• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.3-8
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• 1995

Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis is one of common cause of neck mass in young adult in Korea. Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis known as scrofula was being treated by the 'Royal Touch' in the 5th century and by surgery in the 17th century, yet the principle of the treatment is still controversal. We report the clinical evaluation and therapeutic result about 121 tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis. The result were as follows: 1) The annual incidence(1985-1994) was 30.5 % (37 cases: 1985-1986), 17.7 % (21 cases: 1990-1992). 19.8%(24 cases: 1994). 2) The age of highest incidence was 20-29 year old age group in 41.3% (50 cases) and female predominated over male by 1.8 : 1. 3) The duration of disease was less than 6 months, in 85.9% (104 cases). 4) The most commonly involved LN group was superficial cervical group in 69.4% (84 cases), and difference between Rt & Lt, was not significant. 5) The most common symptom and local finding(P/E) were, painless swelling of LN in 74.3 % (90 cases) and single mass in 59.5 % (72 cases). 6) In seasonal variation, 85.9% (104 cases) was spring and summer. 7) Procedures except biopsy for evaluation were chest PA, AFB smear & culture(sputum), Mantoux test, USG, CT and, Associated extracervical tuberculous lesions were lung, axilla, breast. 8) In operation method (involving biopsy), Excision was 68.5 % (83 cases), neck dissection was 6.6% (8 cases). 9) The Modality, Duration and side effect of antituberculous medication: INH-Rifampin­Ethambutol was 66.1 % (88 cases), duration was 1 year in 84.3% (102 cases), side effects were severe GI trouble (24.8%), liver function damage (3.3%). 10) 3 cases recurred on the same site after 2 yrs(2 cases) and 4 months(1 case) and its treatment was curretage or I & D, with antituberculous medication.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.245-249
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• 1991

Surgical intervention for pumlmonary tuberculosis has been controverted for last several decades. Although it is widely held that the chemotherapy is the best modality for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, surgical intervention has still some roles in well elected circumstance. At the National Kongju Tuberculosis Hospital in Korea, we performed a retrospective case Cohort study through the regular follow-up of 463 cases, who underwent the surgical intervention for pulmonary tuberculosis between January 1986 and April 1990. The results were as follows: 1) The male to female ratio was 1.8:1 and 84.4% of the patients were between 20 and 49 years of age. 2) According to the NAT classification, 6 cases (1.3%) were minimal, 216 (46.7%) moderately advanced and 241 (52%) far advanced. 3) One hundred and thirty four cases (28.9%) had the treatment history of 5 to 10 years and 129 cases (27.9%) of 3 to 4 years. 4) As for the pathologic entities, 172 cases (37.1%) had the totally destroyed lung and 137 (29.6%) destroyed lobe or segment. 5) A total of 238 cases (51.4%) underwent pneumonectomy and 153 (33.0%) lobectomy. 6) As the post-operative complications, 21 cases (4.5%) had empyema and 11 (2.4%) bleeding. The rate of complication after pneumonectomy and lobectomy was 5.8% and 3.2%, respectively. 7) Six cases (1.3%) died post-operatively. 8) Out of 238 cases with pre-operative positivity for AFB, 212 achieved the negative conversion, its rate being 89.1%. It follows from these results that although it has a limit, surgical intervention may play an important role in treating some patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.432-440
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• 2000

Background : The prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among the elderly is increasing in Korea and in the developed countries due to the increased elderly population and their predispositions to chronic disease, poverty and decreased immunity. To define the characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in the elderly, we evaluated the clinical spectrum of pulmonary tuberculosis. Method : We analyzed 92 patients retrospectively that were diagnosed as active pulmonary tuberculosis over the age of 65. The analysis involved patient's profiles, clinical manifestations, coexisting diseases, diagnostic methods, anti-TB medications and their side effects, and treatment outcomes. Results : The results were as follows : - 1) The ratio of male to female was 2.1:1(62:30 cases) 2) Chief complaints were a cough (47.8%), dyspnea (40.2%), sputum (38.0%), chest pain (12.0%), anorexia (10.9%), and fever (9.8%). 3) 38 (41.3%) of cases had a past history of pulmonary tuberculosis. 4) The coexisting diseases were : -COPD, 25 cases (27.2%); pneumonia, 17 cases (18.5%); DM. 13 cases (14.1%); and malignancy, 10 cases (10.9%). 5) The positivity of Mantoux test (5 TU, PPD-S) was 82.7%. 6) Pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed using the following methods : sputum AFB (Acid Fast Bacillus) smear 42.4%, sputum TB (M. Tuberculosis) culture 15.2%, sputum TB PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) 10.9%, bronchial washing AFB smear 2.1%, chest radiology only 25.0%. 7) Locations of radiologic lesions were RULF, 50 cases; RLLF, 50 cases, mostly, then LLLF ; 26 cases were leastly involved. 8) The coexisting tuberculosis were endobronchial TB(8.7%), TB pleurisy(7.6%) miliary TB(5.4%), intestinal TB(2.2%), renal TB(1.1%) 9) The proportion of treatment regimen with 1st line drug and 2nd line drug were 92.3% and 7.6%, respectively. 10) The outcome of treatment were as follows : cured 31.5%, expired 13.0%, no return 47.8%, follow-up now 7.6%. Conclusion : The pulmonary tuberculosis in the elderly has atypical patterns with chronic coexisting diseases. Therefore, the possibility of pulmonary tuberculosis should be considered in elderly patients with pulmonary symptoms.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.248-256
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• 2005

Background : Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections are increasingly being recognized as a cause of chronic pulmonary disease. This study describes the prevalence of NTM species from clinical specimens and the clinical characteristics of NTM pulmonary disease. Material and Methods : The NTM isolated from March 2003 to December 2003 at the Kosin Medical Center were identified using an oligonucleotide chip containing the internal transcribed space (ITS) sequence. The medical records of the patients with the NTM isolates, who fulfilled the 1997 ATS diagnostic criteria for NTM pulmonary disease, were analyzed, retrospectively. Results : Twenty four species (24.2%) of NTM were isolated from 99 cultured AFB specimens. M. avium complex (MAC) (13 isolates), M. szulgai (3), M. kansasii (2), M. malmoense (2), M. abscessus (1), M. chelonae (1), M. scrofulaceum (1), and unclassified (1). Of the 23 patients with isolated NTM, 11 patients were found to be compatible with a NTM pulmonary infection according to the ATS criteria; MAC was found in 6 cases (54.5%), M. szulgai in 2 cases (18.2%), and M. abscessus, M. szulgai, M. kansasii and M. malmoense in 1 case each (9.1%). Ten patients (91%) were male and the median age at diagnosis was 61 years. In the pre-existing diseases, malignant disease was found in 6 cases including 5 patients with lung cancer, and history of old pulmonary tuberculosis was identified in 4 cases. The radiological patterns showed lung destruction lung in 3 cases, a cavitary mass in 3 cases, a nodular pattern in 2 cases, and reticulonodular, consolidation and a bronchiectasis pattern were in 1 case each. Conclusion : Various types of NTM pulmonary diseases were found in a tertiary hospital at Busan, Korea. The NTM pulmonary diseases were caused by MAC, M. szugai, M. kansasii, M. malmoense, M. abscessus, M. chelonae, and M. scrofulaceum in the order of frequency.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.126-134
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• 2015

Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer is one of the most commonly used herbs. Recently, the stem and leave of the plant have been interested in physiological activities because the aerial parts have been thrown away. Finding out cultivation method of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer to improve chemical ingredients and biological activities has been tried these days. In this study, different wavelengths of light emitting diode (LED) were used for a cultivation of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer. Antioxidant activities and inhibitory effect on mutagenecity of samples were evaluated. The stem and leave cultivated under blue light (BL-0) showed the strongest antioxidant activities of $3.02{\pm}0.13{\mu}g/ml$ ($EC_{50}$) and $2.18{\pm}0.18{\mu}g/ml$ ($EC_{50}$) in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging test, respectively. Total phenolic content of BL-0 was $2.93{\pm}0.11g/100g$, the highest value between cultivation conditions. However, antioxidant activities of the stem and leave cultivated under red light were the weakest between samples. All of the stem and leave used in this study showed inhibitory effect on mutagenecity of 1-nitropyrene. BL-0 showed stronger inhibitory effects on mutagenicity of Trp-P-1, Trp-P-2, and AFB1 than samples cultivated under other conditions. Only on mutagenecity of 2-aminoanthracene, the stem and leave cultivated at 1 m apart from red light (RL-1) showed the strongest inhibitory effect. These results indicate that blue LED might be the most effective condition for improvement of physiological activities for the aerial parts of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer in cultivation. The components were identified with GC/MS. Cytidine was detected only in RL-1 at 25 min of retention time and 2-bromotrimethylene glycol was detected only in BL-0 at 37 min.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.311-319
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• 2004

Background : It has been well known that bronchiectasis (BE) is a predisposing condition for pulmonary NTM infection, whereas there are some suggestions that BE, especially nodular BE, may be a result of NTM pulmonary infection. This retrospective study was done to investigate the prevalence of NTM pulmonary infection in the patients with BE. Methods : Eight hundred sixty-six patients, who underwent chest CT and sputum AFB examination and had BE detected by chest CT at Asan Medical Center in 2002, were included in this study. They were divided into Group I (bilateral BE, especially in RML, lingular or both lower lobes; 134), Group II (BE accompanied with fibrocavitary lesions commonly found in tuberculosis, usually both upper lobes; 233) and Group III (except Group I, II; 499) according to the radiological findings. Group I was subdivided into Group I+ (62) or Group I- (72) according to the presence or absence of centrilobular nodules, respectively. The sputum AFB examination, clinical and radiological findings were analyzed and compared between groups. Results : The number of patients who had at least one positive NTM culture was significantly higher in Group I+ compared with others (p<0.05); 24.2% in Group I+, 6.9% in Group I-, 9.9% in Group II, 6.0% in Group III and 4.1% in control. The number of patients who had true NTM infection defined by ATS guideline was higher in Group I+ (5, 8.1%) compared with others (p<0.05). In all groups, M. avium-intracellulare comlex was the most common isolates. Conclusion : Even though true NTM pulmonary disease was more prevalent in the patients with nodular BE, especially located in RML, left linguar, or both lower lobes, only a small population of the patients with nodular BE met the ATS diagnostic criteria for NTM pulmonary disease. The other patients in nodular BE group may have subclinical stage of NTM infection or completely different diseases from NTM infection. Long-term clinical studies are needed to clarify this issue.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.607-614
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• 2001

Background : Residual pleural thickening is frequently seen following treatment for tuberculous pleurisy, and pleural decortication is performed occasionally in patients with severe residual pleural thickening. However, predictive factors for the development of residual pleural thickening are uncertain at the initial diagnosis of the tuberculous pleurisy. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the associated factors for residual pleural thickening at initial diagnosis. Methods : We separated 63 patients diagnosed as tuberculous pleurisy into two groups; group 1 consisted of patients without residual pleural thickening and group 2 comprised patients with residual pleural thickening at the end of tuberculous pleurisy treatment. We analyzed the clinical characteristics, radiological findings, pleural biopsy and characteristics of pleural fluid between group 1 and group 2. Results : The study population and clinical symptoms of the two groups were not significantly different and the duration of symptoms before treatment and the peripheral WBC were similar between the two groups. The presence of pulmonary tuberculosis, pleural fluid loculation or the amount of pleural effusion sid not differ significantly between the two groups. The incidence of positive AFB staining(group 1 : 8%, group 2 : 38%) and granuloma(group 1 : 30%, group 2: 62%)on pleural biopsy specimens was significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1. Pleural fluid WBC and differential count, adenosine deaminase level, pH, protein level or glucose level did not differ between the two groups. However, group 2 had higher LDH levels ($1370{\pm}208mg/dL$) than group 1 ($860{\pm}71mg/dL$, p<0.05). Conclusion : In tuberculous pleurisy, patients with residual pleural thickening following treatment demonstrated a higher incidence of positive AFB staining and granuloma on the pleural biopsy specimens or higher LDH level in the pleural fluid than patients without residual pleural thickening From these results, we speculate that the amount of tuberculous bacilli and granuloma are probably correlated with residual pleural thickening in the tuberculous pleurisy.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in chemical, microbial and sensory characteristics, and antimutagenicity of buchu(leek, Allium odorum) kimchi during fermentation at 15$^{\circ}C$. Reducing sugar contents and pH of buchu kimchi were decreased during the fermentation. The reduction rate of reducing sugar of glutinous rice paste and shrimp added buvhu kimchi(GSBK) was faster than those of control buchu kimchi(CBK) and glutious rice paste added bucku kimchi(GBK). Acidity increased rapidly until 4 days,a nd optimum acidity (0.6%) of bucku kimchi was reached within 2 day. Also total bacterial and lactic acid bacterial counts greatly increased after 4 days of the fermentation. The numbers of lactic acid bacteria after 8 day- fermentation in CBK and GSBK, and 10 day-fermentation in GBK were the highest values, 4.5$\times${TEX}$10^{8}${/TEX} CFU/ml, 4.8$\times${TEX}$10^{8}${/TEX} CFU/ml and 6.1$\times${TEX}$10^{8}${/TEX} CFU/ml, respectively. In the sensory evaluation, appearance of sample was good at 0 day, taste from overall quality of buchu kimchi were asquired the highest values at 6th day. The methanol extracts from buchu kimchi(GBK) showed antimutagenicity against aflatoxin {TEX}$B_{1}${/TEX}({TEX}$AFB_{1}${/TEX})in Salmonella typhimurium TA100. The inhibition ration were 58~69% with treatment of the 5% methanol extracts, and when the adding concentration increased the effect increased.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.28 no.2 s.50
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• pp.487-496
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• 1995

This study was performed for the comparison of the therapeutic efficiency between 6-month (2HERZ/4HER) and 9-month (9HER) short-course chemotherapy under the programe conditions for pulmonary tuberculosis in terms of sputum AFB negative conversion rate, remedial interruption rate and cost effectiveness analysis. Two hundreds and ninty three patients treated with 9HER and 641 treated with 2HERZ/4HER had been discharged from 22 health centers in Seoul from May 1, 1993 to April 30, 1994. Seven hundreds and seventeen was subsequently analysed excluding 217 patients due to remedial interruption. The results : 1. Bacteriological negative conversion rate in 9HER regimen and 2HERZ/4HER regimen was 97.8% and 96.4% respectively(p>0.05). But the early treatment period, negative conversion rate in 2HERZ/4HER regimen was very higher than in 9HER regimen(p<0.01). 2. Remedial interruption rate for 9HER regimen and 2HERZ/4HER regimen was 34.1% and 13.6% respectively. The primary reason for the interruption was transfering to other clinics and this interruption was high within 3months. 3. Cost effectiveness for 2HERZ/4HER regimen was higher than 9HER regimen. The difference cost effectiveness ratio was 2.33 at the first sputum test and 1.69 at the last sputum test.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.96-104
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity, antimutagenic and anticancer effects and dyeing properties of the fermented indigo extract. The physiological effects of natural color extracts from colorant plants(gardenia, beet and indigo) were studied. The methanol extract of indigo showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of E. coli and Staph. aureus, and also showed a strong antimicrobial effect on Trich. mentagrophytes compared to others. The methanol extract of indigo showed antimutagenic activities against aflatoxin B1(AFB1) in the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA 100. The proliferation of Clone M-3 mouse melanoma cells and A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells was inhibited by the methanol extract of indigo. So we decided to use natural indigo for dyeing the fabrics because of those effects. Dried indigo leaves were fermented at variouss temperature and the fermented indigo was reduced by using alkaline(NaOH, Ca(OH)2) and glucose to dye the fabrics. The values of K/S fermented indigo showed the highest value when it was fermented at 3$0^{\circ}C$. The indigo fermented at 3$0^{\circ}C$ had the greatest number of total bacterial counts and we identified one of the main microorganisms as Aspergillus niger. This microorganism was responsible for the indigo fermentation and accelerated indigo fermentation. So it can be supposed to reduce the fermentation period of indigo by inoculating Aspergillus niger into the indigo leaves at 3$0^{\circ}C$.