• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2004

Objectives: The effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}2\;(PPAR{\gamma}2)$ Pro12Ala (P12A) polymorphism on body mass index (BMI) and type 2 diabetes are well documented; however, until now, only a few studies have evaluated the effects of this polymorphism on body fat distribution. This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of this polymorphism on computed tomography (CT)-measured body fat distribution and other obesity-related parameters in Korean female subjects. Methods & Results: The frequencies of $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotypes were: PP type, 93.0%; PA type, 6.8%; and AA type, 0.2%. The frequency of the A allele was 0.035. Body weight (P .012), BMI (P .012), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (P .001) were significantly higher in subjects with PA/AA compared with subjects with PP. When body composition was analyzed by bioimpedance analysis, lean body mass and body water content were similar between the 2 groups. However, body fat mass (P .003) and body fat percent (P .025) were significantly higher in subjects with PA/AA compared with subjects with PP. Among overweight subjects with BMI of greater than 25, PA/AA was associated with significantly higher abdominal subcutaneous fat (P .000), abdominal visceral fat (P .031), and subcutaneous upper and lower thigh adipose tissue (P .010 and .013). However, among lean subjects with BMI of less than 25, no significant differences associated with $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotype were found, suggesting that the fat-accumulating effects of the PA/AA genotype were evident only among overweight subjects, but not among lean subjects. When serum lipid profiles, glucose, and liver function indicators were compared among overweight subjects, no significant difference associated with $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotype was found. Changes in body weight, BMI, WHR, and body fat mass were measured among overweight subjects who finished a 1-month weight lose program of a hypocaloric diet and exercise; no significant differences associated with $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotype were found. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the $PPAR{\gamma}2$ PA/AA genotype is associated with increased subcutaneous and visceral fat areas in overweight Korean female subjects, but does not significantly affect serum biochemical parameters and outcomes of weight loss programs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.10-18
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• 1977

Activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in adipose tissue, accumulation of carcass fat, and serum triglyceride have been determined in meal-fed (MF) and ad libitum-fed (AD) rats. At each feeding frequency, the animals received diets providing total fat as 15% or 30% of calories and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as 2.5% or 11% of calories. The food intake of the MF rats was 75% of that consumed by the AD rats but MF rat utilized their food more efficiently, as evidenced by weight gain per 100 Kcal consumed. Meal feeding, as contrasted to ad libitum feeding, resulted in greater activities of both LPL and HSL. This suggested a higher turnover of fat in the adipose tissue of MF rats. In AD rats, body fat was significantly correlated with LPL and the ratio of LPL/HSL. Meal feeding significantly increased the ratio of LPL/HSL, indicating a greater capacity for energy storage and fat deposition in the MF rat. However, at the limited caloric intake, MF rats failed to realize this potential; there was no significant difference in percentage of body fat at the two feeding frequencies. Body fat deposition was greater in rats fed the 30% fat diet, as compared with the 15% diet, regardless of the rate of food ingestion. This was coupled with a higher ratio of LPL/HSL. The significant correlation of serum triglycerides with body fat and with the ratio of LPL/HSL in AD rats suggests that LPL activity and fat deposition may be controlled by the concentration of circulating triglycerides. Both serum triglycerides and adipose LPL activity were significantly reduced when the diet contained high levels of PUFA. The percentage of body fat was also lower in animals whose intake of PUFA was high.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.865-871
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• 2001

The adipose tissue hormone leptin has been proposed to be involved in the regulation of flood intake and energy expenditure via thermogenesis by uncoupling protein(UCP) in brown adipose tissue(BAT). The objective of the study was to examine the effects of high fat diet on the serum leptin levels, BAT UCPl expression and the body fat mass in rats after weaning. During experimental period of 12 weeks, 4 male Sprague-Dawley rats were killed for the baseline experiment at 4 weeks of age while the remaining rats were fed the two different diets: the control diet AIN-76A(n = 20), high fat(beef tallow) diet(n = 20) ad libitum, which provided 11.7% or 40% of calories as fat, respectively. At 16 weeks of age, the increase in the food efficiency ratio(FER) was related to fat mass in rats on high fat diet. Serum leptin level was increased by age and dietary high fat. There was no difference in serum insulin level between groups until 10 weeks of age, but rats fed high fat diet for 12 weeks showed hyperinsulinemia. The amount of body fat pads was increased significantly in high fat group compared to normal diet group. Visceral fat mass affected acutely by high fat diet, as a result, it was higher in rats fed high fat diet for 2 weeks than normal diet. At 16 weeks of age, BAT and visceral fat mass were significantly high in high fat group. Also, the serum leptin levels reflected the amount of body fat mass. BAT UCPI mRNA expression increased with age and dietary high fat. This study demonstrates that dietary high fat increased serum leptin levels, BAT UCPI expression and body fat mass. Futhermore, in rats fed high fat diets, the increases in leptin and UCPI expression counteracts only in part the excess adiposity and obesity.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.213-226
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• 2015

Objectives : This study was aimed to show the effect of electroacupuncture combined with magnetic acupuncture on abdominal obesity without patient dieting, exercise or use of herbal medication. Methods : Women over 85 cm in waist circumference were treated with electroacupuncture combined with magnetic acupuncture. Acupuncture points were located at the abdomen ($CV_{12}$, $CV_6$, $ST_{25}$, $ST_{21}$, $SP_{15}$, $SP_{14}$), extremities ($LI_4$, $LI_{11}$, $ST_{36}$, $ST_{44}$) and were stimulated 30 minutes with 2.1~3 Gaus, 500 Hz, tolerable strength. The Interference wave forms were by Whata 153 (Medi Lab, Korea). Two or three treatment sessions per week (five or ten sessions in total) were done. Before treatment, and after the last treatment, we measured waist circumference, hip circumference, waist hip ratio, thickness of abdominal subcutaneous fat, body weight, body mass index, body fat ratio, visceral fat area, free fat mass, body fat mass and skeletal muscle mass. We also measured the subcutaneous temperature of the abdomen($CV_{12}$, $ST_{25}(Rt)$, $ST_{25}(Lt)$, $CV_6$) by using digital infrared thermal imaging(DITI). Results : In this study, significant reductions were shown in waist circumference, hip circumference, thickness of abdominal subcutaneous fat, body weight, body mass index, body fat ratio and body fat mass. There were no significant differences in waist hip ratio, free fat mass or skeletal muscle mass. There were also significant increases of the subcutaneous temperature on $CV_{12}$, $ST_{25}(Rt)$, $ST_{25}(Lt)$. Conclusions : From the above results, electroacupuncture combined with magnetic acupuncture might be an effective treatment for abdominal obesity.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.413-420
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• 2019

The purpose of the present study is to develop a model for predicting hypercholesterolemia using an integrated set of body fat mass variables based on machine learning techniques, beyond the study of the association between body fat mass and hypercholesterolemia. For this study, a total of six models were created using two variable subset selection methods and machine learning algorithms based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data. Among the various body fat mass variables, we found that trunk fat mass was the best variable for predicting hypercholesterolemia. Furthermore, we obtained the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value of 0.739 and the Matthews correlation coefficient value of 0.36 in the model using the correlation-based feature subset selection and naive Bayes algorithm. Our findings are expected to be used as important information in the field of disease prediction in large-scale screening and public health research.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.321-326
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of body fat on energy metabolic response and subjective sensations under the hot environment. Fifteen female university students volunteered as subjects. We organized subjects into three groups: low body fat group(group L : less than 20% of body fat), medium body fat group(group M : 20%~30% of body fat) and high body fat group(group H: more than 30% of body fat). The experiment was conducted with $32^{\circ}C$, 60%RH. The subjects repeated 'Exercise' and 'Rest' period. The results of this study are as follows ; The oxygen uptake value of AM is higher than PM. The value of group H is the highest in three fat groups. But it showed group L is the highest in oxygen uptake per weight. %body fat is the lower, oxygen uptake is the higher. In Calorie, group L has higher value in AM in than in PM. In M group and group H, a value of PM is higher than AM. In group H, difference of AM and PM is the highest. From a view point of three groups, a value of group H is the highest. This support that calorie increases as oxygen uptake increase. The heart rate values of group L and group H are the higher in AM than in PM. This support that heart rate was relation to oxygen uptake. In all three groups, the value of blood pressure is higher in AM than in PM. Subjective sensations of temperature sensation, thermal comfort, and wetness sensation are higher in Am than in Pm. This explains that subject sensations are similar to experimental data, such as oxygen uptake, heart rate, blood pressure. In oxygen uptake, heart rate and blood pressure, general tend to showed higher AM than PM. This showed that heart rate, oxygen uptake increase in AM, as blood pressure increase, too. From a view point of %body fat, group H is higher than the others in oxygen uptake, heart rate and blood pressure.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.942-952
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• 1993

This study was to investigate if Body Mass Index(BMI) is adequate as a method of physique classification of Korean female college students. For this study 571 students were selected to examine physique classification by anthropometric index, and the correlation between the various anthropometric index and risk facters(blood pressure, triglyceride, hematocrit). The following results were obtained by this study. 1) Average age of the subjects is 19.6, height 158.2cm and weight 54.4g. 2) All anthropometric indices and body fat percentage are highly correlated (r>0.713), among them BMI shows high and significant positive correlation with weight(r=0.919) and skinfold thickness(r>0.601), but negative correlation with height(r=-0.086). 3) All anthropometric indices and body fat percentage show significant correlation with blood pressure and triglyceride. Among them BMI shows high and significant positive correlation with blood pressure and triglyceride. 4) FAT% III calculated of BMI shows significant with FAT% I and FAT% II by skinfold thickness, and high correlation with blood pressure and triglyceride. Therefore FAT% III is adequate for calculation method of body fat percentage.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.70-76
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• 2006

Anti-obesity effect of biocellulose and diet formulation containing it was evaluated using obese rats. Thirty male Sprague-Dawlely (SD) rats were randomly assigned to high-fat diet group (CON), high-fat diet group containing 5% biocellulose (BIO), and high-fat diet group containing 5% dietary formulation (DF). After 10 weeks, body weight gains of BIO and DF groups were reduced by 15.1 and 6%, respectively, as compared with CON group. Epididymus, parirenal, and visceral fat pads of BIO and DF groups were lower than those of CON group. Weight of interscapular brown adipose tissues increased slightly in BIO group and significantly in DF group. Size of adipocyte in rats decreased in BIO and DF groups. Results indicate biocellulose-containing diet has anti-obesity effect by reducing body weight gain and white adipocytes depots in rats fed high-fat diet.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.150-168
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find out the patterns of teenage girls who is easy to suffer from dysmenorrhea with the Inbody test results by Sasang constitutions. Methods: The data from the 1681 participants were collected using a structured menstrual history questionnaire. Based on the survey responses, we had 97 adolescents with menstrual disorder as the test group and 97 adolescents without menstrual disorder as the control group. The clinical trials subjects were asked to respond to another questionnaire for identifying their constitutional types and undergo Inbody test. Results: The result of a comparison of the test and control groups showed that there' no relevance to the body fat mass and body fat percentage with menstrual irregularities. The lesser yang person with menstrual irregularities was no relevance to the body fat percentage. The greater yin person with menstrual irregularities was especially lacking in body fat mass and body fat percentage. The lesser yin person with menstrual irregularities was poor in body fat mass. Conclusions: As for study, female high school students with menstrual disorders have nothing to do with muscle mass. Body fats shortage could pose problems. According to the study, Taeumin female high school students usually needed to higher body fat than a general standard. It seems to be needed more body fat and weight than modern standards in period of poor sexuality for having a normal menorrhea especially Taeumin. It will take some continuing study that BMI standards should be changed or not on the Sasang constitutions.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 1975

Total body fat measurement by means of skinfold thickness was performed in 295 middle school girls in Suwon, Korea. Skinfold thicknesses on 4 sites, namely, arm, back, abdomen, and waist were obtained and fat was calculated using mean skinfold thickness (MSF) and the following formulas. % Fat=0.747$\times$MSF (mm)+l6.21 Fat (kg) =0.619$\times$MSF (mm) +3.31. The following results were obtained. 1. In 85 (age. 13 yr) of the first year class girls skinfold thickness was: arm 6.9mm; back 8.2; abdomen 8.3; waist 10.7mm, mean thickness was 8.5mm. Fat was 22.6$\pm$1.56% body weight or 8.20±2.68kg. Lean body weight was 31.93$\pm$3.16kg. 2. In 107 (age : 14.2 yr) of the second year class girls skinfold thickness was : arm 7.6mm; back 9.7; abdomen 9.7; waist 12.4mm; and mean thickness was 9.8mm. Fat was 23.0$\pm$5.09% body weight or 9.36$\pm$1.87kg. Lean body weight was 34.29$\pm$1.76 kg. 3. In 103 (age : 15.1 yr) of the third year class girls skinfold thickness was : arm 7.6mm; back 10.3; abdomen 9.4; waist 11.9mm; and mean thickness was 9.8mm. Fat was 23.2$\pm$4.35% body weight or 9.36$\pm$1.18 kg. Lean body weight was 37.10$\pm$5.08 kg. 4. The ratio of mean skinfold thickness (mm) to body weight (kg) was 0.213 in 13 year old girls, 0.225 in 14 year, and 0.213 in 15 year old girls.