• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.772-782
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• 2013

A study is undertaken to examine the effects of the additional frozen blueberry powder and anthocyanin powder extracted from black beans to quality attributes of pound cakes. Frozen blueberry powder and anthocyanin powder extracted from black beans are being added to the flour at a ratio of 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5% respectively. The antioxidant activity is highly correlated with the total phenolic and total flavonoids contents of frozen blueberry powder and anthocyanin powder extracted from black beans of pound cakes, respectively (r=0.8423, p<0.001 r=0.9449, p<0.001). The quality characteristics of the specific volumes decreased significantly with increasing substitution levels of frozen blueberry powder and anthocyanin powder extracted from black beans (p<0.01). The lightness significantly decreased with increasing frozen blueberry powder and anthocyanin powder extracted from black beans of pound cakes' crusts and crumbs (p<0.01). The hardness, chewiness and gumminess tend to reduce, while the cohesiveness increase in both powders. The consumer acceptability score for 0.5~3.5% of frozen blueberry powder and anthocyanin powder extracted from black beans pound cakes ranked significantly (p<0.01) higher than those of the other groups according to taste, flavor and overall preferences. These results show that frozen blueberry powder and anthocyanin powder extracted from the black beans are a good ingredient for increasing consumer acceptability and overall healthy.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.42-49
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• 2008

Recently many countries have become interested in the development of cold or arctic regions. The construction of engineered structures in those regions demands an understanding of the deformation characteristics of frozen soil. However, an understanding of frozen soil behavior poses difficult problems owing to the complex interaction between the soil particles and the ice matrix. In this research, a series of laboratory tests was performed to investigate the variations in the unconfined compression strength and split tensile strength of weathered granite soil and mixed soil (standard sand and kaolinite) in 15 degrees below zero environments. In the frozen soil tests, specimens were prepared with various water and clay contents, and then the interrelationships between four factors (water content, clay content, unconfined compression strength, split tensile strength) were analyzed. The test results were summarized as follows; as the water content was increased, the unconfined compressive and split tensile strengths also increased in frozen soil. However as the clay content was increased, the unconfined compressive and split tensile strengths were lowered. In the case of frozen soil that contained little clay content, the strength decreased rapidly in mixed soil (standard sand and kaolinite) when the frozen specimen was broken. On the other hand, in the cases of mixed soil that contained a high clay content and weathered granite soil, the strength decreased relatively slowly.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.329-334
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• 2011

This study was conducted to establish a freezing method of miniature pig spermatozoa. The semen 더aculated from PWG M-type miniature pig was collected by gloved-hand method. The semen was diluted with same volume extender (m-Modena B). The frozen solution used frozen solution of four different (LEY, TCG, BF-5 and m-Modena+egg yolk) for find optimal frozen solution in miniature pig sperm. The diluted semen for frozen rate assay was added to LEY solution (solution I: 11% lactose+egg yolk; solution II: solution I+glycerol+OEP), and frozen depending on freezing rate by the three different freezing methods (A: until $5^{\circ}C$ for 1 hrs, holding at $-102^{\circ}C$ for 10 min; B: until $5^{\circ}C$ for 2 hrs, holding at $-102^{\circ}C$ for 10 min; C: until $5^{\circ}C$ for 3 hrs, holding at -80 and $-102^{\circ}C$ for 10 min). Semen cooled until $5^{\circ}C$ was added with glycerol 1, 3 and 5%, and take a equilibrium time for 0, 10 and 30min. Frozen-thawed sperm were evaluated for viability, acrosomal status and morphological abnormality. The results of frozen-thawed sperm ability by frozen solution, viability was higher in LEY solution compared to other three different frozen solution. AR pattern of LEY solution were lower than other three different frozen solution. The results of freezing rate, viability was higher in B method compared to other methods (p<0.05). Acrosomal statute was intacted in A and B methods than C method. The experiment for glycerol condition was showed that sperm viability was higher in extender with 1% and 3% glycerol and equilibrium time of 0 min. The acrosome damage was lower in extender with 1% glycerol and equilibrium time of 10 min than other conditions. In conclusion, the optimal conditions for cryopreservation of miniature pig spermatozoa obtained in LEY frozen solution, cooling rate of 1~2 hrs, 1~3% glycerol concentrations and glycerol equilibrium time of 0~10 min.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.322-327
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• 2004

단백질 함량이 다른 밀가루로 데니쉬 페이스트리를 직날법으로 제조 후 급속 냉동시켜 냉동고에 12주간 저장하면서 4주 간격으로 해동ㆍ발효ㆍ굽기 한 제품의 부피, 수분함량, 조직감 및 품질평가의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 단백질 함량이 높은 밀가루로 만든 냉동 생지 제품의 부피가 가장 컸다. 2. 단백질 함량이 높은 밀가루로 만든 냉동 생지 제품의 수분함량이 높게 나타났으나 그 차이는 크지 않았다. 3. 단백질 함량이 높은 밀가루로 만든 냉동 생지 제품의 경도가 높게 나타났다. 4. 종합적인 품질평가는 단백질 함량이 높은 밀가루로 만든 냉동 생지 제품에서 높은 점수를 얻었다. 이상의 결과로 데니쉬 페이스트리 냉동 생지 제조시 단백질 함량이 높은 밀가루를 사용할 때 제품의 부피, 수분 함량, 품질 평가 등에서 우수한 효과를 나타냈으나 경도에는 그렇지 않았다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.44-47
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• 2001

Semen were collected from 9 male dogs and frozen by liquid nitrogengas. Frozen semen were thawed at 7$0^{\circ}C$ for 8 seconds. About $2{\timss}10^8$ sperm per insemination were inseminated to 10 bitches (3 Retrievers, 4 Chihuahuas, 1 Yorkshire Terriers, 1 Maltese, and 1 Poodle) at three and six days after the estimated peak of luteinizing hormone. For small breed dogs, uretero-renoscope (Kahl Storz, Germany, 12.5 Fr) was used for trans-cervical insemination, whereas cystoscope(Kahl Storz, Germany, 22Fr) was used for large breeds (Retrievers). Pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasonography at 30 days after insemination. All of 3 Retrievers (100.0%) and 3 bitches of 7 small breed dogs (42.9%) were conceived (60.0% in total). This result indicated that trans-cervical insemination using endoscope is an effective method for AI with frozen semen not only for large breed dogs such as Retriever but also for small breeds.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.555-565
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• 2018

최근 임시 지보, 보강 및 지하수 차수와 같은 다양한 지질공학분야에서 차수 및 지반보강 공법으로 인공동결공법(artificial ground freezing method)이 적용되고 있다. 인공동결공법은 지중에 매설된 동결관 내로 냉매를 순환시켜 대상 지반에 차수벽 및 지지체의 역할을 할 수 있는 동결벽체(frozen wall)를 형성한다. 본 연구에서는 해성 점토지반(marine clay)에 대한 인공동결공법 현장실증시험을 수행함으로서 인공동결공법에 따른 해성 점토지반에서의 동결속도(freezing rate)를 평가하였다. 현장실증시험은 지중에 3.2m 깊이로 매설된 동결관 내로 초저온 냉매인 액화질소를 순환시키는 방법으로 단일공 시험과 동결벽체 형성 시험을 수행하였다. 자동밸브를 통해 유출되는 액화질소의 온도를 일정하게 유지시켰으며, 동결과정에서 동결관 외벽 및 지중의 온도변화를 측정하였다. 시험결과, 단일공 시험은 부피가 약 $2.12m^3$인 원기둥 모양의 동결체를 형성하는데 총 3.5일 동안 약 11.9ton의 액화질소가 소요되었고, 동결벽체 형성 시험은 부피 약 $7.04m^3$의 동결벽체를 형성하는데 총 4.1일 동안 약 18ton의 액화질소가 소요된 것으로 산정되었다. 임의의 깊이에서 동결면적이 동결반경의 제곱에 비례하기 때문에 동결반경이 증가할수록 방사방향 1차원 동결속도가 감소하였고, 이를 바탕으로 방사방향 1차원 동결속도 예측식을 제시하였다.

• 산업식품공학
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.14-20
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 냉동요구르트 제조 시 trehalose와 sorbitol 첨가가 유산균의 동결변성방지 및 향기성분의 변화에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 실시하였다. 요구르트를 L. bulgaricus와 S. thermophilus 단독균주 및 혼합균주로 발효시켰을 때 처리구 모두 trehalose와 sorbitol 첨가에 의한 발효과정 중 유산균의 증식효과는 나타나지 않았다. 요구르트를 6주간 냉동저장하는 동안 trehalose와 sorbitol 첨가에 의한 모든 처리구에서 유산균수의 차이가 없었으며, MRS 액상배지에 trehalose와 sorbitol 을 각각 2%, 5% 첨가하여 6주간 냉동저장하였을 때는 5% trehalose 처리구의 동결변성방지 효과가 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 냉동저장 기간 동안 고형분 함량이 12%인 처리구와 20%인 처리구의 생균수는 큰 차이가 나타나지 않아 고형분 함량 차이에 의한 trehalose와 sorbitol 효과에는 차이가 없는 결과를 나타내었다. 요구르트의 동결과 해동을 반복하였을 경우 trehalose와 sorbitol 모두 2% 첨가구보다 5% 첨가구가 우수한 동결변성방지 효과를 나타내었다. 전반적으로 Trehalose 첨가구가 sorbitol 첨가구보다 2%, 5% 모두 동결변성방지 효과가 좋은 결과를 나타내었다. Trehalose와 sorbitol을 첨가하여 요구르트를 제조하였을때 향미성분의 함량은 대조구와 유사하였으며 일반적인 요구르트의 향미를 나타내었다. 냉동저장 중 요구르트 향미성분은 손실되거나, 함량비율의 변화가 발생하지 않았다. 이상의 결과로부터 요구르트의 풍미에는 영향을 미치지 않으면서 냉동저장에 의한 유산균의 동결변성방지제로서의 trehalose첨가가 냉동요구르트의 유산균 안정화에 효과가 있다고 하겠다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.253-258
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• 2012

This study was carried out to effects of ethylene glycol concentration, sucrose and culture day of in vitro production embryo on slow-down freezing in Hanwoo. 6, 7, 8 and 9 day embryos produced in vitro were frozen using 1.8M EG+0.1M sucrose, 1.8M EG+0.5% BSA and 1.5M EG+0.1M sucrose media. Survivability was confirmed after frozen-thawed 24 and 48h and ICM, TE cell number were counted by Hoechst 33342 and PI staining after frozen-thawed 24h. As a result, 1.8M EG+0.1M sucrose group was most significantly (p<0.05) higher compared with the other treatment groups on survivability, TE and total cell number after frozen-thawed 24h ($94.2{\pm}2.6%$, $94.67{\pm}3.4$ and $129.67{\pm}5.5$). ICM number did not found significant (p<0.05) differences between the three treatment groups. in 6, 7, 8 and 9 day of embryos using three types of freezing media, frozen-thawed, 1.8M EG+0.1M sucrose groups with embryos cultured 8 day was significantly (p<0.05) highest survivability to $98.3{\pm}1.7%$ after frozen-thawed 24h. 1.5M EG+0.1 sucrose group with embryos cultured 9 day was significantly higher survivability than group of embryos cultured 8 day after frozen-thawed 24 and 48h. In conclusion, 1.8M EG+0.1M sucrose media is considered to be effective to cryopreservation of embryos cultured 8 and 9 day.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.271-274
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the survival rate of frozen-thawed spermatozoa in equine by glycerol concentration and freezing speed Two stallions (1 Thoroughbred-13 year old and 1 Arab-7 year old) bred in Korea Racing authority was examined for 1 times in a couple of weeks. Semen was collected by condom method standing heated mare and were centrifuged 650 g for 15 min. and isolated the seminal plasma. Thick fraction of semen was diluted EDTA-Lactose-egg yolk diluents to 1:1 and contained in 0.5 ml straw as $6{\sim}14{\times}10^7\;cells/ml$. Final concentrations of glycerol were 3, 5 and 7% in cryopreseved diluents and added 4 times for 2 hours equilibration. For the freezing, equilibrated straws were located 3 or 5 em above $LN_2$ gas for 5 or 10 min. Survival rates of pre-frozen sperm were $65.0{\pm}13.2%$, $68.3{\pm}10.4%$, $66.7{\pm}11.5%$ and post-frozen were $53.3{\pm}23.1%$, $45.0{\pm}15.0%$, $50.0{\pm}18.0%$ in 3, 5, 7% glycerol concentration, respectively. There was no difference between glycerol concentrations. Survival rates of frozen-thawed sperm on freezing speed were $36.7{\pm}10.4%$, $40.0{\pm}7.1%$, $30.0{\pm}13.2%$ at 3 cm-5 min and $33.3{\pm}11.5%$, $31.7{\pm}2.9%$, $21.7{\pm}10.4%$ at 3 cm-10 min in 3, 5, 7% glycerol concentration, respectively. Survival rates of frozen-thawed sperm on freezing speed were $43.3{\pm}15.3%$, $32.0{\pm}17.9%$, $22.3{\pm}15.7%$ at 5cm-5 min and were $47.5{\pm}15.0%$, $43.3{\pm}12.6%$, $48.3{\pm}15.3%$ at 5cm-10 min in 3, 5, 7% glycerol concentration, respectively. There were significantly different between groups (p<0.05). These results suggest that glycerol concentration did not affect cryopreservation of stallion semen within 3~7% but freezing speed affects. In our experiment, the best cryopreservation condition was at 5 cm above $LN_2$ gas for 10 min for pre-freezing and 7% of glycerol concentration. These results lead to commercial AI with frozen-thawed stallion semen.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.58-63
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• 1993

고등어버어거를 보다 효율적으로 이용하기 위하여 동결저장중 품질안정성에 대하여 검토하였다. 제조직후 고등어버어거의 수분함량 및 조지방함량은 각각 $60.2{\sim}61.5%,\;14.7{\sim}14.9%$ 범위이었다. 저장중 세 제품 모두 pH는 다소 감소하였고, 휘발성염기질소함량은 약간 증가하였다. 고등어버어거의 제조직후 histamine함량은 $2.60{\sim}2.81\;mg/100g$ 범위이었고, 저장중 약간씩 증가하여 저장 60일에는 $5.24{\sim}9.28\;mg/100g$이었으나 세 제품 모두가 식중독 한계값과는 상당히 차이가 있었다. 동결저장중 고등어버어거의 과산화물값, 카르보닐값, TBA값, 지방산조성 및 색조는 항산화제인 sodium erythorbate를 첨가하여 제조한 제품과 진공포장한 제품이 함기포장한 대조제품보다 변화폭이 적었다. 텍스튜어는 저장중 경도와 질김성은 증가하였고, 탄성과 응집력은 큰 변화가 없었으며, 관능검사의 결과 저장중 색조, 냄새, 조직감 및 맛은 저하하였고 그 저하폭은 항산화제 첨가제품이 가장 적었고, 다음으로 진공포장한 제품의 순이었으며, 두 제품간에는 큰 차이가 없었으나 함기포장한 대조제품과는 다소 차이가 있었다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 볼 때 고등어버어거 제조시 항산화제인 sodium erythorbate를 첨가하여 제조하거나 진공포장함으로써 가공 및 저장중 지질산패 및 산화변색과 같은 저장중 품질변화를 억제시킬 수 있으리라 판단된다.