• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.35 no.5
• /
• pp.924-930
• /
• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of web-based diabetic education on plasma glucose and serum lipids in obese people with diabetes. Method: A random allocation design with control and experimental groups being assessed pre- and post-intervention was used. Eighteen patients were randomly allocated to an intervention group and 16 to a control group. Participants were requested to input their blood glucose levels weekly for 3 months at http://www.biodang.com by cellular phone or wire Internet. The researcher sentoptimal recommendations to each patient weekly for 3 months using a short message service (SMS) of the cellular phone and wire Internet. Results: Patients in the intervention group had a mean decrease of $1.2\%$ in glycosylated haemoglobin ($HbA_{1}c$) levels and those in the control group had no difference in HbA1c levels. There was a significant mean change in 2-hour post prandial blood glucose (2HPPG) for the intervention group, with a mean change of -120.1 mg/dl. The mean change in the control group, however, was not significant. Conclusion: These findings indicate that this web-based intervention using SMS of the cellular phone for 3 months improved $HbA_{1}c$ and 2HPPG, but did not affect total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in obese type 2 diabetic patient.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.122-133
• /
• 1996

As ciarette smoking adversely affects vitamin C metabolism in humans, smokers need substantially more vitamin C intake than do non-smokers to achieve similar serum vitamin C concentration. To provide the basic information currently available for the determination of vitamin C requirement for Korean smokers, we investigated the differences the serum vitamin C values between smokers(n=53) and non-smokers(n=62) in relation to their intake of the vitamin through diet in 115 male college students, who had not been using vitamin C supplements. Dietary intakes of vitamin C were determined by a 24-hour recall, and serum vitamin C was determined using the 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method. The mean vitamin C intakes of smokers and non-smokers were consuming less than 75% of the Koeran RDA for vitamin c in their diet. Smokers consumed yellow and green leafy vegetables more often (P=0.02) and fresh fruits less often(P=0.006) than non-smokers. The mean serum vitamin C concentration of smokers consuming the same amounts of vitamine C as non-smokers, 64.3 umol/1, were 20% lower than for non-smokers, 80.1 umol/l(P<0.05). The risk of low serum vitamin C concentration (LoC) among smokers were 3.8% compared with 1.6% in non-smokers, and the odd ratio for LoC risk was 2.43. There were no correlations between dietary and serum vitamin C for smokers and non-smokers. It was concluded that smokers might require at least 20% more vitamin C to reach the same concentration comparable to non-smokers.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.1633-1636
• /
• 2015

Background: The advantages of Rapid Arc plans versus Intensity modulated radiotherapy plans for Carcinoma left breast were analyzed. Materials and Methods: In this study 20 Post mastectomy carcinoma left breast patients were analyzed. Both Intensity modulated Radiotherapy and Rapid Arc plans were generated for these patients. IMRT plans with 7 beams in an arc fashion and VMAT plans with two semi arcs were made to achieve 95% dose coverage to 100% volume. The plans were evaluated using Dose volume Histograms. Results: The mean Conformity and Homogeneity index in VMAT is found to be 1.05 and 0.065 respectively whereas in IMRT it was 1.07 and 0.069. The 20% volume of Heart received a mean dose of 960cGy in VMAT and 1300cGy in IMRT. The mean dose was 1236cGy in VMAT and 1870cGy in IMRT. The ipsilateral Lung received 3395cGy to 5% volume and 1840cGy to 20% volume on an average and the mean dose was 1205cGy in VMAT, while the same were found to be 3525cGy, 2012cGy and 1435cGy respectively in IMRT. The Contralateral Lung received a mean dose of 505cGy in VMAT and 553cGy in IMRT. The mean Monitor units in VMAT were 512MU and 1170MU in IMRT. The NTID in VMAT is $108.8{\times}10^5Gycm^3$ and $110.1{\times}10^5Gycm^3$ in IMRT. Conclusions: The target coverage, homogeneity and Conformity index were better in VMAT plans. The Ipsilateral Lung and heart dose were very less in VMAT plans. The Contralateral Lung dose and the Normal Tissue Integral Dose were also lesser in VMAT plans however the difference is not very appreciable. The MU in VMAT plans is almost 50% that of the IMRT plans which results in the reduction of treatment time. On the whole VMAT proves to be a better modality for treating Ca. Left Breast Patients.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.5 no.5
• /
• pp.404-411
• /
• 2011

This study investigated the effects of freeze-dried cranberry powder on anti-inflammation and lipid profiles of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rats fed an atherogenic diet for 6 weeks. Forty Sprague-Dawley male rats (6-weeks-old) were equally divided into the following five groups: 1) normal diet group+saline (NC); 2) atherogenic diet+saline (HFC); 3) atherogenic diet+LPS (HL); 4) atherogenic diet with 5% cranberry power+LPS (C5); 5) atherogenic diet with 10% cranberry power+LPS (C10). LPS (0.5 mg/kg) was injected into the abdominal cavities of rats 18 hours prior to sacrifice. At the end of the experimental period, we measured serum lipid profiles as well as levels of serum C-reactive protein (CRP), nitric oxide (NO), and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin (IL)-1${\beta}$, IL-6, and IL-10 as an anti-inflammatory cytokine. The mean serum high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level in C5 rats was significantly higher than that in NC and HL rats (P<0.05). The mean serum levels of CRP and IL-1${\beta}$ were significantly lower (P<0.05) in the cranberry powder groups compared to those in HL rats. Additionally, mean serum IL-6 levels tended to be lower in the cranberry groups than that in the HL group, whereas serum IL-10 and NO showed 29% and 88% higher mean values in the C5 group and 49% and 24% higher in the C10 group than those in the HL group, respectively. These results suggest that freeze-dried cranberry powder may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases by modifying serum lipids and the early inflammatory response.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.113 no.1
• /
• pp.66-72
• /
• 2024

Determining the nutrient stoichiometry in plant organs is critical for understanding nutrient uptake and cycling in forest ecosystems. This study evaluated nutrient concentrations and stoichiometry in various plant organs (stem, bark, branches, and foliage) of species found in four warm-temperate forests in southern Korea. Cryptomeria japonica D. Don (CJ), Quercus serrata Thunb. (QS), evergreen broadleaved tree species (EB), and bamboo spp. (BB) were destructively sampled to measure nutrient (C, N, and P) concentrations in the plant organs. The mean C concentration in the stem was significantly higher in CJ than in QS, BB, or EB, whereas the C concentration in the foliage was the lowest in BB. The mean foliar N and P concentrations were higher in BB than in EB or CJ. The mean stem C:N and C:P ratios were highest in CJ but were lowest in the foliage of BB. Overall, stems of all species showed a strong positive correlation between C concentration and dry weight, but a negative correlation between N and dry weight. The N and P concentrations of foliage and bark were strongly correlated, whereas those of the stem and branches were poorly correlated. Positive correlations were detected between the C:N and C:P ratios in bark and foliage. These results indicate the existence of intraspecific differences in nutrient requirements in warm-temperate forest species and add to the understanding of nutrient uptake and storage patterns in the organs of species growing in warm-temperate forests.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.4323-4337
• /
• 1977

The study was to estimate the effect of the rise of water temperature in the warm water pool and to make contribution to the establishment of reducing to a damage of cool water as well as to the planning for warm water pool. This observation was performed in Wudu warm water pool located at Wudu-Dong of Chuncheon for two years from 1975 to 1976. The results were showed as follows; 1. The daily variation of water temperature was the least for inset (No.1; 0.6$^{\circ}C$) the second for middle overflow (No2: 3$^{\circ}C$, No.3; 2.3$^{\circ}C$) and another for outflet (No.4; 3.6$^{\circ}C$, No.5; 3.8$^{\circ}C$) And the highest reaching time of water temperature in each block was later about 1 hour than the time at which air temperature happend in the daytime. So, the variation of water temperature was sensitive to the variation of air temperature 2. The monthly variation of water temperature at each measuring point was plotted to be increased with increase in air temperature till August (Mean monthly rising degree; No.1; 1.15$^{\circ}C$, No.2; 1.7$^{\circ}C$, No.3; 1.73$^{\circ}C$, No.4; 2.08$^{\circ}C$, No.5; 2.0$^{\circ}C$), and expressed gradually descended influence upon water temperature after August. 3. The mean temperature of inflow folwed in warm Water pool was 7.5∼12.5$^{\circ}C$, and outflow temperature was described as 13.4∼22.5$^{\circ}C$ to be climbed. And So, the rising interval of water temperature was shown as 6.7∼10.4$^{\circ}C$. 4. The correlation between the rising of water temperature and the weather condition was found out highly significant. As the result, their correlation coefficents of water temperature depending on mean air temperature, ground temperature, wind velocity and relative humidity were to be 0.93, 0.90, - 0.83 and 0.71 respectively. But there was no confrimation of the correlation on the clouds, sunlight time, volume of evaporation, and heat capacity of horizontal place. 5. The water temperature of balance during the period of rice growing in Chuncheon district was shown as table 10, and the mean of whole period was calculated as about 23.7$^{\circ}C$. 6. The observed value of the outflow temperature passed through the warm water pool was higher than that of computed, the mean difference between two value was marked as 1.15$^{\circ}C$ for blockl, 1.18$^{\circ}C$ for block2, and 0.47$^{\circ}C$ for block3, respectivly. Therefore, the ratio on the rising degree between the observed and computed were shown as 53%, 44%, and 18%, mean 38% through each block warm water pool (referring item $\circled9$ of table 11,12, and 13). Accordingly, formula (4) in order to fit for each block warm water pool was transfromed as follow; {{{{ { theta }_{w } - { theta }_{ 0} =[1-exp LEFT { { 1-(1+2 varphi )} over {cp } CDOT { A} over { q} RIGHT } ] TIMES ( { theta }_{w } - { theta }_{ 0}) TIMES C }}}} Here, correction coefficinent was computed 1.38, and being substituted 1.38 for C in preceding formula, the expected water temperature will be calculated to be able to irrigate the rice paddy. As the result, we can apply the coefficient in order to plan and to construct a new warm water pool.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.8 no.6
• /
• pp.691-697
• /
• 1999

The work on the eutropication of Youngsan river was conducted from Jul. 1997 to Jun. 1998. The value of water temperature in the study area varied from $4^{\circ}C\;to\;32^{\circ}C$ with an annual mean of $17.5^{\circ}C$. DO varied from 4.0 $mg/{\ell}$ to 13.5 $mg/{\ell}$, with an annual mean 10.2 $mg/{\ell}$,. BOD varied from 0.8 $mg/{\ell}$, to 6.4 $mg/{\ell}$ with an annual mean 3.1 $mg/{\ell}$. COD varied from 4.6 $mg/{\ell}$, to 9.0 $mg/{\ell}$ with an annual mean 6.38 $mg/{\ell}$. Nitrate varied from 1.58 $mg/{\ell}$, to 6.77 $mg/{\ell}$, with an annual mean of 3.475 $mg/{\ell}$, Total-nitrogen varied from 2.14 $mg/{\ell}$ to 8.38 $mg/{\ell}$ with an annual mean of 5.083 $mg/{\ell}$. Total-phosphate varied from 0.035 $mg/{\ell}$ to 0.588 $mg/{\ell}$ with an annual mean of 0.128 $mg/{\ell}$. Chl.a varied from 1.8 ${\mu}g/{\ell}$ to 75.0 ${\mu}g/{\ell}$ with an annual mean of 19.55 ${\mu}g/{\ell}$. The euthrophic state index of $Carlson^{16)}$ were showed 61.8(TP) and 71(SD) value

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.21-32
• /
• 1992

The paleoclimate of the Chungbu Mountainous Region, Mts. Seorak and Sobaek, was estimated by means of dendroclimatic methodology, The annual growth value of tree-rings is deeply interrelated with the mean temperature of April-May and July-August. The mean temperature of April-May of the reconstruction period(1635-1911), observation period(1912-1989), and the whole period(1635-1989) is 13.58$^{\circ}C$, 13.69$^{\circ}C$, and 13.6$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. That of July-August is $24.50^{\circ}C$, $24.62^{\circ}C$, and $24.58^{\circ}C$ respectively. The reconstructed mean temperature data for April-May and for July-August reveal 13.2 and 12.9 year cycles.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.601-603
• /
• 2013

We show that a compact embedded hypersurface with constant ratio of mean curvature functions in a convex cone $C{\subset}\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ is part of a hypersphere if it has a point where all the principal curvatures are positive and if it is perpendicular to ${\partial}C$.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.139-150
• /
• 1985

From 1977 through 1984, 97 patients of V.S.D. were treated surgically at Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Korea University college of Medicine. Among 97 patients, 3 patients were treated by PDA ligation, 3 patients were treated by PDA ligation and subclavian flap aortoplasty, 1 patient were treated by pulmonary artery banding. All of the above patients were analyzed clinically. The results were as follows; 1. Of the patients, 52 patients were male [55.5%] and 45 patients were female [44.5%]. Their age ranged from 7 days to 32 year, and the mean age was 9 year of age and 28.9% of patients were between 4 and 8 year of age. 2. The most common clinical symptoms were frequent U.R.l. and D.O.E.. 3. The most common chest PA findings were cardiomegaly and increased pulmonary vascularity. 4. Associated anomaly was founded in 27 cases and PDA was most common associated anomaly and others were A.S.D., pulmonary stenosis, aortic regurgitation, D.C.R.V.. 5. Pulmonary hypertension was founded in 37 patients and it`s incidence was increased by patient age and shunt amount. 6. On Kirklin`s anatomical classification, type 11 defect was most common [45.5%], and type 1 was 35.5%, and type 111 was 4.4%, and type 1V was 4.4%. 7. Mean E.C.C. time was 69.1 min. and varied by closing method and associated anomaly as in case of simple closure; 47.8 min., in case of patch closure; 77.2 min., in cases with associated anomaly; 92.7 min.. 8. Mean postoperative ventilatory assisted time was 7.3 hour and varied by preoperative pulmonary artery pressure and E.C.C. time, as the group with pulmonary hypertension; 10.5 hour, the group without pulmonary hypertension; 5.5 hour, the group of short E.C.C time [within 1 hour]; 4.4 hour, the group of long E.C.C. time [over 1 hour]; 8.4 hour. 9. Overall operative mortality was 9.3% [9 cases].