• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.260-271
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• 1992

Fruits are generally subjected to mechanical forces during harvesting, handling, and transportation that may cause damage in the form of bruises, punctures, and cracks. In order to prevent damage, and insure better quality fruits for consumers, it is very essential to study physical properties of these materials. The studies were conducted to examine the effect of storage period, storage condition, and other factors, such as loading rate and initial strain, on the stress relaxation behavior of the fruit flesh, and develop nonlinear viscoelastic models to represent its stress relaxation behavior. The following results were obtained from the study : 1. Since the viscoelastic behavior of the fruits flesh was nonlinear, the behavior was satisfactorily modelled as follows ; $${\delta}({\varepsilon},\;t)={\varepsilon}^A[B\;{\exp}(-Ct)+D\;{\exp}(-Ft)+G(-Ht)]$$ But, for the every strain applied, the stress relaxation behavior of the fruit flesh, such as apple and pear, could be well described by the Generalized Maxwell model, respectively. 2. The effect of loading rate on the stress relaxation behavior was remarkable. The higher loading rate resulted in the higher initial stress, and the faster stress relaxation. 3. The higher initial strain resulted in the higher initial stress, and stress relaxed at the large initial strain was also much higher than at the small initial strain. 4. Stress relaxation rate and quantity stored in the fruits at the low temperature storage were much higher than those at the normal temperature storage in the same storage period. Also, in all fruits tested, the longer storage period was the more relaxation rate and quantity were shown. These trends in the normal temperature condition was the more significant than in the low temperature condition.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.777-784
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• 2013

This study compared the effects of diets consisting of experimental extruded pellets (EP), commercial soft extruded pellets (SEP), and raw-fish-based moist pellets (MP) on the growth, flesh quality, and histology of the Korean rockfish Sebastes schlegeli. Three replicated groups of 60 fish each (initial mean weight 152 g) were fed one of two experimental EPs (EP1 and EP2), two commercial SEPs (SEP1 and SEP2), or MP for 11 weeks. The survival, weight gain, and final mean weight of the fish did not differ significantly among the groups. The highest feed efficiency was in fish fed MP (P<0.05), and the protein efficiency ratio of fish fed MP was significantly higher than that of fish fed EP1, EP2, or SEP1, but not significantly different from that of fish fed EP2. The daily feed intake of the fish fed the EPs and SEPs was significantly higher than that of the fish fed MP (P<0.05). The condition factor, Hepatosomatic Index, and Viscerasomatic Index of the fish did not differ significantly among the groups. No notable differences in the textural properties of the dorsal muscle, plasma biochemical parameters, or histological features of the fish were observed in fish fed any diet. This suggests that extruded pellets can be used to feed growing Korean rockfish without compromising growth, flesh quality, or histopathological change in comparison to raw fish-based moist pellets.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.535-541
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• 2015

'Taichung No. 2' is a new Asian pear cultivar developed in Taiwan with low chilling requirement; however, is likely to develop internal browning disorder under low temperature storage conditions. We investigated the impact of storage time on flesh browning disorder in pears harvested from 22 orchards in 2010 and 2011, and analyzed the levels of nutrients in different fruit parts such as the peel, flesh, and core. Calcium and potassium contents were higher in the flesh and peel, respectively, of more severely browned fruits, whereas a lower magnesium content was recorded in the peel and core of these fruits. Nitrogen and potassium contents in the peel, and calcium content in the flesh were positively correlated with browning disorder severity. By contrast, the magnesium content in the core was negatively correlated with browning disorder severity. However, the nutrient contents in fruits varied between the two sampling years considered. Only the K/Mg ratio was an effective predictor of the browning disorder severity and showed a positive linear correlation in the two years. We recommend that the K/Mg ratio should be lower than 10 to avoid severe browning disorder in pears.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.341-354
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• 2002

Heavy metal concentration/distribution in sediments and bivalves from the tidal flats in Saemankeum coastal area, western Korea, were investigated, Among 6 sampling sites, S2, S5 and S6 showed the higher levels of Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu and Cd contamination and S1 did the higher level of Pb contamination than other sites, while S-4 showed the lowest levels of these metal contamination. Overally, the levels of Zn, Cu and Pb concentrations in Sinonovacula constricta were estimated to be relatively high. The shell lengths of the collected mussels were linearly related to their dry weights of the whole soft parts, but the mussels collected from S3 were in a poor nutrition, resulting in the distinctively high levels of metal concentrations in the body. It was shown that in S. constricta, Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn are distributed equally into the whole soft parts or a little more into the flesh, after absorption, while Fe, Cd, Pb and Mn are transferred more into the non-flesh parts than into the flesh parts. In S. constricta, the heavy metal concentrations in the flesh increase with those in the whole soft parts. The bioaccumulation factors(heavy metal concentration in S. constricta/heavy metal concentration in sediment) showed that, of the examined metals, Cd is the most cumulative in the body of S. constricta, followed by Zn and Cu, while Mn, Cr, Ni and Pb are not cumulative.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In this study, potential anti-inflammatory effect of enzymatic hydrolysates from Styela clava flesh tissue was assessed via nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccahride (LPS) induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and in vivo zebrafish model. MATERIALS/METHODS: We investigated the ability of enzymatic hydrolysates from Styela clava flesh tissue to inhibit LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 macrophages, and the molecular mechanism through which this inhibition occurred. In addition, we evaluated anti-inflammatory effect of enzymatic hydrolysates against a LPS-exposed in in vivo zebrafish model. RESULTS: Among the enzymatic hydrolysates, Protamex-proteolytic hydrolysate exhibited the highest NO inhibitory effect and was fractionated into three ranges of molecular weight by using ultrafiltration (UF) membranes (MWCO 5 kDa and 10 kDa). The above 10 kDa fraction down-regulated LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), thereby reducing production of NO and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The above 10 kDa fraction suppressed LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$. In addition, the above 10 kDa fraction inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38. Furthermore, NO production in live zebrafish induced by LPS was reduced by addition of the above 10 kDa fraction from S. clava enzymatic hydrolysate. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggested that hydrolysates derived from S. clava flesh tissue would be new anti-inflammation materials in functional resources.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.277-281
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• 2006

Fourier transform - infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) provides biochemical profiles containing overlapping signals from a majority of the compounds that are present when whole cell extracts are analyzed. We attempted to determine the ripeness of strawberry fruit flesh by FT-IR. Fruit ripeness was divided into four developmental stages based on fruit skin color: 'yellow-green', 'pink-green', 'pink', and 'red' stages. Principal component analysis of FT-IR data of inside fruit flesh extracts clustered samples of four different developmental stages into three discrete groups: (1) 'yellow-green' group, (2) 'pink-green' group, and (3) 'pink' and 'red' group. The most remarkable difference between four different developmental stages was found in the carbohydrate fingerprint region $(1,000-1,100cm^{-1})$ of the FT-IR spectrum, indicating that differences in carbohydrate compounds represented the ripeness of strawberry fruit. Overall results indicate that FT-IR in combination with PCA enables discrimination of the ripeness of strawberry fruit flesh.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.283-292
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• 2017

Purpose: Japanese Apricot, a type of plum, has various medicinal and economical applications. Plums are quite popular worldwide, but their deseeding remains a serious impediment to their processing. Therefore, a plum (Japanese Apricot) seed remover (PSR) was developed that can use various types of cutters according to the purpose of the plum processing, and its performance was evaluated. Methods: The proposed PSR, which allows multipurpose cutters, namely, zero-, two-, and four-blade cutters, to be installed, was first designed and manufactured. To identify appropriate parameters related to the cutting pressure, plums were harvested from three regions during three harvesting periods, and their geometrical and mechanical properties were measured. After application of the parameters related to the cutting pressure, a performance test was carried out on both fresh and frozen plums by identifying the ratios of the flesh recovery, seed recovery, seed breakage, deseeding efficiency, and machine efficiency. Results: The results show that, using the proper calculation of the processing parameters, 100% deseeding efficiency was facilitated regardless of the type of cutter used. However, in the case of a four-blade cutter, there are significant differences in the flesh recovery ratio according to the plum setting angle. Between the fresh and frozen plums, all cutters showed a significantly better flesh recovery ratio for the case of fresh plums. Conclusions: This machine will advance the plum processing technology, and eventually help the plum industry flourish.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.171-178
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• 2007

Diffusion and accumulation of ethoprophos in fruit such as apple and two types of pears were examined by dipping them into the solution of ethoprophos. The effective diffusivities of ethoprophos at the skin and flesh of apple and pear were determined by simulation their experimental accumulation curves with calculated ones from the model assuming consecutive diffusion of ethoprophos from skin to flesh. Its effective diffusivity at the flesh with higher content of water were higher, $\sim10^{-10}\;m^2/s$, regardless of the types of fruits, while that at the skin was small, $\sim10^{-12}\;m^2/s$ and increased with the order of 'Niitaka' pear < 'Whangkeumbae' pear < 'Fuji' apple. The variation in the concentration of ethoprophos in its solution did not induce any change in affecting its effective diffusivity at the flesh of 'Whangkeumbae' pear, but the increase in the concentration caused the increase in its effective diffusivity at the skin. The penetration rate of ethoprophos at the skin was an important factor in determining its accumulation rate in fruit.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.51 no.8
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• pp.2042-2049
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• 2019

Ten gizzard and three flesh samples of the broiler were collected from different locations in Tehsil Gujar Khan District Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The samples were dried, crushed and ground. Pellets were prepared by pressing the powder of the samples and that of the Bovine liver 1577c reference material obtained from NIST, USA. Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) installed at National Center for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan has been used as a reliable and improved technique to determine concentration of various major/trace and toxic elements e.g. S, Cl, K, Ca, Cl, Fe, Cu, Mn, Co, Zn, Ti, Cd, Ga, Cr, V and Ni, in the Gizzard and Flesh samples of the broiler. The concentrations of all the detected elements in the samples are statistically significant. The certified and measured values of the elements in the reference material were in agreement with each other within a deviation of 7%. S, Cl, K and Ca are within tolerable limits and are good for human consumption. Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn were more than the acceptable limits of World Health Organization, WHO whereas Ga, As, Sn, Sb and Pb are not detected in most of the samples.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2016

In order to develop a sprayable ethylene antagonist, unlike 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP), we synthesized 2-decylcyclopropene-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (DCPE) as a derivative of cyclopropene and tested its effect on the flesh softening of 'Fuyu' persimmon fruits. The fruits on trees were sprayed with $4{\cdot}10^{-4}$ M DCPE solution before harvest. After harvest, the persimmon fruits were stored at a low temperature for 1.5 months. The ripening progress of the fruits was then evaluated during storage at ambient temperature ($20^{\circ}C$). Flesh softening, a measure of ethylene response, was considerably delayed up to 7 days after DCPE treatment. However control fruits was rapidly softened after 3-day storage. The treatment effect of DCPE at $4{\cdot}10^{-4}$ M was also compared to that of 1-MCP at 1 ppm. DCPE was storable at refrigerated conditions for at least one month without any loss. The results show that DCPE could be a potential sprayable agent for the prevention of flesh softening of persimmon fruit.