• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.211-215
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• 2001

The packaging effect on physicochemical changes in irradiated sausage stored at -2$0^{\circ}C$ was studied. Emulsion-type cooked pork sausage was made with (156 ppm) or without NaNO$_2$ (0 ppm), and packaged in three different conditions such as aerobic, vacuum and $CO_2$ (100%). The samples irradiated at 0, 5 and 10 kGy absorbed dose, and the total number of microorganisms, lipid oxidation, color and texture were analyzed during frozen storage at-2$0^{\circ}C$. Irradiation of the sausage at 10 kGy completely controlled microbial growth during storage. An NaNO$_2$ addition to the sausage significantly reduced lipid oxidation, and the TBARS value of the sausage with aerobic packaging was higher than that with the vacuum and $CO_2$ packaging. The NaNO$_2$ addition increased Hunter color a-value dramatically, but no packaging effect was found (p > 0.05). Irradiation influenced shear values resulting in lower shear values in 10 kGy-irradiated sausages with aerobic packaging, and $CO_2$ packaged sausage showed comparatively lower shear value than other packaging methods. From the results, vacuum or $CO_2$ (100%) packaging were better than aerobic packaging for frozen stored pork sausage, especially far microbial quality and lipid oxidation.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.529-537
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• 1985

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of the partial freezing as a means of keeping freshness of mullet (Mugil cephlus). Living samples were killed and stored by icing, partial freezing at $-3^{\circ}C$ and freezing at $-30^{\circ}C$, respectively, Changes in the freshness of the mullet muscle and the phys cal properties of its meat paste product were examined during storage. The results obtained are summarized as follows: The period that k value reached to $20\%$ during storage was the longest in the frozen storage, followed by the partial frozen storage and the ice storage, which was 4 days in the mullet muscle stored by partial freezing. In the case of VBN content, it was below 20 mg/100g in the mullet muscle stored by icing and partial freezing. The oxidation of lipids in the mullet muscle was greater in the ice storage than in the partial frozen storage. The myofibrillar protein of the mullet muscle was appeared to decrease during storage, which the decreasing ratios during storage for 9 days were below $3\%$ in the frozen storage, $17\%$ in the ice storage and $10\%$ in the partial frozen storage. While, the alkali-soluble protein showed to increase and in non-protein nitrgenous compounds, sarcoplasmic protein and stroma was not a great change during storage. The decrease of gel strength, folding strength and texture of meat paste products prepared under different storage conditions was the greatest in the ice storage, the next in the partial frozen storage and such changes in the frozen storage were not so much. In gel strength of the product prepared with sample fishes stored for 10 days, the gel strength in the ice storage, partial frozen storage and frozen storage was about $30\%,\;60\%\;and\;97\%$ of the control. respectively. The expressible drip of the products increased with storage time of raw fishes, which that of the products prepared with sample fishes stored for 15 days was about 2.1 times in the ics storage, about 1.5 times in the partial frozen storage and about 1.1 times in frozen storage as much as that of the control, respectively.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2001.03a
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• pp.6-6
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• 2001

Oocyte freezing has become a prevalent source for related reproductive technologies. This study was carried out to evaluate viability of post-thawed bovine oocyte injected DTT-treated sperm following by two different activation stimuli (Group 1, 5 M ionomycin, 5 min ＋ CR1aa, 3 h . 1.9 mM dimetylaminopurine (DMP), 3 h; group 2, ionomycin ＋ 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ cycloheximide(CHX), 5h). The techniques of ultra-rapid freezing used in this study were essentially similar to those of described by Vajta et al (Theriogenology 1999; 52:939-948), Denuded oocytes at 22 h of culture were exposed to cryoprotectant (3.2 M Ethylene glycol, 2.36 M DMSO, 0.6 M sucrose), and followed by freezing in electron microscopic grid. After thawing the oocytes were transferred back into the drop of maturation medium and cultured for additional 2 h before being subjected to ICSI. All eggs were then cultured in CRlaa medium, and transferred into M199+10% FCS on day 4. The culture was maintained until day 9. In Experiment 1, frozen-ICSI eggs were compared on development into blastocyst to those of unfrozen and IVF control. Those eggs were activated with the method of group 2. A higher proportion of unfrozen-ICSI and IVF eggs developed into cleavage and blastocysts than of frozen-ICSI eggs (65% and 13%; 71% and 23% vs. 39% and 8%; P<0.05). In Experiment 2, development and ploidy of embryos made from group 1 were compared to those from group 2. Between groups there did not differ on the rates of development, however, chromosomal abnormality in group 1 was significantly higher than in group 2 (49% vs. 30%; P<0.05). The present result suggests that frozen bovine oocytes can be used for ICSI.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.168-173
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• 2004

The ability of frozen-thawed fetal skin was examined to generate viable cell lines for nuclear transfer. Fetal skin frozen at -20$-20^{\circ}C$, $-30^{\circ}C$ or $-80^{\circ}C$ in the presence of 5% DMSO used as tissue explants to generate somatic cells. The resultant confluent cells were then used as donors for nuclear transfer (NT). Of the bovine NT embryos reconstracted from the somatic cells, 62.3%, 76.6% to 65% showed cleavage 70.5%, 81.9% to 78.5% reached the stage of morula formation and 39.7%, 43.2% or 47.6% reached the blastocyst stage. There was no significant difference in development when the NT embryos were compared with those reconstracted from fresh somatic cell derieved skin tissues (72%, 75.3%, and 45.2%, for cleavage, and development to morula and blastocyst stage, respectively). NT embryos were then placed in a portable $CO_2$ incubator and carried to China from Japan by air. After reaching to farm, two NT embryos were transferred to each of 5 recipients. We obtained 2 NT calves which birth weights is 30kg and 36kg female, and gestation periods is 281 and 284 days, respectively. There were no observation any abnormality from those calves. The results indicated that cell lines derieved from bovine fetal skin cryopreserved by a simple method could be used as donors in nuclear transfer using the portable $CO_2$ incubator.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.211-216
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• 2021

Purpose: The main purpose of this meta-analysis was to identify the degree of effect size and variables for the impact of manual physical therapy on the improvement in the range of motion of frozen shoulder patients. Methods: This study collected 8 studies published between 1st January 2010 and 31st December 2020. The analysis of the results verified 49 effect size data and the random effect model was chosen. Results: First, the full case showed the largest mean effect size of 2.485 (p<0.001). Second, the size of the effect based on manual therapy and modality therapy showed an effect size of 4.178 (p<0.001). Third, the outcome group included 6 variables. The external rotation (2.818) variable group showed the largest mean effect size, followed by internal rotation (2.748), flexion (2.643), abduction (2.356), and adduction (2.356). Six outcomes were significant and the mean effect sizes of all the varied groups were above large size. The number of participants showed a 20 or less effect size of 2.478 (p>0.737). The number of intervention periods showed 4 weeks 20 or more effect size of 2.782 (p>0.294). Finally, the 'Trim and Fill' result confirmed that the calibration effect size was 1.471 (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study verified that manual physical therapy had a substantial effect on the improvement of the range of motion of patients with frozen shoulders and that the effects were dependent on the methods of outcomes.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.168-172
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• 2002

Objectives: This study was done to determine the diagnostic efficacy of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNA), frozen section biopsy (FSx) and ultrasonography in a palpable thyroid mass. Materials and Methods: During the period from July 1999 to March 2002, the medical records of 98 patients who underwent a thyroidectomy for thyroid mass, at the Department of Surgery, Chonbuk National University Hospital, were reviewed retrospectively. Ninety eight cases were classified according to whether the FNA cytological diagnosis inadequate, benign, suspicious, or malignant and the FSx diagnosis benign or malignant and the ultrasonographic examination was benign, suspicious, or malignant. The diagnostic correlations of ultrasonography, FNA cytology, frozen section, and both FNA cytology and frozen section with definite histologic diagnosis were evaluated. Results: According to the FNA cytological interpretation, 76 cases were diagnosed as benign, 6 cases suspicious, 13 cases malignant, and 3 cases inadequate. The sensitivity and specificity for FNA were 86.3% and 95.9% and for FSx 95.5% and 100% respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of FNA and FSx were 93.5% and 98.9% respectively. Based on a definite histologic diagnosis, the ultrasonographic examination had a sensitivity and a specificity of 77.2% and 78.9%. Conclusion: The results confirm that FNA cytology is a reliable and useful tool in the initial evaluation of a palpable thyroid mass compared to the ultrasonographic examination. Intraoperative FSx is a valuable diagnostic procedure to confirm the cytological diagnosis with undetermined or unsatisfactory cytological diagnosis.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.83-86
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• 2012

Background: The research examined the effect of a scapular stabilizing exercise on shoulder pain, active range of motion (AROM) and changes in the position of the shoulder blade of patients with frozen shoulder. Methods: General physical therapy and a scapular stabilizing exercise were applied to a 53-year-old female patient with frozen shoulder three times a week for four weeks. Before and after the therapy, measurements were made on the visual analog scale (VAS) and of the AROM, and a lateral scapular slide test was conducted. Results: Following the therapy, VAS fell from 7 to 3. Before therapy, flexion, abduction, internal rotation, and external rotation recorded $133^{\circ}$, $102^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, and $53^{\circ}$ respectively; after the therapy they increased to $150^{\circ}$, $123^{\circ}$, $55^{\circ}$, and $65^{\circ}$ respectively. The lateral scapular slide test showed sliding distances before therapy of 8.5cm at $0^{\circ}$, 9.2cm at $45^{\circ}$, and 11.3cm at $90^{\circ}$; after therapy, the distances decreased to 6.8 cm at $0^{\circ}$, 8.2 cm at $45^{\circ}$, and 9cm at $90^{\circ}$. Conclusion: The scapular stabilizing exercise was effective in alleviating shoulder pain, increasing AROM, and reducing changes in the position of the shoulder blade of frozen shoulder patients.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.69-78
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of Extracorporea Shock - Wave Therapy (ESWT) on the pain and improvement of shoulder joint function which is one of the available medical treatment in patients with frozen shoulder. Object and Methods: 26 patients with frozen shoulder, with 26 patients assigned to two groups; a control treatment group (n=12) and a ESWT application group (n=14). In the ESWT application group, the patients received general physical therapy, and then they received ESWT. In the control treatment group, the patients received only general physical therapy. These medical treatments was conducted total 6 time for 3 weeks. To investigate the effectiveness of the treatment after the each group's treatment. Pain was measured by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) which is divided into 10 ranks and shoulder joint function was measured by CSA(Constant Shoulder Assessment scale). Results: 1. There was a statistical significance of measured by shoulder pain degree in both group but, the result of a ESWT application group shows more significance than that of a control treatment group. 2. There was a statistical significance of measured by CSA in both group but, the result of a ESWT application group shows more significance than that of a control treatment group. Conclusion: We think that treatment with General physical therapy and ESWT together for the patients with frozen shoulder is more effective and more safe method to shoulder joint function improvement and decrease of pain.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2005

Frozen dough made by sponge and dough method using sweet dough formula was quickly frozen at $-40^{\circ}C$ and stored for 8 weeks at $-20^{\circ}C$. Effects of vital wheat gluten on number of yeast cells, bread volume, specific loaf volume, hardness, and sensory properties of bread were investigated. Dough added with 4% vital wheat gluten showed higher yeast cell survival rate during freeze storage and larger specific loaf volume than other doughs. Hardness value increased with increasing amount of vital wheat gluten added, whereas, in frozen dough stored more than 4 weeks, dough added with 2% vital wheat gluten showed lower hardness value than others. Bread made with 4% vital wheat gluten showed highest sensory score.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.881-889
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• 1998

For the application of the commercially modified starch in frozen and retort foods, apparent viscosity and water loss were measured at each stages of heating, sterilization and freezing-thawing stages. Apparent viscosity showed the exponential increase with concentration and the slopes of apparent viscosity against concentration in the Firm-Tex(hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate), Hi-Flo(acetylated distarch adipate) and Colflo 67(acetylated distarch adipate) from waxy maize starch were higher than those of Amyloacetate M20(starch acetate) and X-amylo 250(distarch phosphare) from potato starch. In the presence of 1 or 2% NaCl, X-amylo 250 among modified starches showed the increase in water loss and the decrease in apparent viscosity, whereas Colflo 67, Hi-Flo and Firm-Tex were little affected by NaCl. In the presence of 1 or 2% sucrose, water loss and apparent viscosity of the modified starches were not affected. In the range of pH 4~8, water loss and apparent viscosity of the modified starches had no change but the differences were detected to some extent between each of heating, sterilization and freezing-thawing stages. In the apparent viscosity and water loss of the modified starches after 3 week storage from heating and sterilization, Hi-Flo, Amyloacetate M20 and X-amylo 250 were not changed at the storage period, and the overall acceptability of retort food containing the modified starches such as Firm-Tex and Amyloacetate M20 were favored more than others. In the apparent viscosity and water loss of the modified starches which have been frozen and thawed three times repeatedly, Colflo 67, Hi-Flo and Firm-Tex were not changed in freezingthawing, and the overall acceptability of frozen food containing Firm-Tex was most favored.