• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.25-31
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• 1970

Tissue homogenates of Ehrlich ascites tumor tissues and several normal tissue of mice were incubated separately in medium maintaining $C^{14}$_acetate concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mg%, in order to determine maximum oxidative rates of acetate. In every incubation experiments, respiratory $CO_2$ samples rapped by alkaline which was placed in the center well of the incubation blask were analyzed for total $CO_2$ Production rates and their radoactivies. The fractions of $CO_2$ from medium acetate to total $CO_2$ production rate were obtained with relative specific activities (RSA) which were calculated by ratio between specific activities (SA) of $CO_2$ and medium $CO^{14}$_acetate and $CO_2$ production rates from medium acetate were calculated from RSA and total $CO_2$ production rates. Maximum plateau values of oxidative rates described above were determined at incubation experiments of various concentrations of medium acetate and compared the oxidative rates of acetate of tumor with those of normal tissues such as kidney, brain and liver. Maximum plateau values of total $CO_{2}$ Production rates were obtained at acetate concentration of 20 mg% and represent $25.0{\pm}0.54\;{\mu}M/hr/gm$ in the brain, $16.3{\pm}2.5$ in the kidney, $9.1{\pm}1.78$ in the liver and $11.5{\pm}3.2\;{\mu}M/hr/gm$ in the ascites tuners. Substancial $CO_2$ yield was observed in the tumor tissues as in the normal tissues. On the other hand, plateau values of RSA were $25.7{\pm}1.04%$ in thee brain, $9.1{\pm}0.72%$ in the kidney, $2.5{\pm}0.73%$ in the liver and $0.51{\pm}0.12%$ in the tumor tissues. $CO_2$ yields from the medium acetate, were 4.19 in the kidney, 2.28 in the brain, 0.228 in the liter and $0.059\;{\mu}M/hr/gm$ in the tumor tissue. These show wide range even in the normal tissue but remarkable decrease in the tumor tissue. This fact means that further oxidation of acetate was inhibited remarkably in the tumor tissue.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.1 s.93
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• pp.54-61
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• 2001

Changes in methanogenic pathway at low temperature were studied by incubation experiments of sediment slurries from the littoral zone of Reservoir Paldang. Methane production rates in sediment slurries increased exponentially between $5＾{\circ}C$and $45＾{\circ}C$, reached a maximum rate of $7.4\;nmol\;{\cdot}\;g^{-1}\;{\cdot}\;h^{-1}$ at $45＾{\circ}C$, and then declined to low rate. The shift of incubation temperature from high temperature ($30＾{\circ}C$) to lowtemperature ($15＾{\circ}C$) resulted in a decrease of methane production rate and of hydrogen accumulation rate, and the transient accumulation of acetate concentration. Chlorofarm inhibited perfectly methanogenesis and resulted in the accumulation of hydrogen and acetate as immediate precursors for metltane formation at both incubation temperatures of $15＾{\circ}C$ and $30＾{\circ}C$. In terms of equivalent methane which was calculated from the two intermediary metabolites accumulated in absence of methanogenesis, methane production from acetate was accounted for 14% of total methanogenesis at $30＾{\circ}C$ and 75% at $15＾{\circ}C$, respectively. When the high acetate concentrations above 19 mM were added to sediment slurries, methane production was inhibited at the low temperature ($15＾{\circ}C$) . Our results demonstrate that contribution of acetate on methanogenesis increases at low temperature, but this pathway is inhibited by high concentration of acetate. Therefore acetate-utilizing methanogensis appears to be a key reaction at low temperature, and seems to be one of bottlenecks of the low temperature anaerobic degradation of organic matter in littoral sediments of the reservoir.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.163-170
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• 1977

The present study was carried out to knew the sterol components of U. pinnatifida and their incorporation abilities of $^14C-1-acetate$ injected into it. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The total lipids are classified as hydrocarbon $1.6\%$, pigment and sterol ester $2.5\%$, triglyceri do $3.3\%$, free fatty acid $2.2\%$, free sterol $3.8\%$, chlorophyll $18.8\%$, and polar lipids $ 67.3\%$ 2. The sterol mixture from U. pinnatifida are omposed of cholesterol $3.5\%$, 24-methylene-cholesterol $11.2\%$, fucosterol $85.3\%$. 3. The radioactivities of the lipids classes from U. pinnatifida injected with $^14C-1-acetate$ are distributed 4,648 dpm/ug in total lipid, 2,754 dpm/mg in polar lipids, 373 dpm/mg in chlorophyll, 22,481 dpm/mg in free sterol, 6,520 dpm/mg in free fatty acid, 789 dpm/mg in sterol ester and 358 dpm/mg in hydrocarbon respectively. 4. The specific radioactivities of the sterols are 115 dpm/mg in cholesterol, 147,821 dpm/mg in 24-methylenecholesterol, 20, 887 dpm/mg in fucosterol.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.185-188
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• 1973

In Cnidium officinale $M_{AKINO}$ and Platycodon grandiflorum A. $D_E\;C_{ANDOLE}$, chlorogenic acid was identified by Rf values, color reactions on paper chromatograms and UV-absorption spectra of the eluate of phenolic spots. And isochlorogeni acid-like substance was also found in the former. $1-Phenylalanine-U-C^{14}$ and sodium $acetate-2-C^{14}$ werse fed to both plants and their incorporation ratio to chlorogenic acid and isochlorogenic acid-like substance was compared. Phenylalanine was better precursor for chlorogenic acid in both plants than acetate. But acetate showed higher incorporation ratio to isochlorogenic acid-like substance in Cnidium officinale than that of phenylalanine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.1285-1289
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• 2000

This study investigated the lipogenesis capacity of hepatocytes and lipolysis rate of adipocytes of broilers as affected by different fatty acids (trial one) and different linoleic acid (C18:2) levels (trial two). Twenty 6-wk old broilers were used; their hepatocytes and adipocytes were isolated for the in vitro study. In trial one, four treatments were tested. The control group in which no fatty acid was added, and the test groups to which were added $300{\mu}M$ of C16:0, C18:1 and C18:2, respectively. For trial two, different levels (0, $300{\mu}M$ and 1 mM) of C18:2 combined to fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin (BSA) were added to the medium. According to results of trial one, added fatty acids significantly reduced the incorporation by hepatocytes of [U,$^{14}C$]glucose into total lipid (p<0.05); the lipogenesis capacity in C18:2 group was the lowest. Although a similar pattern was found with [l,$^{14}C$]acetate, the groups only slightly differed in terms of lipogenesis capacity (p=0.11). In addition, the C18:2 group had a significantly (p<0.05) greater lipolysis rate than the C16:0 and control groups. Results of trial two indicated that C18:2 significantly (p<0.05) reduced lipogenesis capacity both for [U,$^{14}C$]glucose and [l,$^{14}C$]acetate, and markedly stimulated the lipolysis rate (p<0.05), displaying a dose response. Results presented herein demonstrate that C18:2 can reduce lipogenesis capacity and stimulate the lipolysis rate in broilers.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 2012

Somok, the heart wood of Caesalpinia sappan is used in traditional Chinese medicine. Adherence of S. mutans to the tooth surface can result in the formation of a dental plaque. This study was performed to investigate the antibacterial activity and bacterial adhesion of ethyl acetate extract from C. sappan against S. mutans ATCC 25175. The bacteria were cultured in brain heart infusion(BHI) broth, and then incubated under 5% $CO_2$ at $37^{\circ}C$ for 18~24 hours. The antimicrobial activity of the ethyl acetate extract of C. sappan was then examined using the paper disc methods and MIC. In addition, bacterial adherence to hydroxyapatite was also examined. The ethyl acetate extract was shown to produce inhibitory effects and had MIC values of 125 mg/ml against S. mutans ATCC 25175. The ethyl acetate extract inhibited adhesion of S. mutans to saliva coated-hydroxyapatite beads(S-HA). At 24 hr, the ethyl acetate extract significantly reduced the adherence of S. mutans to S-HA beads relative to the control. The isolated active substance was identified as brazilin($C_{16}H_{14}O_5$) by $^1H-NMR$ and $^{13}C-NMR$. Thus, the application of C. sappan can be considered a useful and practical method for the prevention of dental caries.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 1992

Diazotized primary artomatic amines 4 coupled with the ketosulfones 1-3 in ethanol in the presence of sodium acetate at $0^\circ{C}$ to afford the corresponding bydrazones 5-7. Also diazotized 3-aminopyrazoles 14 coupled with 1-3 in ethanolic sodium acetate to give the pyrazolotriazines 18-20 in good yields. Compounds 5-7 and 18 can also be obtained from the reaction of hydraziodoyl halides 8-10 and 21 with sodium benzenesultinate. The hydrazones 11-13 can easy be oxidized to the hydrazones 5-7, using hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid.

• BMB Reports
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.328-332
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• 1998

The 8-hydroxyisocoumarin, named Centipedin, which has a significant antibiotic activity, was separated and solubilized with organic solvents, such as diethyl ether from centipede Scolopendra subspinipes multilans L. Koch. The Centipedin was purified by silicic acid column and high S cation exchange chromatography followed by reverse-phase HPLC. It was confirmed that Centipedin has a potent antibiotic effectiveness against Gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 8308. The results showed that Centipedin blocks both DNA replication and RNA transcription during the growth of this pathogen in vivo. The biosynthesis of antibiotic 8-hydroxyisocoumarin was studied in vivo by feeding $[^{14}C]-labelled$ compound as a precursor to live centipede, in which $[^{14}C]acetate$ was the most efficiently incorporated into the Centipedin within 30 h after injection. Also, in vitro study on the biosynthesis of Centipedin showed that efficient incorporation of $[^{14}C]acetate$ occurred at pH range 5.0-7.0 for 10 h incubation and decreased significantly after then. It is suggested that 8-hydroxyisocoumarin is one of the defense compounds acting on bacterial infection in Scolopendra subspinipes.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.151-157
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• 1984

Skyrin was extracted from Penicillium islandicum cultivated on synthetic Czapek-Dox medium. A preliminary experiment in Penicillium islandium using $[^{14}C]$-acetate proved the incorporation of $[^{14}C]$ into skyrin. In the cell-free system using the fungus $[^3H]$-emodin and $[^3H]$-emodinanthrone were shown to give some reliable evidences far the biosynthesis of skyrin. The incorporation of $[^3H]$-emodin was less significant than that of $[^{3}H]$-emodinanthrone. As a result of the cell-free experiment, the biosynthetic pathway of skyrin by the fungus was suggested as follows: $emodinanthrone{\rightarrow}emodin{\rightarrow}skyrin$.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2000

Tolerance mechanism to flupyrazofos was examined with Plutella xylostella (L.) and Spodoptera exigua by investigating the penetration rate of flupyrazofos into larvae body. On determining effective washing of $^{14}C$-flupyrazofos, the washing volume to recover over 98% of $^{14}C$-flupyrazofos was observed at three times (each time: 1 mL). To select a suitable solvent, the recovery rates of each solvent in 3rd instar larvae of DBM were above 98%, but the washing rates of acetone, hexane and ethyl-acetate were 85.1%, 67.2% and 68.4%, respectively. In the BAW larvae, although the recovery rates of each solvent were above 99%, the washing rates of acetone, hexane and ethyl-acetate were 83.5%, 65.9% and 71.7%, respectively. The $PT_{50}$ values of $^{14}C$-flupyrazofos were 0.731 h (44 min) in the DBM larva and 0.504 h (30 min) in the BAW larva. Radiocarbon in acetone washing (external fraction) decreased more quickly in the BAW larva than in the DBM larva, and amount of radiocarbon in larvae body increased more quickly with time in the DBM larva than in the BAW larva. In contrast, amount of radiocarbon in excreta increased more rapidly with time in the BAW larva than in the DBM larva.