• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.184-192
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• 2006

To investigate reproductive cycle of Tridentiger obscurus in Jeju, total 408 fish were collected in brackish area (May 2004 to August 2005) and total 271 fish were collected in tidal pool (July 2004 to August 2005), respectively. Water temperature ranged $11.0{\sim}21.6^{\circ}C$ in brackish area. Water temperature of tidal pool ($11.1{\sim}24.5^{\circ}C$) in 2005 was similar to that of brackish area although it were highest $30.1{\sim}29.2^{\circ}C$ from July to August in 2004. In brackish area, female gonadosomatic index (GSI) increased in April and maintained high values from May to August. The reproductive cycle can be grouped into the following successive stages in the ovary: immature (November to May), maturing (March to September), ripe and spawning (May to September), and degenerating (July to December). In the tidal pool, female GSI rapidly increased in April and maintained high values until July in 2005. However, it has been low in July 2004 when water temperature was highest. The reproductive cycle can be grouped into the following successive stages in the ovary: immature (August to April), maturing (March to August), ripe and spawning (March to July), and degenerating (July to August 2004 and August 2005). Fecundity of mature female ranged from 1,214 to 12,109 in brackish and ranged from 2,427 to 13,892 in tidal pool area. The fecundity of fish in the tidal pool was significantly higher than that of fish in brackish area. Fecundity was correlated positively with total length and body weigh. Although the large group (> 111 mm total length) in brackish area observed only in spawning season, one in the tidal pool observed from October 2004 until next spawning season. Frequency of the large group was 0 to 12% and 11.4 to 57.9% in brackish area and tidal pool, respectively. These results were indicated that gonadal development of T. obscurus was affected to water temperature and day length.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.133-147
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• 2000

To provide data for the improvement of primary health care through the study on the utilization rate of community health practitioner(CHP) post and its related factors toward some rural residents in Mooan County Chollanamdo, a questionnaire survey was made from 382 persons during August 1999. Comparison was made between persons at the seaside area under difficult transportation and persons at the railroad area under convenient transportation. The results are as follows: 1. For the last one year, 83.3% of seaside area residents and 67.0% of railroad area residents used CHP post. As the purpose of visit to CHP post at seaside area, 94.3% visited for medical care, 25.3% for chronic disease control and 22.2% for health counselling and 14.1% for chronic disease control. 2. By simple analysis, sex, age, marital status, educational level, residence area, distance from living village to CHP post, presence of chronic diseases, satisfaction with CHP and confidence on CHP were related significantly with the utilization of CHP post for the last one year. 3. By multiple logistic regression, statistically significant variables related with the utilization rate of CHP post for the last one year were analyzed as age, sex, residence area and distance from living village to CHP post.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2003

Objectives: This study was performed to evaluate the pesticide exposure status and acute pesticide poisoning symtoms among agricultural workers at Gangwon-do province alpine area. Alpine area was defined as the area higher than 400m. Methods: We analyzed 257 interviwed questionnaire about pesticide exposure, acute pesticide poisoning symptoms and other variables. Results: The result was shown that agricultural workers at alpine area used more pesticide than general agricultural workers for annual usage days(35.9 days vs 14.4 days), daily usage hours(6.7 hrs vs 2.8hrs, p<0.05). But there was no difference between general and alpine agricultural worker's herbicide exposure. Moreover, the alpine agricultural worker's acute pesticide poisoning symtom score was higher than general agricultural worker's. These difference was also found at result of regression analysis, under control the age, sex, monthly income. Most frequently suffered symptom was headache and dermatological problems. The symptom prevalence of dermatological problem, headache, general weakness, eye irritation, nausea were higher among alpine agricultural workers than general agricultural workers. Conclusions: As a result, agricultural workers at alpine area were more exposed to pesticide and suffered from pesticide poisoning symptoms. To prevent the symptoms and disease from pesticide exposure among agricultural workers at alpine area, more research and political effort will be needed.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.238-250
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the service needs of the beneficiaries who had enrolled in home-based management programs for cancer patients. Methods: From March to May 2009, 676 cancer patients who were registered in home-based cancer patient management programs were selected as subjects for this study. The data were collected using a questionnaire along with a face-to-face interview performed by officers in charge of the home-based care programs of 47 regional health centers. Fifteen patients were excluded due to incomplete data, leaving 661 subjects who were ultimately enrolled in the study. Results: The mean age of subjects was $64.0{\pm}2.5$ years, and males comprised 45.1% (298/661) of the sample. The results of factor analysis for service needs showed that there were five main categories and Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.593 to 0.890 for each factor. The service needs categories in order of importance were social support, information and education, psychological problems, physical symptoms and household chores. The service needs scores were significantly different when subjects were stratified by age, habitation, religion and disease classification. When we divided the subjects into complete remission, under treatment and terminally ill groups, the needs scores of the terminally ill patient group were significantly higher than those of the other groups (p<0.001). Conclusions: Service provision based on patient and beneficiary needs could be an effective intervention to reduce the economic burden of cancer management and to improve the quality of life of cancer patients receiving home-based care. Therefore, it is recommended that individual cancer patient care programs be developed and administered according to patient age, habitation and disease severity.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.12-25
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• 2003

Objectives：As increasing number of new antidepressants have been being introduced in clinical practice, pharmacological understanding has been broadened. These changes mandate new information and theories to be incorporated into the treatment process of children with depressive disorders. In light of newly coming knowledge, this review intended to recapitulate the characteristics of new antidepressants and to consider the pivotal issues to develope guidelines for the treatment of depression in childhood and adolescence. Methods：Searching the Pub-Med online database for the articles with the key words of 'new', 'antidepressants' and 'children' ninety-seven headings of review articles were obtained. The author selected the articles of pertinent subjects in terms of either treatment guideline or psychopharmacology of new antidepressants. When required, articles about the clinical effectiveness of individual antidepressants were separatedly searched. In addition, the safety information of new antidepressants was acquired by browsing the official sites of the United States Food and Drugs Administration and Department of Health and Human Services. Results：1) For the clinical course, treatment phase, and treatment outcome, the reviews or treatment guidelines adopted the information from adult treatment guidelines. 2) Systematic and critical reviews unambiguously concluded that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs) excelled tricyclic antidepressants( TCAs) for both efficacy and side effect profiles, and were recommend for the first-line choice for the treatment of children with depressive disorders. 3) New antidepressants generally lacked treatment experiences and randomized controlled clinical trials. 4) SSRIs and other new antidepressants, when used together, might result in pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic drug-to-drug interaction. 5) The difference of the clinical effectiveness of antidepressants between children and adults should be addressed from developmental aspects, which required further evidence. Conclusion：Treatment guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of childhood and adolescence depression could be constructed on the basis of clinical trial findings and practical experiences. Treatment guidelines are to best serve as the frame of reference for a clinician to make reasonable decisions for a particular therapeutic situation. In order to fulfill this role, guidelines should be updated as soon as new research data become available.

• Proceedings of the Korea Association of Crystal Growth Conference
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• 1996.06b
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• pp.219-222
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• 1996

수열법은 밀폐용기중에서 10$0^{\circ}C$이상의 가열, 가압된 수용액이 반응에 관여하는 것으로써, 수정, CaCO3, AlPO4, GaPO4 등과 같은 단결정의 육성 뿐만 아니라 균일분산계로부터 균일한 결정성의 미립자 합성에도 폭넓게 이용되고 있다. 세라믹분말의 합성에 있어서, 이 방법은 특히 형상, 입자크기의 제어가 용이할 뿐만 아니라 고상법, 졸-겔법, 공침법에서와 같은 열처리, 분쇄과정이 필요없기 때문에 고순도의 초미립자를 얻을 수 있는 장점이 있다. 근년 미국, 일본에서는 수열법을 이용한 유전, 압전체 등 세라믹분말의 일부가 공업적인 규모로 대량 생산되고 있다. 그러나 이에 대한 국내 기술은 아직 초기단계에 이르고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구실에서는 수열법에 의한 단결정 육성 (예; 자수정, CaCO3, AlPO4, GaPO4, KTP, Emerald 등), 박막제조 (예; GaP, PbTiO3, BaTiO3 등), 정제 (고령토, 장석, 도석 등), 원석처리 (진주, 인공 emerald, 비취 등) 그리고 각종 세라믹분말의 합성 등과 같은 다양한 기반기술의 축적과 동시에 공업화에 대응한 수열장치를 위하여 반응용기의 대형화, 엄밀한 밀폐방식, 실용적인 수열조건 등을 개발해 오고 있다. 본 발표에서는 현재까지의 연구개발 내용 중에서 결정성 미립자에 관련한 세라믹분말의 합성에 대한 일부의 결과들을 보고한다. 일반적으로 수열장치는 전기로, 반응용기, 온도 및 압력제어계 등을 기본으로 하고 있으며 시판용의 대부분이 교반기가 부착된 수직형 (vertical type)이다. 이와 같은 방식에 있어서는 엄밀한 밀폐가 곤란, 반응온도의 한계성 (25$0^{\circ}C$ 이하), 증진율의 한계성 (소량생산) 등과 같은 점이 있기 때문에 본 연구실에서는 개폐식 전기로내에 엄밀한 밀폐가 가능한 수평식(horizontal type)의 반응용기를 채택한 뒤 이를 회전 또는 시이소(seesaw)식으로 움직일 수 있도록 하여 연속공정화, 온도구배의 자율조절 그리고 보다 저온에서도 인위적인 이온의 확산을 효율적으로 유도할 수 있도록 하였다. 이와 같은 방식은 기존의 방식과 비교하여 반응용기 내에 응집현상과 미반응물이 존재하지 않으며 또한 단분산으로 결정성 미립자를 대량적으로 얻을 수 있는 장점이 있었다. 다음은 이상과 같이 본 연구실에서 자체 개발한 수열장치를 이용하여 PbTiO3, (Pb,La)TiO3Mn, BaTiO3, ZnSiO4:Mn, CaWO4 등과 같은 세라믹분말에 대한 합성 실험의 결과이다. 압전성, 초전성이 우수한 PbTiO3 및 (Pb,La)TiO3:Mn 분말의 수열합성은 PbO, TiO2, La2O3 등의 분말을 출발원료로 하여 합성도도 25$0^{\circ}C$부근의 알카리성 용액중에서 결정성 PbTiO3 및 (Pb,La)TiO3:Mn 미립자를 단상으로 얻었으며 입자의 형상 및 크기는 합성온도와 수열용매의 종류에 의존하였다. 유전체로서 폭넓게 응용되고 있는 BaTiO3 분말은 Ba(OH)2.8H2O, TiO2와 같은 최적의 출발원료를 선택함으로써 15$0^{\circ}C$ 부근의 저온영역에서도 용이하게 합성할 수 있었다. 특히 본 연구에서는 수용성인 Ba(OH)2.8H2O를 사용함으로써 host-guest적인 반응을 유도시키는데 있어 물의 가장 실용적이고 효과적인 수열용매임도 알았다. ZnSiO4:Mn, CaWO4, MgWO4와 같은 형광체 분말은 공업적으로 고상반응 또는 습식법에 의해 얻어지고 있으나 이들 방법에 있어서는 분쇄공정으로 인한 형광특성의 저하와 같은 문제점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 수열법을 이용하여 이들 화합물의 합성을 시도하였으며 그 결과 합성온도 30$0^{\circ}C$ 부근의 알칼리성 용액중에서 수열적으로 얻어짐을 알았다. 여기서의 합성분말을 이용하여 실제 조명램프로 제조한 결과 녹색, 청색 발광용 형광체로서 우수한 형광특성을 나타내었다. 천연에서 소량 산출되고 있는 고가의 (Li,Al)MnO2(OH)2:Co 분말은 도자기의 전사지용 청색안료로써 이용되고 있다. 본 연구실에서는 LiOH.H2O, Al(OH)3, MnO2 등의 분말을 출발원료로 하고 24$0^{\circ}C$ 온도 부근 그리고 물을 수열용매로 하여 천연산에 필적하는 (Li,Al)MnO2(OH)2:Co 분말을 인공적으로 합성하였다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.163-172
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• 2013

The aquatic insect collected at six areas (each 2 for mountain area, plain field, and urban area) from 2009 to 2011 were classified to analyze the distribution and diversity of species. Frequency (number of aquatic insect: N), number of species (S), similarity index (C), richness index (R1, R2), variety index (V1, V2), evenness index (E1, E2, E3, E4, E5), and dominance index (D1) were investigated. Total N and S were 143 and 84, respectively. C matrix of 153 combinations was constructed with the average of 0.542. The average C of 3 years (0.659) was 9.9% P, more higher than the average C of 6 areas (0.560). The average values of the index of 18 plots were 2.28, 0.17, 1.24, 1.08, 0.07, 0.06, 0.01, 0.87, 0.31, 0.93 for R1, R2, V1, V2, E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, D1, respectively. The order in the coefficient of variation (CV) of the indicator for 18 plots was N (70.0%) > E3 (54.9%) > E1 (49.6%) > R2 (40.5%) > S (35.3%) > R1 (33.7%) > E2 (28.4%) > E5 (15.9%) > V1 (11.1%) > E4 (6.3%) > V2 (5.1%) > D1 (4.8%). The correlation matrix with 66 combinations between the indexes was constructed with statistical significance for 33 combinations. However, R1, V1, E2 and D1 were the proper indexes to represent species diversity of aquatic insect based on the correlation matrix and the theory of statistical independence. The richness index was highest in mountain, variety index in urban area, and evenness index in plain field. However, the dominance index was lowest in urban area.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.285-292
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• 2008

To investigate the effect of tillage methods on the silage barely growth and the soil environment in paddy field, liquid pig manure(LPM) was applied after harvesting rice at Jisan series soil for 2 years. Five plots, a LPM applied rate as N%; 0, 100, 150, 200(basal dressing) and 100(basal dressing)+50(additional fertilizer) were divided by tillage methods; non-tillage, non-tillage+rice straw and rotary tillage method. Emission amounts of $NH_3$ gas highly decreased in the rotary tillage and the non-tillage+rice straw plot compared to non-tillage plot. The contents of soil organic matter and exchangeable cation were increased in the applied LPM plot. $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ contents in soil were the highest in the non-tillage+rice straw plot and followed by the rotary tillage and highly decreased along with the growth of plant. Run-off rate of mineral components were higher in order of the rotary tillage plot£æthe non-tillage plot£æthe non-tillage+rice straw plot and then leached to $SO_4$, $NO_3-N$, K plentifully. The yield of silage barley in dry weight was higher in order of the non-tillage+rice straw plot>the rotary tillage plot>the non-tillage plot. To estimate the feed value of silage barley, crude protein, acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) contents were analyzed. Crude protein and ADF contents were the highest at rotary tillage N150% plot as 9.7 and 29.4%, respectively. NDF contents was the highest at non-tillage+rice straw N150% plot as 56.7%. In conclusion, we recommend not to incinerate rice straw and to apply LPM at non-tillage status in cultivating the silage barley. This may prevent water pollution and increase barley yields.

• The Korean Journal of Soil Zoology
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• v.6 no.1_2
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• pp.25-31
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• 2001

Oribatid mite communities in the process of litter decomposition were analyzed In Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forests of Namsan and Kwangreung, which were supposed to be under different environmental selective pressures. Oribatid mites were collected bimonthly from the litter bags (mesh size 0.4 mm, 1.7 mm) which was set up in the forest floor of study sites. This study had been carried out from Jan., 1997 to Sept., 1998. Species abundance of Kwangreung (mesh size 1.7 mm) was significantly higher than that of Namsan (mesh size 1.7 mm), but total no. of species did not exceed 30 species in all study sites. Concerning body length, medium sized oribatid mites (0.3-0.7mm) were more abundant than small ( < 0.3 mm) and large ( > 0.7 mm) sized mites. In Kwangreung, species whose body lengths were 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm were major group. However, a little larger species than Kwangreung's major group were dominant in Namsan. Sorenson similarity index and cluster analysis suggested that there were qualitative and quantitative differences in species composition in Namsan and Kwangreung. More species were collected in May through September than the other sampling times, but the pattern was rather different between first year and second year. Newly immigrant species were high in May in the first year and many of them regained on next year. Diversity indices suggested that species diversity of Kwangreung was higher than that of Namsan. Nearly 70% of total individual abundance was occupied by several dominant species in Namsan and Kwangreung . In the litter bags of mesh size 1.7 mm, the most dominant species was Trichogalumna nipponica in Namsan and Kwangreung, but in the litter bags of mesh size 0.4 mm in Kwangreung it was Ramusella sengbuschi which is smaller than T. nipponica. And important species related to litter decomposition were selected as follows; T. nipponica, Epidamaeus coreanus, Scheloribates latipes, Ceratozetes japonicus, Ramusella sengbuschi, Eohypochthonius crassisetiger, and Cultroribula lata.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.85-116
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• 2016

The present study aims to explore the causes of employment difficulty on the basis of job applicant's interest from P-E (person-environment) fit perspective. Our approach relied on a textual analytic method to reveal insights from their situational interests in a job search during the change of labor market. Thus, to investigate the type of major interests and psychological responses, user-generated texts in a social community were collected for analysis between January 1, 2013 through December 31, 2015 by crawling the online-community in regard to job seeking and sharing information and opinions. The results of topic analysis indicated user's primary interests were divided into four types: perception of vocation expectation, employment pre-preparation behaviors, perception of labor market, and job-seeking stress. Specially, job applicants put mainly concerns of monetary reward and a form of employment, rather than their work values or career exploration, thus youth job applicants expressed their psychological responses using contextualized language (e.g., slang, vulgarisms) for projecting their unstable state under uncertainty in response to environmental changes. Additionally, they have perceived activities in the restricted preparation (e.g., certification, English exam) as determinant factors for success in employment and suffered form job-seeking stress. On the basis of these findings, current unemployment matters are totally attributed to the absence of pursing the value of vocation and job in individuals, organizations, and society. Concretely, job seekers are preoccupied with occupational prestige in social aspect and have undecided vocational value. On the other hand, most companies have no perception of the importance of human resources and have overlooked the needs for proper work environment development in respect of stimulating individual motivation. The attempt in this study to reinterpret the effect of environment as for classifying job applicant's interests in reference to linguistic and psychological theories not only helps conduct a more comprehensive meaning for understanding social matters, but guides new directions for future research on job applicant's psychological factors (e.g., attitudes, motivation) using topic analysis.