• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.644-651
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• 2012

We have investigated the effect of lard fraction extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-$CO_2$) on the flavor enhancement of maillard reaction product (MRP) based meat flavors. MRP based meat flavors were prepared with low glutamic acid (Glu) hydrolyzed wheat gluten (NaCl concentration: 7.61%(w/v)), ribose, cysteine, garlic juice powder, protease-digested Lentinus edodes powder and lard fractions extracted with SC-$CO_2$. Lard was extracted with SC-$CO_2$ at each of three temperatures (40, 60, and $80^{\circ}C$) and at each of four pressures (30, 40, 50, and 60 MPa). Obtained lard SC-$CO_2$ fractions and MRP based meat flavors with those fractions were analyzed for their total yield, aroma pattern by SMart nose system, and sensorial properties. The extraction yield had no difference as temperature increased from $40^{\circ}C$ to $60^{\circ}C$ and even decreased at $80^{\circ}C$. However, increase in pressure level at $40^{\circ}C$ drastically increased the extraction yield. The aroma patterns of raw lard and lard SC-$CO_2$ fractions with 30 MPa were significantly discriminated from those of SC-$CO_2$ lard fractions extracted with higher pressure by SMart nose system. Aroma pattern of MRP based meat flavors with higher pressure extracted lard fractions also showed significant difference through pattern analysis by the SMart nose system. The MRP based meat flavor with lard SC-$CO_2$ fractions at 50 and 60 MPa were described as less sulfuric, less pungent, and more balanced in roasted meat and sweet attributes from sensory evaluation.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.29-37
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• 2016

CO₂ injection well sealant is vulnerable to supercritical CO₂ (scCO₂) exposure. To develop an alternative to the conventional sealant system (class G cement/class F fly ash), the performance of slag cement (SPC) systems containing class F fly ash (FFA) or class C fly ash (CFA) was evaluated and compared with the conventional sealant under scCO₂ conditions. All sealant systems showed an immediate increase in compressive strength upon scCO₂ exposure and, at 37.6 MPa, SPC/CFA showed the highest compressive strength after 14 days, which was much higher than the 29.8 MPa of the conventional sealant system. Substantial decreases in porosity were observed in all sealant systems, which were partly responsible for the increase in strength. Carbonation reactions led to pH decreases in the tested sealants from 12.5 to 10~11.6. In particular, the greatest decrease in pH in slag cement/class C fly ash probably supported relatively sustainable alkali activation reactions and the integrity of cement hydrates in this system. XRD revealed the presence of CaCO₃ and a decrease in the content of cement hydrates in the tested sealants upon scCO₂ exposure. TGA demonstrated a greater increase of CaCO₃ and calcium-silicate-hydrate phases in SPC/CFA than in the conventional sealant upon scCO₂ exposure.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.581-586
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-$CO_2$) treatment on meat quality and sensory evaluation of marinated pork. Meat marinated in two traditional Korean marinades, soy sauce and hot-pepper paste, and raw marinated meat were then treated with 7.4, 12.2, or 15.2 MPa $CO_2$ at $31.1^{\circ}C$for 10 min. The SC-$CO_2$ treatments had no effect on the meat pH (p>0.05) or Warner-Bratzler shear force (p>0.05). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the total loss (sum of treatment loss and cooking loss) between the control and SC-$CO_2$ treated samples at 15.2 MPa (soy sauce marinated pork: 21.78 vs. 18.97%; hot-pepper marinated pork: 21.61 vs. 18.01%). After the SC-$CO_2$ treatment, lighter surface colors were observed in the treatment samples compared to those of the control samples (p< 0.001). However, tasting panelists were unable to distinguish a difference in color or in overall acceptability of the control and treatment (p>0.05). In the case of soy sauce marinated pork, when SC-$CO_2$ applied at 15.2 MPa and $31.1^{\circ}C$for 10 min, treatment samples showed a tenderer meat than the control samples. Therefore, the SC-$CO_2$ treatment conditions had no adverse effects on the sensory quality characteristics of the marinated meat products.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.41-48
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• 1997

Separation of EPA and DHA from fish oil fatty acid ethyl ester (FAFE) by urea adductive crystallization method was carried out in the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC $CO_2$) as a solvent. Our results showed that SC $CO_2$ is a good candidate as a solvent in the urea adductive crystallization to separate FAFE by the number of unsaturated bonds. Compared to the separation process using methanol. SC $CO_2$ yielded better performance in the overall selectivity of EPA and DHA. The effect of process variables on separation of EPA and DHA was discussed in detailed. A hybrid technology of SC $CO_2$ fractionation and urea adductive crystallization with SC $CO_2$ was conformed as a viable process to separate and concentrate EPA and DHA from fish oil.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.316-320
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• 1997

Phenolic acids are regarded as harmful materials in food and environment science but recently, as useful materials, and thus adsorption is recommended as an effective separation technique to recover or remove phenolic acids from diluted solution. If the adsorbed phenolic compounds were useful materials, the materials should be recovered through desorption. Desorption using supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-$CO_2$) was tried to separate food-borne phenolic acids from charcoal in single solute system. In the comparisons of desorption amounts, gallic acid had the lowest lolubiligy to SC-$CO_2$. Gallic acid has more hydroxy functional groups than the other phenolic acids, which was immiscible with nonpolar SC-$CO_2$. Ferulic acid was yielded more than p-coumaric acid, because ferulic acid had much bigger molecular weight, which was affected more by van der Waas force. It was found that the most affecting factor on desorption amounts was the solubility of phenolic acids to SC-$CO_2$. The second affecting factor was van der Waals force. Response surface methodology(RSM) was conducted to read the trend of desorption. Increasing density of SC-$CO_2$ raised solubility of phenolic acids.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2014

We measured the reductions in size and solubility of mackerel muscle that was freeze-dried, deoiled by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-$CO_2$), or roasted. The percent size reduction and solubility were high in SC-$CO_2$-treated muscle compared with freeze-dried and roasted muscle. We used oil-free residues to test for heavy metals and determine microbial safety. The SC-$CO_2$, hexane, and ethanol were used to separate oil from muscle. The concentrations of cadmium (Cd) in all treated muscles were less than the values reported in the literature, as were the concentrations of lead in SC-$CO_2$- and hexane- treated muscle. In contrast, concentrations of arsenic and mercury in muscles were greater than the reported values regardless of treatment. Zinc and iron, which are beneficial for health, were found in high levels after all treatments of muscle tissue. After 6 months of storage at different temperatures, SC-$CO_2$-and ethanol-treated muscle showed few bacterial colonies, and none were found after 4 months of storage at $-20^{\circ}C$. These results will be useful to food-processing industries for maintaining high-quality, safe mackerel muscle.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.447-453
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• 2004

Optimal conditions for the supercritical carbon dioxide $(scCO_{2})$ extraction of glycyr­rhizin from licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) were investigated, with an emphasis on the types and levels of modifiers. The morphology of the licorice tissue remaining after the $scCO_{2} $ extraction of glycyrrhizin was examined by scanning electron microscopy, coupled with measurements of ab­solute density. Conventional organic solvent extraction was also carried out for purpose of quantitative comparison. At 50 MPa and $60^{circ}C$ glycyrrhizin could not be extracted with pure $scCO_{2}$, while a considerable amount of glycyrrhizin was extracted when water was added to $scCO_{2}$ as a modifier. The highest recovery was found to be about $97\%$ when $70\%$ aqueous methanol was added to $scCO_{2}$ at a concentration of $15\%$. The optimal pressure and temperature for the supercritical fluid extraction of glycyrrhizin were observed to be 30 M Pa and $60^{circ}C$, respectively. Under these conditions, the percentage recovery of glycyrrhizin attained a maximum value of 102.67\pm$ $1.13\%$ within 60 min. Furthermore, in the case of $scCO_{2}$ modified with $70\%$ aqueous methanol, the licorice tissue obtained after extraction was found to be severely de­graded by excessive swelling, and the absolute density of the licorice residues was observed to be the highest.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.163-166
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• 2000

The effects of modifiers such as methanol, water diethylamine in methanol (10 v/v %), and diethylamine in water (10 v/v %) were investigated at three different concentrations (1, 5, and 10 v/v %) of the modifiers in supercritical $CO_2$ (SC-$CO_2$) in order to enhance the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) efficiency of cephalotaxine from Cephalotaxus wilsoniana Leaves. Among the modifiers employed, methanol basified with diethylamine was found to greatly enhance the extraction efficiency relative to any other modifiers employed. The results suggest that cephalotaxine in plant matrices may be readily changed from SC-$CO_2$-insoluble salt to SC-$CO_2$-soluble free base by basified modifiers. In addition, SC-$CO_2$modified with basified methanol could enhance the extraction efficiency of cephalotaxine more than 30% when compared to the conventional organic solvent extraction.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.78-82
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• 2011

Supercritical $CO_2$($scCO_2$) extraction has a great possibility to be a new process to recover metal and to replace the existing leaching/solvent extraction processes. The cobalt extraction was carried out using $scCO_2$ from cobalt sulphate solution. The bis (2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid and diethylamine ligands were used to extract cobalt ion in $scCO_2$. The recommended method consists of $scCO_2$/extractants complexation process and metal extraction process at 60, 200bar. Experimental results showed that the extraction efficiency of Co was increased by 16-99% with increasing the ligand amount.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.35-48
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• 2016

A micromodel was applied to estimate the effects of geological conditions and injection methods on displacement of resident porewater by injecting scCO₂ in the pore scale. Binary images from image analysis were used to distinguish scCO₂-filled-pores from other pore structure. CO₂ flooding followed by porewater displacement, fingering migration, preferential flow and bypassing were observed during scCO₂ injection experiments. Effects of pressure, temperature, salinity, flow rate, and injection methods on storage efficiency in micromodels were represented and examined in terms of areal displacement efficiency. The measurements revealed that the areal displacement efficiency at equilibrium decreases as the salinity increases, whereas it increases as the pressure and temperature increases. It may result from that the overburden pressure and porewater salinity can affect the CO₂ solubility in water and the hydrophilicity of silica surfaces, while the neighboring temperature has a significant effect on viscosity of scCO₂. Increased flow rate could create more preferential flow paths and decrease the areal displacement efficiency. Compared to the continuous injection of scCO₂, the pulse-type injection reduced the probability for occurrence of fingering, subsequently preferential flow paths, and recorded higher areal displacement efficiency. More detailed explanation may need further studies based on closer experimental observations.