• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 2015

This study was conduct to investigate the effect of intermediate culture types on the growth and survival rate of the juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus hannai fed seaweed and artificial diet. Intermediate cultures were to determine there that was to fed seaweed (SW) of artificial diet (A) of floor culture (FC), net floor culture (NFC), double shelter culture (DSC) and indoor net cage culture (INCC) in land-based tank, in two replicate. In the growth performance of juvenile abalone reared through intermediate culture to fed SW of A, that the absolute growth rate ($AGR_{SL}$, $AGR_{SB}$), daily growth rate ($DGR_{SL}$, $DGR_{SB}$), and specific growth rate ($SGR_{SL}$, $SGR_{SB}$) to the shell length (SL) and shell breadth (SB) of experimental groups were not significant. As weight gain (WG), daily weight gain (DWG) and specific weight gain (SWG) to body weight through intermediate culture types in land-based tank was not significant. However, as to survival rate to experimental groups, A-FC was higher than those of different groups (P < 0.05). Therefore, these results is showed that was not difference to growth of juvenile abalone over 2 cm fed seaweed diet and artificial diet according to intermediate culture types. But floor culture with artificial diet indicate that was highest to survival rate, therefore, it is beneficial for higher productivity in floor culture with artificial diet among intermediate culture types.

• 모자간호학회지
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 1994

The purposes of this study were to identify responses of nursing students following clinical maternity nursing practice, to develop data of further effective clinical maternity nursing practice, to understand nursing students perceive the natural maturation process toward pregnancy delivery and puerperal process, to help the nursing students achieve personality growth and development through clinical maternity nursing practice. The subjects were 35 senior nursing students from the Department of Nursing Science of Chung-Ang University. The data were collected from the 1st semester (Feb.22$\sim$June 9) to the 2nd semester(Aug.23$\sim$Nov.10), 1993 through self-reporting using an open ended questionnaire about perception and feelings regarding the normal delivery process. The data analysis used descriptive method. Results of the study were as follows : 1. Following clinical practice in maternity nursing, the responses of the nursing students were collected included both positive and negative aspects. The positive responses were classified in to four categories and each category included subgroups. One group, labelled as $\ulcorner$The birth of noble life$\lrcorner$ had a subgroup, (I felt the mystery and wonder of life), another group, $\ulcorner$After delivery, comfort and satisfaction$\lrcorner$ with the subgroup (I can bear to see the comfort and relief beyond pain) (C/S is better than vaginal delivery) (Very easy), the 3rd group, $\ulcorner$ I realized family friendship and support$\lrcorner$ with subgroup (Honorable, Magnificient) (I thank my parents ) (It's good to looking at my husband's support), and the 4th group, $\ulcorner$The birth of a healthy baby$\lrcorner$, with its subgroup, (baby looks pretty and healthy). 2. The negative responses were classified in eight categories and each category included subgroups. One group labelled as $\ulcorner$Fear$\lrcorner$, had subgroups of (Terrible, Horrible) (Shock) (Dread), another group, $\ulcorner$Tension$\lrcorner$, and its subgroup, (I became tense about stories heard before clinical practice), the 3rd group, $\ulcorner$surprise$\lrcorner$ and its subgroup (I was surprised at the delivery process), the 4th group, $\ulcorner$Power lessness$\lrcorner$ and its subgroup, (I watched the labor pain impatiently), the 5th group $\ulcorner$Apathy$\lrcorner$ ; and its subgroup, (I didn't feel the empathy for the labor pain of the pregnant women), the 6th group, $\ulcorner$Disgust$\lrcorner$ and its subgroup, (Disgust, Embarrassed), the 7th group, $\ulcorner$Inevitable destiny$\lrcorner$ and its subgroups (necessity of self-sacrifice and difficulty) (I accepted it as a women's destiny) (I can't do it), the last group, $\ulcorner$There seems to be trouble$\lrcorner$ and its subgroup, (It seems to have been a little too hard for mother and baby). Suggestions for further studies are as follows : 1. Nursing students should receive intensive education about $\ulcorner$The birth of noble life$\lrcorner$ $\ulcorner$After delivery, comfort and satisfaction$\lrcorner$ $\ulcorner$I realized family friendship and support$\lrcorner$ $\ulcorner$The birth of a healthy baby$\lrcorner$, so that a more positive attitude can be developed before clinical maternity nursing. 2. Nursing students should be given an orientation which is reality based and related clinical maternity nursing (using for A.V. Materials), so that they will not feel they tension, of the negative categories. 3. Nursing students should be received articles on Pain Relief Method, so that they will be prepared activie and positive in the clinical practice, and therefore they will not feel the powerlessness, of the negative categories. 4. F/U for responses of nursing students should be checked following clinical maternity nursing to evaluate the effects of the instruction.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.239-245
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• 2001

Background: Acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura(ITF) is one of the common hematologic disorders in children. Bone marrow aspiration (BMA) is often performed in children with acute ITP to rule out leukemia, aplastic anemia or other hematologic diseases. However, whether BMA is needed in children with typical clinical and hematological features of acute ITP have been questioned. This study was performed to examine the proper indication of BMA in acute childhood ITF. Materials and Methods: The medical records and BMA reports of children with the provisional diagnosis of acute ITP were reviewed from January 1984 to December 2000. Patients were divided into two groups, one with typical and another with atypical clinical and hematological features of acute ITP. Typical acute ITP group was characterized by the history of previous viral infection, well being appearance, no hepatosplenomegaly, no lymphadenopathy, normal Hb, WEC, neutrophil count and peripheral blood smear except thrombocytopenia. A platelet count of $50{\times}l0^9/L$ or lower was the cutoff level. Results: Total 120 children with the provisional diagnosis of acute ITP were included. One hundred eighteen of them were confirmed to have acute ITP by BMAs. Of these, 66 had typical and 54 had atypical features. All of typical features and 52 of 54 with atypical features of acute ITP were confirmed to have acute ITP by BMAs. Two patients with atypical features of acute ITP were diagnosed as aplastic anemia and myelodyspalstic syndrome, respectively, by BMAs. Conclusion: This study concludes that BMA is not needed for the children with typical features of acute ITP but it is needed for the children with atypical features of acute ITP to rule out other hematologic disorders.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.95-102
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• 1985

This report offers descriptive data about the drugs utilized in out patient department (OPD) of Yeungnam University Hospital (YUH) in the period of march to august in 1985. The data in this report were produced by the computerized totalization of the number of mentions of individual drugs included in the prescriptions. The 100 drug entries that were most frequently recorded are listed in rank order. The listing is arbiturarily restricted to the drugs that were prescribed as single preparations, the drugs of basis of compound preparations and the drugs of adjuvent or corrective of compound preparations that have significant therapeutic effects either by generic names. And in addition, the listing also involves the compound preparations used in relatively large frequency, and the individual components of which have the unique pharmacological actions each other by proprietary names. And all routes of administrations were allowed. The 10 drugs most frequently named are diazepam, aluminum compounds, acetaminophen, isoniazid, metoclopramide, $polaramine^{(R)}$, carboxymethylcystem, ephedrine, codeine and caroverine in order. The 521,855 drug mentions listed as above are described by the chief therapeutic usage that each is intended to apply generally. The drugs which account the largest proportion of total mentions were those acting on the central nervous system (20.57%), including tranquilhzers and sedative hypnotics (11.71%), analgesic antipyretics (5.55%), antidepressants (2.15%) etc. Gastrointestinal drugs and smooth muscle preparations (18.64%) included antacids and anti-ulcer drugs (9.24%), antiemetics (3.57%), spasmolytics (3.14%) and others. Respiratory drugs (16.11%) included expectorants and cough preparations (10.99%) and bronchodilators (5.12%). Chemotherapeutic agents (15.12%) included the antiTbc drugs (7.09%) most frequently, and the penicillins (3.33%) accounted the largest proportion among the antibiotics. Cardiovascular drugs (5.64%) included cardiac drugs and coronary vasodilator (4.12%) and antihypertensives and vasodilators (1.06%). And anti-inflammatory drugs (4.33%), vitamins of single preparations (3.76%), hormones and their antagonists (3.29%), common cold preparations (3.12%), diuretics (2.81%), drugs supporting liver function (2.02%), drugs affecting autonomic nervous system(1.89%) including anti-glaucomas, atropine and cerebral vasodilators, antihistamine drugs (1.02%) and disinfectants (0.74%) were following in order. The data in this report were compared to those reported by H. Koch, et al. in United States (US), 1981 as "Drugs Most Frequently Used in Office Practice:National Ambulatory Medical Case Survey, 1981." Cardiovascular drugs prescribed in YUH were much less in proportion than in US (10.56%), but gastrointestinal drugs accounted the larger proportion than in US (3.72%). Expectorants and cough preparations in YUH also accounted the larger proportion than in US (2.74%). In conclusion, in the period of march to august, 1985, OPD of YUH prescribed the CNS drugs including diazepam most frequently, and gastrointestinal, repiratory and chemotherapeutic drugs in next orders. It is supposed that the eating habits of Koreans and a unique atmospheric condition in Taegu as a basin were some important factors that affected the proportions of drugs acting on gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.221-227
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• 1985

Thirty-four patients with suspected ectopic pregnancy whose serum hCG levels had been measured by beta-hCG EIA before surgery were evaluated retrospectively. The results were as follows: 1. Final diagnosis of thirty-four patients with suspected ectopic pregnancy comprised twenty- eight tubal pregnancy, five ruptures of hemorrhagic corpus luteum and, one tubo-ovarian abscess. One of the five patients with rupture of hemorrhagic corpus luteum was accompanied by missed abortion. 2. Range of serum hCG levels in twenty-eight patients with tubal pregnancy was 59-21,980 mIU/ml and that of four patients with rupture of hemorrhagic corpus luteum and one patient with tubo-ovarian abscess was 0.6-6.6mIU/ml. Serum hCG level of a patient with rupture of hemorrhagic corpus luteum who was accompanied by missed abostion was 200 mIU/ml. 3. Serum hCG levels in twenty-two of twenty-eight patients with tubal pregnancy were lower than 3,000 mIU/ml. Low serum hCG level below 100mIU/ml and high serum hCG level above 6,500 mIU/ml were noticed in four and six patients with tubal pregnancy, respectively. 4. Mean serum hCG levels (${\pm}SD$) of twelve patients with tubal pregnancy who had intra-abdominal free blood of less than 500ml and sixteen patients with tubal pregnancy who had intra-abdominal free blood of more than 500ml were 4,131 (${\pm}7,801$) mIU/ml and 3,208 (${\pm}5,081$) mIU/ml, respectively. There was no statistical difference in the mean level of serum hCG between both group (P>0.05). 5. Mean serum hCG levels (${\pm}SD$) of thirteen patients with unruptured tubal pregnancy and fifteen patients with ruptured tubal pregnancy were 2,628 (${\pm}5,448$) mIU/ml and 4,449 (${\pm}6,938$) mIU/ml, respectively. Mean level of serum hCG was statistically higher in ruptured tubal pregnancy (P<0.01). 6. Positive rate of urine pregnancy test in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy was 64% (16/25) and mean range of serum hCG level of nine patients with false negative result were 353 mIU/ml and 59-933 mIU/ml.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 1985

Femur neck fracture is well known as one of the major death cause after trauma in elderly patients, and unsolved fracture due to its frequent association with complications such as avascular necrosis and nonunion. Through meticulous evaluation of the patient, hip and surgeon's experiences, reduction of mortality and morbidity as well as rapid recovery of the patient to the preinjury social and ambulatory status without local complications and revision after treatment is urgently needed. Many factors about this fracture In itself were noted, but we have analyzed 18 femur neck fractures of the patients older than 50 years preliminarily according to age, fracture pattern, osteoporosis, etiology and method of treatment with its delay in association with major complications especially avascular necrosis and nonunion. The results are as follows; 1. Of these 18 fractures, 11 were in females, 8 were caused by minor trauma such as slip-down accident and 4 were associated with definite osteoporosis according to the Sing's classification. 2. Fracture pattern of these 18 are undisplaced in 4, displaced subcapital in 11, displaced transcervical in 3. 11 fractures in the patients older than 60 year are composed of 3 undisplaced or impacted fractures and 8 displaced subcapital fractures. 3. These 18 fractures were treated by closed reduction and Internal fixation with multiple pins in 13, and hemiarthroplasty in 4, but one was not treated to die after discharge from hospital. 4. 4 undisplaced or impacted fractures and 3 displaced transcervical fractures were not associated with any complications such as avascular necrosis or nonunion. But 4 of 6 displaced subcapital fractures were complicated by avascular necrosis, 3 of which were reduced in the varus position within 1 week, and the other was reduced in the good position on 1 week after trauma. There was no complication in 2 displaced subcapital fractures reduced in valgus position within 3 days after trauma. According to the above results, the prognosis of the femur neck fracture is dependent upon the fracture pattern and delay in its treatment. So it is inevitable to reduce the fracture in anatomical or valgus position as early as possible. But the arthroplasty may be needed in displaced subcapital fractures delayed for several days, with its reluction in extreme varus position or impossible and with pre-existing disease in the same hip Joint (total hip replacement).

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.77-88
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• 1998

Wedge shaped isodoses are desired in a number of clinical situations. Hard wedge filters have provided nominal angled isodoses with dosimetric consequences of beam hardening, increased peripheral dosing, nonidealized gradients at deep depths along with the practical consequendes of filter handling and placement problems. Dynamic wedging uses a combination of a moving collimator and changing monitor dose to achieve angled isodoses. The segmented treatment tables(STT) that monitor unit setting by every distance of moving collimator, was induced by numerical formular. The characteristics of dynamic wedge by STT compared with real dosimetry. Methods and Materials : The accelerator CLINAC 2100C/D at Yonsei Cancer Center has two photon energies (6MV and 10MV), currently with dynamic wedge angles of 15$^{\circ}$, 30$^{\circ}$, 45$^{\circ}$ and 60$^{\circ}$. The segmented treatment tables(STT) that drive the collimator in concert with a changing monitor unit are unique for field sizes ranging from 4.0cm to 20.0cm in 0.5cm steps. Transmission wedge factors were measured for each STT with an standard ion chamber. Isodose profiles, isodose curves, percentage depth dose for dynamic wedge filters were measured with film dosimetry. Dynamic wedge angle by STT was well coincident with film dosimetry. Percent depth doses were found to be closer to open field but more shallow than hard wedge filter. The wedge transmission factor were decreased by increased the wedge angle and more higher than hard wedge filters. Dynamic wedging probided more consistent gradients across the field compared with hard wedge filters. Dynamic wedging has practical and dosimetric advantages over hard filters for rapid setup and keeping from table collisions. Dynamic wedge filters are positive replacement for hard filters and introduction of dynamic conformal radiotherapy and intensity modulation radiotherapy in a future.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to evaluate efficacy and feasibility of adaptive radiotherapy according to tumor volume change (TVC) in early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Twenty-two lesions previously treated with SBRT were selected. SBRT was usually performed with a total dose of 48 Gy or 60 Gy in four fractions with an interval of three to four days between treatments. For evaluation of TVC, gross tumor volume (GTV) was contoured on each cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) image used for image guidance. Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) planning was performed in the first CBCT (CBCT1) using a baseline plan. For ART planning (ART), re-optimization was performed at $2^{nd}$, $3^{rd}$, and $4^{th}$ CBCTs (CBCT2, CBCT3, and CBCT4) using the same angle and constraint used for the baseline plan. The ART plan was compared with the non-ART plan, which generated copying of the baseline plan to other CBCTs. Average GTV volume was 10.7 cc. Average TVC was -1.5%, 7.3%, and -25.1% in CBCT2, CBCT3, and CBCT4 and the TVC after CBCT3 was significant (p<0.05). However, the nine lesions were increased GTV in CBCT2. In the ART plan, $V_{20\;Gy}$, $D_{1500\;cc}$, and $D_{1000\;cc}$ of lung were significantly decreased (p<0.05), and $V_{30\;Gy}$ and $V_{32\;Gy}$ of the chest wall were also decreased (p<0.05). While D min of planning target volume (PTV) decreased by 8.3% in the non-ART plan of CBCT2 compared with the baseline plan in lesions with increased tumor size (p=0.021), PTV coverage was not compromised in the ART plan. Based on this result, use of the ART plan may improve target coverage and OAR saving. Thus ART using CBCT should be considered in early stage NSCLC with SBRT.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.106-113
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the variation of radiation dose distribution for liver tumor located in liver dome and for the interest organs(normal liver, kidney, stomach) with the pencil beam convolution (PBC) algorithm versus anisotropic Analyticalal algorithm (AAA) of the Varian Eclipse treatment planning system, The target volumes from 20 liver cancer patients were used to create treatment plans. Treatment plans for 10 patients were performed in Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) plan and others were performed in 3 Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy (3DCRT) plan. dose calculation was recalculated by AAA algorithm after dose calculation was performed by PBC algorithm for 20 patients. Plans were optimized to 100% of the PTV by the Prescription Isodose in Dose Calculation with the PBC algorithm. Plans were recalculated with the AAA, retaining identical beam arrangements, monitor units, field weighting and collimator condition. In this study, Total PTV was to be statistically significant (SRS: p=0.018, 3DCRT: p=0.006) between PBC and AAA algorithm. and in the case of PTV, ITV in liver dome, plans for 3DCRT were to be statistically significant respectively (p=0.013, p=0.024). normal liver and kidney were to be statistically significant (p=0.009, p=0.037). For the predictive index of dose variation, CVF ratio was to be statistically significant for PTV in the liver dome versus PTV (SRS r=0.684, 3DCRT r=0.732, p<0.01) and CVF ratio for Tumor size was to be statistically significant (SRS r=-0.193, p=0.017, 3DCRT r=0.237, p=0.023).

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.81-90
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• 2012

The effect of setup uncertainties on CTV dose and the correlation between setup uncertainties and setup margin were evaluated by Monte Carlo based numerical simulation. Patient specific information of IMRT treatment plan for rectal cancer designed on the VARIAN Eclipse planning system was utilized for the Monte Carlo simulation program including the planned dose distribution and tumor volume information of a rectal cancer patient. The simulation program was developed for the purpose of the study on Linux environment using open source packages, GNU C++ and ROOT data analysis framework. All misalignments of patient setup were assumed to follow the central limit theorem. Thus systematic and random errors were generated according to the gaussian statistics with a given standard deviation as simulation input parameter. After the setup error simulations, the change of dose in CTV volume was analyzed with the simulation result. In order to verify the conventional margin recipe, the correlation between setup error and setup margin was compared with the margin formula developed on three dimensional conformal radiation therapy. The simulation was performed total 2,000 times for each simulation input of systematic and random errors independently. The size of standard deviation for generating patient setup errors was changed from 1 mm to 10 mm with 1 mm step. In case for the systematic error the minimum dose on CTV $D_{min}^{stat{\cdot}}$ was decreased from 100.4 to 72.50% and the mean dose $\bar{D}_{syst{\cdot}}$ was decreased from 100.45% to 97.88%. However the standard deviation of dose distribution in CTV volume was increased from 0.02% to 3.33%. The effect of random error gave the same result of a reduction of mean and minimum dose to CTV volume. It was found that the minimum dose on CTV volume $D_{min}^{rand{\cdot}}$ was reduced from 100.45% to 94.80% and the mean dose to CTV $\bar{D}_{rand{\cdot}}$ was decreased from 100.46% to 97.87%. Like systematic error, the standard deviation of CTV dose ${\Delta}D_{rand}$ was increased from 0.01% to 0.63%. After calculating a size of margin for each systematic and random error the "population ratio" was introduced and applied to verify margin recipe. It was found that the conventional margin formula satisfy margin object on IMRT treatment for rectal cancer. It is considered that the developed Monte-carlo based simulation program might be useful to study for patient setup error and dose coverage in CTV volume due to variations of margin size and setup error.