• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.109-117
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• 1984

Allozyme study for open pollinated seeds of forty nine pitch pine families in an $F_1$-hybrid seed orchard demonstrated that allozyme variants in aspartate aminotransferase(AAT), glutamate dehydrogenase(GDH) and leucine aminopeptidase(LAP) systems are encoded by at Least eight loci; five for AAT, one for GDH and two fur LAP. Allozyme variations showed polymorphisms at seven of the eight loci, except GDH. Average number of alleles examined over six loci were 2.33 and 2.67 for maternal and progeny groups, respectively. Average heterozygosity and genetic diversity computed over six loci were, respectively, 0.235 and 5.409 for maternal tree group, 0.238 and 5.569 for progeny group. The proportion of $F_1$-hybrid seeds estimated by allozyme analysis was 0.77%. The estimated proportion of $F_1$ hybrid seeds by allozyme study is in good agreement with the value 0.73% estimated by morphological study for the proportion of pitch ${\times}$ Loblolly $F_1$ hybrid seedlings at a nursery. Indications for Wahlund effect, high levels of self-fertilization and for non-random matings in the $F_1$ hybrid seed orchard call for cautions in estimating allele frequency changes and mating probabilities for the parental and progeny groups.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.265-269
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• 2007

A comparative study on crystal structures and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra for Nb-containing oxyfluorides was performed to probe the relationship between energy band gap and local structure. The oxyfluorides, RbSrNb2O6F, RbCaNb2O6F and RbNb2O5F are commonly composed of the corner-sharing NbO5F octahedra as structural building units. The average Nb-O(F)-Nb bond angles, which can be a measure of the structural distortion, are 158.6° for RbSrNb2O6F, 149.6° for RbCaNb2O6F and 139.5° for RbNb2O5F. As the bond angle decreases, the band gap increases: 3.48eV for RbSrNb2O6F, 3.75eV for RbCaNb2O6F and 4.03 eV for RbNb2O5F. This experimental result implies that the band gap can be controlled with a range of 0.6 eV through a variation of local structure for the Nb-containing oxyfluorides.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.838-844
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate chemical composition, nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn) and true amino acids digestibility of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) produced in China. Twenty five sources of corn DDGS was collected from 8 provinces of China. A precision-fed rooster assay was used to determine TMEn and amino acids digestibility with 35 adult cecectomized roosters, in which each DDGS sample was tube fed (30 g). The average content of ash, crude protein, total amino acid, ether extract, crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber were 4.81, 27.91, 22.51, 15.22, 6.35 and 37.58%, respectively. TMEn of DDGS ranged from 1,779 to 3,071 kcal/kg and averaged 2,517 kcal/kg. Coefficient of variation for non-amino acid crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber and TMEn were 55.0, 15.7, 15.9 and 17.1%, respectively. The average true amino acid digestibility was 77.32%. Stepwise regression analysis obtained the following equation: TMEn, kcal/kg = -2,995.6+0.88${\times}$gross energy+$49.63{\times}a^*$ (BIC = 248.8; RMSE = 190.8; p<0.01). Removing gross energy from the model obtained the following equation: TMEn, kcal/kg = 57.88${\times}$ether extracts+$87.62{\times}a^*$ (BIC = 254.3, RMSE = 223.5; p<0.01). No correlation was found between color scores and lysine true digestibility (p>0.05). These results suggest that corn DDGS produced in China has a large variation in chemical composition, and gross energy and $a^*$ value can be used to generate TMEn predict equation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.911-915
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate allele frequencies at the CSN1S2 locus in two Chinese dairy goat breeds and the effects of its variation on dairy goat economic traits. Seven hundred and eight goats from Xinong Saanen (XS, n = 268) and Guanzhong (GZ, N = 440) breeds were selected. The milk samples of 268 XS goats were collected during the middle of lactation, body size parameters (708 goats) and daily milk yield (202 goats) were registered. The RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) and SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism) were used to detect the polymorphisms in CSN1S2. The Hardy-Weinberg (HW) equilibrium and the associations between body size, milk yield and composition and the genotypes were calculated. The results revealed that only A and F CSN1S2 alleles were found in the two Chinese dairy goat breeds. Allelic frequencies of A and F were 0.795, 0.205 and 0.739, 0.261 in Xinong Saanen and Guanzhong population respectively. Xinong Saanen breed was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, while Guanzhong breed deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p<0.05). The association of polymorphism with economic traits indicated that the goats with FF genotype have higher milk fat and total solid concentration than those with AA and AF genotypes (p<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.804-811
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• 2018

Objective: Complete mtDNA D-loop sequences of four Thai indigenous chicken varieties, including Pra-dhu-hang-dam (PD), Leung-hang-khao (LK), Chee (CH), and Dang (DA) were explored for genetic diversity and relationships with their potential ancestor and possible associates to address chicken domestication in Thailand. Methods: A total of 220 complete mtDNA D-loop sequences of the four Thai indigenous chicken varieties were obtained by Sanger direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction amplicons of 1,231 to 1,232 base pair in size. A neighbor-joining dendrogram was constructed with reference complete mtDNA D-loop sequences of Red Junglefowl (RJF) and those different chicken breeds available on National Center for Biotechnology Information database. Genetic diversity indices and neutrality test by Tajima's D test were performed. Genetic differences both within and among populations were estimated using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Pairwise fixation index ($F_{ST}$) was conducted to evaluated genetic relationships between these varieties. Results: Twenty-three identified haplotypes were classified in six haplogroups (A-E and H) with the majority clustered in haplogroup A and B. Each variety was in multiple haplogroups with haplogroups A, B, D, and E being shared by all studied varieties. The averaged haplotype and nucleotide diversities were, respectively 0.8607 and 0.00579 with non-significant Tajima's D values being observed in all populations. Haplogroup distribution was closely related to that of RJF particularly Gallus gallus gallus (G. g. gallus) and G. g. spadiceus. As denoted by AMOVA, the mean diversity was mostly due to within-population variation (90.53%) while between-population variation (9.47%) accounted for much less. By pairwise $F_{ST}$, LK was most closely related to DA ($F_{ST}=0.00879$) while DA was farthest from CH ($F_{ST}=0.24882$). Conclusion: All 4 Thai indigenous chickens are in close relationship with their potential ancestor, the RJF. A contribution of shared, multiple maternal lineages was in the nature of these varieties, which have been domesticated under neutral selection.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1381-1386
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• 2014

In spite of variation in coat color, size, and production traits among indigenous Bangladeshi cattle populations, genetic differences among most of the populations have not been investigated or exploited. In this study, we used a high-density bovine single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 80K Bead Chip derived from Bos indicus breeds to assess genetic diversity and population structure of 2 Bangladeshi zebu cattle populations (red Chittagong, n = 28 and non-descript deshi, n = 28) and a semi-domesticated population (gayal, n = 17). Overall, 95% and 58% of the total SNPs (69,804) showed polymorphisms in the zebu and gayal populations, respectively. Similarly, the average minor allele frequency value was as high 0.29 in zebu and as low as 0.09 in gayal. The mean expected heterozygosity varied from $0.42{\pm}0.14$ in zebu to $0.148{\pm}0.14$ in gayal with significant heterozygosity deficiency of 0.06 ($F_{IS}$) in the latter. Coancestry estimations revealed that the two zebu populations are weakly differentiated, with over 99% of the total genetic variation retained within populations and less than 1% accounted for between populations. Conversely, strong genetic differentiation ($F_{ST}=0.33$) was observed between zebu and gayal populations. Results of population structure and principal component analyses suggest that gayal is distinct from Bos indicus and that the two zebu populations were weakly structured. This study provides basic information about the genetic diversity and structure of Bangladeshi cattle and the semi-domesticated gayal population that can be used for future appraisal of breed utilization and management strategies.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.247-252
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• 2006

For the spring ephemeral and myrmecochorous perennia, Corydalis filistipes Nakai (Fumariaceae), rare and narrow endemic to Ullung Island in Korea, genetic diversity and structure of 4 subpopulations of the species were investigated with allozyme markers. Levels of genetic diversity (A=1.73, $P_{95%}$=61..2%, Ho=0.201, He=0.167) were relatively lower than those of other endemic species with widespread distribution range, but considerably higher than other endemic species with similar life history traits isolated in island. The moderate level of genetic diversity within subpopulations in C. filistipes is characteristic of the species with predominantly outcrossing, myrmecochorous seed dispersal by dual function of the elaisome and mode of sexual and asexual reproduction by the cleistogamy. The analysis of fixation indices showed an overall excess of heterozygotes (mean $F_{IS}=-0.1889,\;F_{IT}=-0.1226$) relative to H-W expectations. About 5.6% of the total genetic variation was found among subpopulations ($F_{ST}$=0.0557). The strategies of reasonable conservation and management, and the maintenance mechanism of genetic diversity of Corydalis filistipes Nakai, endemic plant species in Korea were discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.37-43
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• 2017

Purpose Recently PET/CT image's attenuation correction is used CTAC(Computed Tomgraphy Attenuation Correction). it can quantitative evaluation by SUV(Standard Uptake Value). This study's purpose is to evaluate SUV and to find proper CT kernel using CTAC with applied various CT kernel to PET/CT construction. Materials and Methods Biograph mCT 64 was used for the equipment. We were performed on 20 patients who had examed at our hospital from february through March 2017. Using NEMA IEC Body Phantom, The data was reconstructed PET/CT images with CTAC appiled various CT kernel. ANOVA was used to evaluated the significant difference in the result. Results The result of measuring the radioactivity concentration of Phantom was B45F 96% and B80F 6.58% against B08F CT kernel, each respectively. the SUVmax increased to B45F 0.86% and B80F 6.54% against B08F CT kernel, In case of patient's parts data, the Lung SUVmax increased to B45F 1.6% and B80F 6.6%, Liver SUVmax increased to B45F 0.7% and B80F 4.7%, and Bone SUVmax increased to B45F 1.3% and B80F 6.2%, respectively. As for parts of patient's about Standard Deviation(SD), the Lung SD increased to B45F 4.2% and B80F 15.4%, Liver SD increased to B45F 2.1% and B80F 11%, and Bone SD increased to B45F 2.3% and B80F 14.7%, respectively. There was no significant difference discovered in three CT kernel (P >.05). Conclusion When using increased noise CT kernel for PET/CT reconstruction, It tends to change both SUVmax and SD in ROI(region of interest), Due to the increase the CT kernel number, Sharp noise increased in ROI. so SUVmax and SD were highly measured, but there was no statistically significant difference. Therefore Using CT kernel of low variation of SD occur less variation of SUV.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.72-79
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• 2003

Spray characteristics were investigated by impinging F-O-O-F type injector with varying the impingement angle through 15, 20 and 30 degree and the mixture ratio(O/F ratio) from 1.5 to 3.0. Experimental results show that the correlation between dispersion and impingement angle is not influenced of the mixture ratio variation, but which has influence on number density, and there is a linear correlation between dispersion and impingement angle. Velocity distribution, standard deviation and SMD of droplets are decreased as the impingement angle increases. Also, it was confirmed that the distribution of droplet size are in accordance with Rosin-Rammler and Upper-limit distribution.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2009

In the present study, genetic analyses of diversity and differentiation were performed on four breeds of Indian zebu cattle (Bos indicus). In total, 181 animals belonging to Ponwar, Kherigarh, Gangatiri and Kenkatha breeds were genotyped for 20 cattle specific microsatellite markers. Mean number of alleles observed per locus (MNA) varied between 5.75 (Kenkatha) to 6.05 (Kherigarh). The observed and expected heterozygosity for the breeds varied from 0.48 (Gangatiri) to 0.58 (Kherigarh) and 0.65 (Kenkatha) to 0.70 (Kherigarh), respectively. $F_{IS}$ estimates of all the breeds indicated significant deficit of heterozygotes being 28.8%, 25.9%, 17.7% and 17.7% for Gangatiri, Ponwar, Kherigarh and Kenkatha, respectively. The $F_{ST}$ estimates demonstrated that 10.6% was the average genetic differentiation among the breeds. Nei's genetic distance DA and Cavalli- Sforza and Edwards Chord distance ($D_C$) and the phylogenetic tree constructed from these reflected the close genetic relationship of Gangatiri and Kenkatha, whereas Ponwar appears to be more distant.