• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.885-890
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• 2008

Until now, the domestic construction market has been formed focusing on new construction and reconstruction in the apartment industry. Recently, however, the remodeling market for old structures have shown a tendency towards land shortage and land price increases in the major cities: the reinforcement of regulations regarding reconstruction; expenditure reduction and the solving of environmental problems by regarding old structures is pursuing low costs and maximum efficiency. The interest in remodeling is increasing, however, remodeling has not been successfully initiated in the apartment division for a reasonable period of time. Consequently to acquire mutual agreement for remodeling from the residential occupants. In order to evaluate profitability, it is necessary to set priorities and reasonable criteria for remodelling and to this end, it is also required to assess each fact of remodelling in view of both customers and supplied. Thus, a sample apartment housing complex was analyzed for geographic location, surrounding environment floor area ratio, site area, number of households, number of stories and unit area and thereupon, its remodelling profitability was analyzed to select an effective remodeling method as an alternative case for apartment house owners and remodelling.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.159-168
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• 2010

Objective: ZhangJinYoPian(藏珍要編, ZJYP) is a book witten by Song-WooGe in the late 19th century. While Korea has lost this book to tell us Korea traditional acupuncture treatment in the late 19th century, This book appeared as a manuscript in Japan. There is no reaserch or study carried out for this book. Furthermore, a few people know existence of this book. So I analyzed acupuncture treatment of the ZJYP and sort out the distinctive feature of it. Method: For that, I studied bibliographic information of this book and classified contents of it into three parts - medical thought, needle manipulation and acupoint selection to consider it's caracteristics. Results and Conclusions: 1. The author of ZJYP thought that weakness of good power in the body and strongness of evil power out of the body cause a disease. so Doctor should examine quality of both to care patient's pain. 2. The author of ZJYP thought that needle manipulation is one of the most important thing. Doctors can use needle manipulation to control patient condition. Especially, he suggested cooling and heating manipulation except reinforcement and reduction. 3. He stressed viscera and bowels. he located viscera and bowels theory in front of the book to explain relationship of these. It shows us that ZJYP maintained academic characteristics of acupuncture in Chosun-Korea. 4. While He minimized the number of acupoints used in treatment, he multiplied its combination. He selected one or two acupoints from each meridian pathway. It include Eight Confluent points(八脈交會穴). But these points were used in different ways to control the viscera and bowels, not to care the eight extra meridians.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.447-458
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• 2024

This study investigates the effectiveness of Building Information Modeling(BIM) software, specifically SketchUp and Revit, in reducing errors during quantity take-off(QTO) for complex building elements. While 3D modeling offers advantages, existing software may not fully account for manufacturing discrepancies, such as variations in concrete cover thickness and reinforcing bar radius. To address this limitation, this research proposes a BIM-based QTO method for high-insulation wall panels with intricate details. The method utilizes a BIM family library, focusing on key parameters like concrete cover thickness and inner radius of shear reinforcement. A case study compared the cross-sectional details of a wall panel modeled in Revit with the actual manufactured specimen. The analysis revealed a 12% reduction in modeled concrete cover thickness and a 1.27 times larger modeled inner radius of the shear bar compared to the real-world values. The proposed method incorporates these manufacturing variations into the Revit model of the high-insulation wall panel. Software like Navisworks facilitates the identification and correction of any material interferences arising from these adjustments. Furthermore, the method employs a unit wall concept(1m²) to account for the volume of various materials, including insulation and splice sleeves at joints. This allows for the identification of a similar existing family within the BIM library(e.g., "Double RC wall with embedded insulation") that reflects the actual material quantities used in the wall panel. By incorporating these manufacturing-induced variations, the proposed method offers a more accurate QTO process for complex high-insulation wall panels. The "Double RC wall with embedded insulation" family within the Revit program serves as a valuable tool for material quantity estimation in such scenarios.

• Journal of KIBIM
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.29-38
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• 2016

Road bridges are deteriorating gradually, and it is forecasted that the number of road bridges aging over 30 years will increase by more than 3 times of the current number. To maintain road bridges in a safe condition, current safety conditions of the bridges must be estimated for repair or reinforcement. However, budget and professional manpower required to perform in-depth inspections of road bridges are limited. This study proposes an estimation model for safety rating of road bridges by analyzing the data from Facility Management System (FMS) and Yearbook of Road Bridges and Tunnel. These data include basic specifications, year of completion, traffic, safety rating, and others. The distribution of safety rating was imbalanced, indicating 91% of road bridges have safety ratings of A or B. To improve classification performance, five safety ratings were integrated into two classes of G (good, A and B) and P (poor ratings under C). This rearrangement was set because facilities with ratings under C are required to be repaired or reinforced to recover their original functionality. 70% of the original data were used as training data, while the other 30% were used for validation. Data of class P in the training data were oversampled by 3 times, and Repeated Incremental Pruning to Produce Error Reduction (RIPPER) algorithm was used to develop the estimation model. The results of estimation model showed overall accuracy of 84.8%, true positive rate of 67.3%, and 29 classification rule. Year of completion was identified as the most critical factor on affecting lower safety ratings of bridges.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.341-354
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• 2016

This article is to apply the tunnel support system selected after comparatively analyzing of RMR and tunnel instrumentation between the tunnel behavior characteristic predicted through geotechnical investigations and the numerical analysis at the design stage and the properties deformation occurred at the construction stage. This attempt results from the behavior characteristic of the tunnel excavation ground shown differently in accordance with the ground quality and reinforcement method. This, therefore, provide the data and results analysed the actual decision RMR-crown settlement & convergence and reduction of material property of ground as parameters. Also, it's shown that the tunnel designer is able to predict tunnel behavior characteristic when designing in bedrock areas excessively distributed faults and fractured zones.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.238-245
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• 2012

Graphene oxide was synthesized from natural graphite, and its surface was modified using diisocyanatodicyclohexylmethane( $H_{12}MDI$). Isocyanate-graphene sheet(i-RGO) was obtained by reduction of surface modified GO. To select nanofiller having good dispersion with polyurethane, GO, i-RGO, natural graphite and thermal reduced graphite were analyzed, and then i-RGO was selected as a suitable nanofiller. PU/i-RGO nanocomposite was synthesized with various i-RGO contents to estimate effect of reinforcement on nanocomposite. Thermal stability, hardness, contact angle were increased with i-RGO contents due to i-RGO characteristic and crosslink bridge effect. But, tensile strength and elongation were decreased at i-RGO contents more than the 4 wt%. This phenomenon was interpreted by the excess formation of crosslink bridge.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 2011

Arteria radialis is a branch of the brachial artery extending down the forearm around the wrist where it closes to skin surface. In the oriental medicine, the skin above arteria radialis has an important role because oriental medicine practitioners put their finger tips on the area, and diagnose patient's health conditions by feeling the pulsation of the arterial contraction. The finger tip diagnostic method relies on subjective decision of the practitioner; and there is a need to develop an objective diagnostic modality. The pulsation of the arterial contraction appears not only a movement on the site but also as temperature fluctuation due to pulsatile feeding of warmer blood. The goal of this study is to demonstrate a feasibility of using an infrared camera quantitatively to detect the temperature fluctuation on the skin. Clinical important three different areas, called chon, gwan, chuk, near a wrist where the arteria radialis reaches close to skin surface are marked with small pieces of surgical tape. A high-speed and high-resolution infrared camera with a 3 cm of field of view measures these areas for 10 second at 200 frames per second with a 320*240 pixel size. The pulsatile temperature fluctuation is calculated after passing a band pass filter to remove any stationary temperature over 10 second. The temperature fluctuation of a healthy male volunteer is measured at a room temperature as a control, and is compared with another measurement performed after 20 minutes staying in a room at a 40 degree Celsius. This comparison is repeated for three times, and indicates that the fluctuation increases after staying 20 minutes in the warm room. This increase becomes smaller when the person stays in the warm room with an acupuncture treatment that decreases body temperature. So that an objective diagnostics on the site may become feasible.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2018

Grouting is reinforcement or cutoff method which uses the hardening agent which is typically represented by portland cement and injected into the ground or the structure. When mixing the cement in powder form with water, the particles tend to cohere each other. Once they cohered, the particle size tends to become larger while injection efficiency becomes lower. This study, in a bid to reduce the cohesion of cement, the screen was set inside the grout mixer so that the cement particles are separated while vibrating them. To validate the effect of vibration screen, comparison test was conducted by using ordinary portland cement, slag cement and micro cement. Viscosity test, bleeding test and grain-size analysis indicated that the characteristics varied significantly after passing through the vibration filter. It is expected that the vibration filter installed inside the grout mixer will reduce the cement cohesion when mixing with water.

• Journal of Korean Society of societal Security
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.35-41
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• 2009

If any bridge has the monitoring system, the bridge manager can check the history of bridge behavior and the progress of the damage more exactly. When the unexpected event (ex: earthquake and flood) happens, the manager can check the safety condition of the bridge and make the pertinent action for bridge management which is reduction of vehicle speed or traffic control through the system. Additionary the manager can make the well-timed repair or reinforcement through the system, so he can save the management cost or the life cycle cost. This study presents the method of setting the criteria by FEM analysis in bridge monitoring system, and the standard progress for setting the criteria about measurement items of monitoring system for the steel box type bridge.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2016

On the basis of the geological conditions of high and steep mountainous slope on which an exit portal of an express railway tunnel with a bridge-tunnel combination is to be built, the composite structure of the exit portal with a bridge abutment of the bridge-tunnel combination is presented and the stability of the slope on which the express railway portal is to be built is analyzed using three dimensional (3D) numerical simulation in the paper. Comparison of the practicability for the reinforcement of slope with in-situ bored piles and diaphragm walls are performed so as to enhance the stability of the high and steep slope. The safety factor of the slope due to rockmass excavation both inside the exit portal and beneath the bridge abutment of the bridge-tunnel combination has been also derived using strength reduction technique. The obtained results show that post tunnel portal is a preferred structure to fit high and steep slope, and the surrounding rock around the exit portal of the tunnel on the high and steep mountainous slope remains stable when rockmass is excavated both from the inside of the exit portal and underneath the bridge abutment after the slope is reinforced with both bored piles and diaphragm walls. The stability of the high and steep slope is principally dominated by the shear stress state of the rockmass at the toe of the slope; the procedure of excavating rockmass in the foundation pit of the bridge abutment does not obviously affect the slope stability. In-situ bored piles are more effective in controlling the deformation of the abutment foundation pit in comparison with diaphragm walls and are used as a preferred retaining structure to uphold the stability of slope in respect of the lesser time, easier procedure and lower cost in the construction of the exit portal with bridge-tunnel combination on the high and steep mountainous slope. The results obtained from the numerical analysis in the paper can be used to guide the structural design and construction of express railway tunnel portal with bridge-tunnel combination on high and abrupt mountainous slope under similar situations.