• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.137-147
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• 2012

We conducted a systematic review to summarize providers' attitudes toward pay-for-performance (P4P), focusing on their general attitudes, the effects of P4P, their favorable design and implementation methods, and concerns. An electronic search was performed in PubMed and Scopus using selected keywords including P4P. Two reviewers screened target articles using titles and abstract review and then read the full version of the screened articles for the final selections. In addition, one reference of screened articles and one unpublished report were also included. Therefore, 14 articles were included in this study. Healthcare providers' attitudes on P4P were summarized in two ways. First, we gathered their general attitudes and opinions regarding the effects of P4P. Second, we rearranged their opinions regarding desirable P4P design and implementation methods, as well as their concerns. This study showed the possibility that some healthcare providers still have a low level of awareness about P4P and might prefer voluntary participation in P4P. In addition, they felt that adequate quality indicators and additional support for implementation of P4P would be needed. Most healthcare providers also had serious concerns that P4P would induce unintended consequences. In order to conduct successful implementation of P4P, purchaser should make more efforts such as increasing providers' level of awareness about P4P, providing technical and educational support, reducing their burden, developing a cooperative relationship with providers, developing more accurate quality measures, and minimizing the unintended consequences.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.567-574
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• 2013

Recently, many researches on P2P overlay network-based multimedia streaming services have been actively performed because of their high scalability and cost-efficiency advantages. However, P2P overlay networks also have the shortcoming of generating higher traffic owing to their unicast-based one-to-many multimedia deliveries. In order to reduce the traffic generated by the P2P streaming overlay network, we propose an ISP and locality-based parent node discovery method and check its feasibility through an implementation of a prototype streaming system. The measurement of RTTs and hop counts for random nodes having different ISPs and localities shows the proposed method to be able to shorten about 32% RTTs and about 17% Hop counts.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.133-139
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• 2011

Structured P2P (peer-to-peer) networks have received much attention in research communities and the industry. The data stored in structured P2P networks can be located in a log-scale time without using central severs. The link-structure of structured P2P networks should be maintained for keeping log-scale search performance of it. When nodes join or leave structured P2P networks frequently, some links become unavailable and search performance is degraded by these links. To sustain search performance of structured P2P networks, periodic link recovery scheme is generally used. However, when the link recovery period is short or long compared with node join and leave rates, it is possible that sufficient number of links are not restored or excessive messages are used after the link-structure is restored. We propose the adaptive link recovery determination algorithm to maintain the link-structure of structured P2P networks when the rates of node joining and leaving are changed dynamically. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can maintain similar QoS under various node leaving rates.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 1981

Solvolysis of $p-CH_3, p-H, p-Cl and p-NO_2$-benzenesulfonyl chlorides have heen studied in MeOH-MeCN mixtures. A nonlinear Hammett plot with a ratio order of p-NO_2 > p-CH_3 > p-H > p-Cl was obtained; the reaction was thought to proceed by an S_N1-S_N2 borderline mechanism. In all cases the reactivity was a maximum at 90∼95%(v) methanol, whereas methanol monomer selectivity defined as fi = \frac{k1}{ki}i (k1; observed pseudo-first order rate constant: ki; hypothetical rate constant for MeOH solution having the same polymer structure as in the pure MeOH) was a maximum at 80% methanol with a decreasing order of fi as p-NO_2 > p-Cl > p-H > p-CH_3.$ This was interpreted as the decrease in tightness of transition state; the larger the fi, the tighter is the MeOH attached to the substrate, and hence the more susceptible the substrate becomes to the approaching monomer methanol.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.383-389
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• 1981

Thianthrene cation radical perchlorate reacts with N-arylsulfonamides such as p-toluenesulfonanilide, benzenesulfonanilide, N-(2-methylphenyl)benzenesulfonamide, and N-phenyl-p-toluenesulfonanilide to give 5-(p-N-p-toluenesulfonamidophenyl)-(1a), 5-(p-N-benzenesulfonamidophenyl)-(1b), 5-(4-N-benzenesulfonamido-3-methylphenyl)-(1c), and 5-(p-N-phenyl-N-p-toluenesulfonamidophenyl thianthrenium perchlorate (1d), respectively. In the meantime, 1d reacts further with thiathrene cation ratical to form diperchlorate(1e). The structure of 1a~1e is very similar to 5-(p-acetamidophenyl) thianthrenium perchlorate which has been obtained from the reaction with acetanilide. However, the discrepancy in the stoichiometry between two reactions indicates that the reaction with sulfonamide appears not to proceed with a single mechanism.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.34-47
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• 1999

This study evaluated the Comparison of the Effectiveness of Pelvic Floor Muscle exercise and Biofeedback treatment for Genuine Stress Incontinence I assigned 60 participants to 2 groups : 30 to the pelvic floor muscle exercise group and 30 to the biofeedback group. Treatment protocol lasted for 6 weeks. Peak pressure, and duration time of pelvic muscle contraction were evaluated by a perineometer. Lower urinary symptoms, sexual matter and life style scores were achieved by using Jackson's scale. The treatment efficacy of the pelvic floor muscle exercise is compared with the biofeedback group and the main results of the comparison are as follows : 1. Pelvic muscle contraction 1) The peak pressure in the biofeedback group was significantly increased(P＝0.000). 2. The frequency and quantity of incontinence 1) The frequency of incontinence in the biofeedback group was significantly decreased(P＝0.000). 2) The quantity of incontinence in the biofeedback group was significantly decreased(P＝0.000). 3. The lower urinary symptoms Daily frequency(P＝0.000), nocturia(P＝0.000), urgency(P＝0.000), bladder pain(P＝0.000), unexplained incontinence(P＝0.048), wearing protection(P＝0.022), changing outer clothing(P＝0.005), hesitancy(P＝0.008), intermittent stream(P＝0.000), abnormal strength of stream(P＝0.004), retention(P＝0.000), incomplete emptying(P＝0.000), and inability to stop mid stream(P＝0.006) of the lower urinary symptoms in the biofeedbatk group were significantly decreased. 4. The sexual matters The dry vagina (P＝0.004) and pain during sexual Intercourse (P＝0.002) in the biofeedback group was significantly decreased. 5. The life style The fluid intake restriction(P＝0.007), affected daily task(P＝0.003), avoidance of places & situation(P＝0.003), interference in Physical activity (P＝0.002), interference in relationship with other people(P＝0.01), and feeling about the rest of life with urinary symptom(P＝0.000) in the biofeedback group were significantly decreased. In conclusion, the biofeedback treatment was more effective than the pelvic floor muscle exercise in genuine stress incontinence.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.384-388
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• 1995

High content of polyunsaturated fatty acid in fish oil makes it very susceptible to oxidation, which prevent fish oil from successful application to food processing or functional foods. To resolve this problem, oxidation stability model of fish oil was developed using the following differential equation : $dp/dt=k{\cdot}p(t){\cdot}[P_{max}\;-\;p(t)]$. This differential equation can be intergrated using analytical techniques to give : $p(t)=P_{max}/[1\;+\;[(P_{max}/P_{(0)})\;-\;-1]{\cdot}EXP(-K_p{\cdot}t)]$. At 50, 60, 70 and $80^{\circ}C,\;K_p$ were 0.00535, 0.01345, 0.02516 and 0.04675, respectively. The proposed model was well agreed with the measured data except for some minor deviations. In addition, $K_p$ was expressed as a function of temperature : $K_p=(1/P_{max})EXP\;[1\;-\;(8148/T)+20.1]$. Where T is absolute temperature($^{o}K$).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.12-21
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• 1987

Residues of some organo-chlorine pesticides on 108 solis collected from 5 sites of Chungnam avea during March 20-April 6, 1986 were investigated. 12 different kinds of Chemical components were detected showing the highest detection frequency with P.P'-DDE(67.6%) and the lowest with Heptachlor(1.8%). 4 different chemicals, ${\alpha}-BHC$, ${\gamma}-chlordane$, P.P'-DDD and P.P'-DDD and P.P'-DDE showed their average contents in the soils of 0.001 ppm and 0.005ppm for ${\beta}-BHC$, respectively. On the other hand, ${\alpha}-BHC$, ${\gamma}-chlordane$, P.P'-DDT. O.P'-DDT and P.P'-DDD showed 0.002ppm for their average contents of residues, respectively.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.11A no.5
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• pp.325-332
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• 2004

For a P2P network, the contents distribution is a very important service because the contents provider is not fixed. And in the P2P media streaming, a request peer replays and saves media data simultaneously, and after streaming it acts as a new source peer providing media files to other peers. Therefore streaming and file saying operations should be simultaneously carried out in order to distribute contents through the P2P network. In this paper, a P2P multi-source media streaming system which can replay the contents data during downloading is proposed and implemented. The system reduces the user response time and the number of simultaneous user increases more than two times. Moreover, transmitting a part of media file makes fast distribution and diffusion of contents possible.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.25-46
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• 2005

External morphology focusing on the flower structure of Korean Platanthera was examined. The genus Tulotis was included to the genus Plathanthera as previously suggested by many workers, because the diagnostic character to distinguish the two genera was not distinct enough. It is revealed that the taxon previously recognized as P. metabifolia was the misidentification of P. chlorantha and P. neglecta should be treated as a distinct species from P. mandarinorum. In result, Korean Platanthera were rearranged into 8 species; P. chlorantha, P. mandarinorum, P. neglecta, P. hologlottis, P. japonica, P. ophrydioides, P. ussuriensis, and P. fuscescens. A key to the species of Korean Plathanthera and taxonomic discussion of each species were provided.