolytica would be affected by various environmental factors, and alteration of the environment was known to afEect the fine structure of 5. histolytica. The present study was designed electronmicroscopically to investigate the ultrastructure and enzyme activities in the aEonic and conventional strains of 5. histolytica. The trophozoites of axenically cultivated HK-9 strain and conventional YS-27 and YS-49 strains of 5. histolytica were collected and liKed with 4% paraformaldehyde/0.1M cacodylate buffier(pH 74), After washing them by centrifugation, 1% warm agar was added in the sediment. Solidified agar with the trophozoites was cut into $lmm^3$ cubes, and incubated in the various substrates to observe enzyme activities. Then, the specimen was post-fixed with 3% glutaraldehyde/0.1M cacodylate buffer (PH 7.4) and 1% osmium tetroBide/0.1M cacodylate buffier (pH 7.4) , dehydrated in ascending ethanol series and embedded in epoxy resin. These were sectioned on an ultramicrotome and observed with a transmission electronmicroscope. The procedures for the observation of the fine structure were same as the above, except for the incubation in the substrate. The sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. For the observation of the surface of the amoebae, scanning-electronmicroscopy was carried out. The results obtained in the present study are summarized as follows: 1. The fuzzy coat around double-layered plasma membrane of 5. histolytica was more irregularly and densely distributed in the conventional strains (YS-27, YS-49 strains) than in the axonic strain (HK-9 strain). 2. The endosomes, button bodies and chromatin material were surrounded by a double-layered nuclear membrane having scattered nuclear fores. The paranuclear body, mono- or double-layered vacuoles, vacuolar membrane whorls, rosette-like cylindrical bodies, aggregation of cylindrical bodies and helical bodies were found in the cytoplasm of the amoebae. Helical bodies and glycogen granules were generally abundant, while a few smooth endoplasmic reticula were observed in the cytoplasm. 3. Alkaline phosphatase activity was mainly demonstrated in the plasma membrane, limiting membranes of vacuoles and smooth endoplasmic reticula. ATPase activity was observed in the nucleus, limiting membranes of vacuoles and vacuolar membrane whorls. 4. Acid phosphatase activity was commonly demonstrated in the limiting membranes an contents of vacuoles, Iysosome-like organelles, plasma membrane and the button bodies in the nucleus. The activity was more weakly demonstrated in the HK-9 strain than in the other conventional strains of 5. histolytica. No peroBidase activity was observed in the amoeba strains employed in the present study. 5. With a scanning electron-microscope, no distinct structural differences were observed between the amoeba strains. All the trophozoite forms of the amoebae showed crater-like depressions and rugged features on the outer surface.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.67-83
• /
• 2012

In order to evaluate die geochemical characteristics of sediment in a semi-enclosed bay used as shellfish and fish farming area, the concentrations of metallic(V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co. Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, Hg, Ph, As) and non-metallic(P, Se) elements and uranium were measured in the surface sediment samples collected from 19 stations of Gamak Bay in April 2010. Metal contamination status in the sediments were also evaluated using the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs) proposed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA) and the enrichment factor(EF). The concentrations of elements in sediment were mainly controlled by quartz-dilution effect(V, Cr, Fe, Co and Ni), the dilution effect of organic matter(Cd and U), and metal redistribution by the decomposition of organic matter(Mn, Ag, As, and Se). The concentrations of metals, except As and Ni, in sediments from all sampling stations were lower than ERL values of NOAA. Conclusively, the surface sediment of Gamak Bay was slightly polluted with Ni, Ag, Cd, and Cd but was not polluted with other elements on the basis of EF results. Our results suggest that the surface sediment in Gamak Bay is not polluted by metallic elements.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.259-275
• /
• 2002

During a clinical test with Korean herbal cosmetics, significant data and related results are summarized as following: 1. The questionnaire resulted the subjects who used Korean herbal cosmetics showed significant subjective improvement. 2. $11{\%}$ of the subjects who used Korean herbal skin lotion replied "very good" , $60{\%}$ "good" , and $29{\%}$ "so so". 3. In the questionnaire about how often the subjects who used Korean herbal skin lotion experienced skin irritation, $91{\%}$ of the subjects replied they didn't experience any skin irritation 4. The subjects who used oily & combinational cosmetics showed more significant result than the placebo group in the questionnaire about how they feel when using emulsion. 5. In the questionnaire about how they feel when using emulsion. $11{\%}$ of all the subjects replied "very good" , 60{\%}$ "good" , and $29{\%}$ "so so". 6. In the questionnaire about how they feel when using essence $18{\%}$ of all the subjects replied "very good" , $56{\%}$ "good" , and $27{\%}$ "so so". 7. In the questionnaire about how often the subjects who used skin lotion experienced skin irritation, $100{\%}$ of the subjects replied there was no skin irritation. 8. the subjects who used Korean herbal cosmetics showed significant result in the questionnaire about how much moisture they feel when using cream. 9. The subjects who used neutral & dry cosmetics showed more significant result than the placebo group in the questionnaire about if the cosmetics spread well when using emulsion. 10. The subjects who used oily & combinational cosmetics showed more significant result than the placebo group in the questionnaire about how much moisture they feel when using cosmetics. 11. In the questionnaire about how they feel when using cream $13{\%}$ of all the subjects replied "very good", $49{\%}$ "good", and $2{\%}$ "so so". 12. In the questionnaire about how often the subjects who used cream lotion experienced skin irritation, $96{\%}$ of the subjects replied there was no skin irritation. 13. In the measurement of coreometer, the subjects who used oily & combinational cosmetics showed significant result(measurement area : indang). Especially in the area of sungjang there is significant difference between the subjects group and placebo group. 14. In the measurement of skin-ph-meter, there was no significant change in all group. 15. in the measurement of melanin-erythema index meter, the subjects who used cosmetics which doesn't contain Korean herbs showed significant change and made significant difference in comparison to the subjects who used Korean herbal cosmetics.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.189-200
• /
• 2011

Social media environment has had a significant effect on 'power shift' over the world. Such change was due to the choice of smart people. Accordingly, the Smart Citizens Party PR strategies of $S^6M^2AR^3T^4$ should be formulated in accordance with times. Now, politicians or parties can gain a Specific, Simplicity, Sharing and Strong Synergy effect through Social Network Service (SNS). In addition, in order to embody Mighty, Measurable, and Achievable policies, policy-makers should formulate policies based on a Realistic basis, which can gain people's Reliability in every field Relevant to people's way of a happy life by giving them Time of equal opportunity and making them share the same vision and Target with Target segmentation for all sorts of people, Together. In this sense, twelve kinds of alternative words in The Smart Citizens Party PH strategies are suggested. The study suggests desirable direction of development and alternatives in regard to the trends of The Smart Citizens Party PR strategies. Alternatives that are given in this research paper will receive the people's choice because they are a dynamic force to execute 'mighty and powerful Korea'.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.37 no.8
• /
• pp.757-764
• /
• 1993

The photochemical precursors, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl-2-phenyltrisilane(2) and 2,3-dicarbomethoxy-1,4,5,6,7-pentaphenyl-7-silanorbornadiene(5) were synthesized in the yield of 10% and 73%, respectively. Irradiation of 2 at 254 nm in the presence of triethylsilane gave 1,1,1-triethyl-2-phenyldisilane (6) in 44% yield which was the product of phenylsilylene insertion into the Si-H bond. Irradiation of 2 in the presence of diphenylacetylene gave 1-phenyl-1-silacyclopenta-2,4-diene(4) in 68% yield together with 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-disilacyclohexa-2,5-diene(26%) which were formed from [2＋2] addition of the silacyclopropene to diphenylacethylene and formed from dimerization of silacyclopropene, respectively. From the neat photolysis of precursor 2,1,5-dihydrosilanthrene(11), intermolecular C-H insertion product of phenylsilylene and 1,2-diphenyltrisilane(12), Si-H insertion product of phenylsilylene to the precursor were obtained in the yield of 5% and 7%, respectively. In the same experimental condition, both photolyses of 5 in the presence of triethylsilane and methanol showed that the intramolecular 1,5-sigmatropic rearrangement of precursor 5 to give the formation of silylenolether was more favorable process than the generation of phenylsilylene.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.48-54
• /
• 2012

The $[Fe_4S_4]^{2+}$ clusters with 2-, 3-, and 4-pyridinemethanethiolate (S2-Pic, S3-Pic, and S4-Pic, respectively) terminal ligands have been synthesized from the ligand substitution reaction of the $(^nBu_4N)_2[Fe_4S_4Cl_4]$ (I) cluster. The new $(^nBu_4N)_2[Fe_4S_4(SR)_4]$ (R = 2-Pic; II, 3-Pic; III, 4-Pic; IV) clusters were characterized by FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Cluster II was crystallized in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 24.530 (5) $\AA$, b = 24.636(4) $\AA$, c = 21.762(4) $\AA$, ${\beta}=103.253(3)^{\circ}$, and Z = 8. The X-ray structure of II showed two unique 2:2 site-differentiated $[Fe_4S_4]^{2+}$ clusters due to the bidentate-mode coordination by 2-pyridinemethanethiolate ligands. Cluster III was crystallized in the same monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 26.0740(18) $\AA$, b = 23.3195(16) $\AA$, c = 22.3720(15) $\AA$, ${\beta}=100.467(2)^{\circ}$, and Z = 8. The 3-pyridinemethanethiolate ligand of III was coordinated to the $[Fe_4S_4]^{2+}$ core as a terminal mode. Cluster IV with 4-pyridinemethanethiolate ligands was found to have a similar structure to the cluster III. Fully reversible $[Fe_4S_4]^{2+}/[Fe_4S_4]^+$ redox waves were observed from all three clusters by cyclic voltammetry measurement. The electrochemical potentials for the $[Fe_4S_4]^{2+}/[Fe_4S_4]^+$ transition decreased in the order of II, III and IV, and the reduction potential changes by the ligands were explained based on the structural differences among the complexes. The complex III was reacted with sulfonium salt of $[PhMeSCH_2-p-C_6H_4CN](BF_4)$ in MeCN to test possible radical-involving reaction as a functional model of the [$Fe_4S_4$]-SAM (S-adenosylmethionine) cofactor. However, the isolated reaction products of 3-pyridinemethanethiolate-p-cyanobenzylsulfide and thioanisole suggested that the reaction followed an ionic mechanism and the products formed from the terminal ligand attack to the sulfonium.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.109-113
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate antioxidative and nitrite scavenging activities of extracts of Cordyceps militaris. Fruiting body and mycelia of artificially cultivated Cordyceps militaris were extracted with water and 70% ethanol. In Cordyceps militaris mycelia, electron donating ability (EDA) of water extract ranged from 37% to 47% and ethanol extract ranged from 57% to 70% at 300∼1,000 ppm. In Cordyceps militaris fruiting body, EDA of water extract and ethanol extract were similar, ranged from 19% to 48% at 300-1,000 ppm. Nitrite scavenging ability (NSA) of extracts measured at various pH (1.2, 3.0, 4.2, 6.0) was the highest at pH 1.2 and decreased with increasing pH, suggesting it is pH dependent. In Cordyceps militaris mycelia, NSA of water extract 1,000 ppm was 23% and that of ethanol extract 1,000 ppm was 37% at pH 17. In Cordyceps militaris fruiting body, NSA of water extract 1,000 ppd was 12% and that of ethanol extract 1,000 ppm was 37% at pH 1.2. EDA and NSA of Cordyceps milituis were higher in extract of mycelia than fruiting beds and higher in ethanol extract than water extract of each part.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.308-314
• /
• 2012

Two hundred and twenty three yeast strains were randomly isolated from Korean traditional $nuruk$. Among them, six urease producing yeast strains (designated JJA, JJB, JJ22, SHA, SHC and SH10) were selected on the Christensen urea agar plates. They showed the same pattern in the PCR-RFLP analysis of the ITS I-5.8S-ITS II region digested with $Hae$III and $HinF$1 restriction endonucleases. Its DNA sequences showed 100% (strains SHA, SHC and SH10) and 99.8% (strains JJA, JJB and JJ22) identity with those of $Issatchenkia$ $orientalis$ type strain ATCC 24210. Phylogenetic analysis resulted in that all the strains were closely related to $I.$ $orientalis$. Two representative strains, JJ22 and SH10, showing the highest urease activities were selected for further characterization. Their morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics were also the same as $I.$ $orientalis$. Therefore, both the two strains were identified as $I.$ $orientalis$. They could grow at a wide range of temperature between $20-40^{\circ}C$ as well as pH between 2.0 and 10.0. However, a higher level urease activity were obtained at acidic pH than that at alkalic pH. The maximal level of urease activity was obtained at $30^{\circ}C$ (strain SH10) or $35^{\circ}C$ (strain JJ22) and in a liquid medium adjusted to the initial pH 5.0.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.251-258
• /
• 2003

The effects of the salt and the precursor pH on the synthesizing behavior and the morphology of mullite have been studied. Two kinds of mullite precursor sols were prepared by the dissolution of two kinds of salt (aluminum nitrate enneahydrate, Al($NO_3$)$_3$ㆍ$9H_2$O; type I and aluminum sulfate 14∼18 water, (SO$Al_4$)$_3$$\cdot$$14∼18H_2$O; type II) into the mixture of colloidal silica sol, respectively. Precursor pH of the sols was controlled to the acidic (pH= 1.5∼2) and basic (pH= 8.5∼9) conditions. The co-products with nitrate and sulfate were completely eliminated at $500^{\circ}C$ and $850^{\circ}C$, respectively, which was confirmed by TG/DTA results. The synthesizing temperature of mullite phase was found to be above $1200^{\circ}C$ for pH= 1.5∼2 and above $1300^{\circ}C$ for pH= 8.5∼9 in type I. However, in type II, the synthesizing temperature of mullite was decreased to $850^{\circ}C$ for pH= 1.5∼2 and $1100^{\circ}C$ for pH= 8.5∼9. The grain size of the mullite synthesized at pH= 8.5∼9 was larger than that at pH= 1.5∼2 in overall heat-treated temperatures, showing smaller grain size in type II. Aspect ratio of the mullite grains was more increased at pH= 1.5∼2 than pH= 8.5∼9 in type I, showing similar aspect ratio at both pH conditions in type II. It was found that the synthesizing temperature and grain size were predominantly governed by the initial precursor pH and decomposition of the salt, with minor effect on the grain morphology.