• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.45 no.6
• /
• pp.1223-1235
• /
• 1998

Background and Objective : Although prone positioning has been reported to improve gas exchange, prone positioning alone does not seem to be sufficient to increase systemic oxygen transport in an acute lung injury. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the combined therapy of low dose nitric oxide (NO) inhalation and prone positioning has an additive effect on the oxygenation and hemodynamics in patients with severe ARDS. Patients and Methods : Twelve patients with ARDS were included. Prone positioning alone, later combined with nitric oxide inhalation (5~10 ppm) from the supine position (baseline) were performed with serial measurement of gas exchange, respiratory mechanics and hemodynamic at sequential time points. The patient was regarded as a responder to prone positioning if an increase in $PaO_2/FiO_2$ of more than 20 mm Hg at 30 min or 120 min intervals after prone positioning was observed compared to that of the baseline. The same criterion was applied during nitric oxide inhalation. Results : Eight patients (66.5%) responded to prone positioning and ten patients (83.3%) including the eight just mentioned responded to the addition of NO inhalation. The $AaDO_2$ level also decreased promptly with the combination of prone positioning and NO inhalation compared to that of prone positioning alone ($191{\pm}109$ mm Hg vs. $256{\pm}137$ mm Hg, P<0.05). Hemodynamic parameters and lung compliance did not change significantly during prone positioning only. Following the addition of NO inhalation to prone positioning, the mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure decreased and cardiac output, stroke volume and oxygen delivery increased (P < 0.05) compared to those of prone 120 min. Conclusion : These findings indicate that NO inhalation would provide additional improvement in oxygenation and oxygen transport to mechanically ventilated patients with ARDS who are in a prone position.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.48 no.5
• /
• pp.418-425
• /
• 2011

In this study, a high energy ball milling process was introduced in order to improve the densification of direct nitrided AlN powder. The sintering behavior and thermal conductivity of the AlN milled powder was investigated. The mixture of AlN powder and 5 wt% $Y_2O_3$ as a sintering additive was pulverized and dispersed by a bead mill with very small $ZrO_2$ bead media. The milled powders were sintered at $1700^{\circ}C-1800^{\circ}C$ for 4 h under $N_2$ atmosphere. The results showed that the sintered density was enhanced with increasing milling time due to the particle refinement as well as the increase in oxygen contents. Appropriate milling time was effective for the improvement of thermal conductivity, but the extensive millied powder formed more fractions of secondary phase during sintering, resulted in the decrease in thermal conductivity. The AlN powder milled for 10min after sintering at $1800^{\circ}C$ revealed the highest thermal conductivity, of 164W/$m{\cdot}K$ in tne densified AlN sintered at $1800^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.204-210
• /
• 1984

For weeding on the after-barley cropping soybean, the tank-mix use of postemergence herbicides acifluorfen and haloxyfop-methyl was tested. Acifluorfen has shown the transient leaf-burn on the newly formed soybean leaves, but no growth inhibitions. Under the treatment of acifluorfen only, grassy weeds occurred successively and explosively. However, under the combinated spraying of both herbicides, the grassy weeds could be controlled in a slight antagonistic, the broadleaved weeds in additive, and the total weed species including sedges in synergic tendencies, respectively. Also, to achieve the full-season weeding efficacies for the prominent crop yields, both herbicides are suggested to be mixed with more dosages than 0.245 kg ai/ha of acifluorfen and 0.15 kg ae/ha of haloxyfop-methyl, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.12
• /
• pp.1686-1692
• /
• 2009

Garlic oil (GAR, Allium sativum L.) has been studied as a feed additive to improve animal production performance and decrease methane emission in ruminants. The present study was designed to determine the possible effect of GAR on fatty acid composition and accumulation in animal fat tissue using a cell model. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes at $2{\times}10^{4}\;mL^{-1}$ were seeded to 24-well plates and allowed to proliferate to reach confluence. The cells were then treated with media containing 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 $\mu{g}$ $mL^{-1}$ of GAR during the differentiation period for 8 days. Media containing dexamethasone, methyl-isobutylxanthine and insulin was applied during the first 2 days of the early differentiation period. On day 8 sub-sets of the wells were stained with oil red-O and the remaining cells were harvested for determination of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.8] (GPDH) activity (n = 6) and cellular fatty acid concentration (n = 6). It was found that supplementation of GAR increased (p<0.05) the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids in the adipocytes and showed inhibitory effect (p<0.05) on the post-confluent proliferation. With relative low dosage, GAR (5-20 $\mu{g}$ $mL^{-1}$) increased (p<0.05) the GPDH activity without affecting the cellular fatty acid concentration, while a high dosage (40 $\mu{g}$ $mL^{-1}$) inhibited (p<0.05) fatty acid accumulation and decreased GPDH activity. Supplementation of GAR had an effect on cell post-confluent proliferation, differentiation and fatty acid accumulation. However, the effect may be diverse and depends on the dose applied.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.104-110
• /
• 2010

Deactivation of SCR catalysts applied in coal, orimulsion, and LNG power plants in Korea were studied for the regeneration of the deactivated catalyst. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, ICP-AES, BET and SEM, and were examined for ammonia SCR. Deactivation of SCR catalyst applied in coal power plant was mainly caused by the blockade of the pore due to the deposition of sulfate and particulate related to the ingredients of the fuel. The surface area of SCR catalyst applied in orimulsion power plant decreased considerably by the accumulation of the compounds of vanadium, sulfur, and magnesium on the surface of the catalyst. The compounds of vanadium and sulfur were related to the ingredients of the fuel, and the compound of magnesium was related to the additive of the fuel. The activity of the deactivated catalyst for ammonia SCR, however, decreased slightly. Despite the long use for more than two-year, deactivation of SCR catalyst applied in LNG power plants hardly occurred.

• Laser Solutions
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.27-31
• /
• 2013

To engrave high-density circuit-line patterns in IC substrates, we applied a projection ablation technique in which a dielectric ($ZrO_2/SiO_2$) mask, a DPSS UV laser instead of an excimer laser, a refractive beam shaping optics and a galvo scanner are used. The line/space dimension of line patterns of the dielectric mask is $10{\mu}m/10{\mu}m$. Using a ${\pi}$ -shaper and a square aperture, the Gaussian beam from the laser is shaped into a square flap-top beam; and a telecentric f-${\theta}$ lens focuses it to a $115{\mu}m{\times}105{\mu}m$ flat-top beam on the mask. The galvo scanner before the f-${\theta}$ lens moves the beam across the scan area of $40mm{\times}40mm$. An 1:1 projection lens was used. Experiments showed that the widths of the engraved patterns in a buildup film ranges from $8.1{\mu}m$ to $10.2{\mu}m$ and the depths from $8.8{\mu}m$ to $11.7{\mu}m$. Results indicates that it is required to increase the projection ratio to enhance profiles of the engraved patterns.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.149-155
• /
• 2004

This study was conducted to evaluate the availability of liquid pig manure (LPM) as a substitute for chemical fertilizer (CF) in double cropping system of rice followed by onion. The LPM applied for rice in silty clay loam soil cultivated in the double cropping system with onion contained $3.8g\;N\;kg^{-1}$, $1.8g\;P_2O_5\;kg^{-1}$ and $2.7g\;K_2O\;kg^{-1}$. The LPM applied for onion after rice contained $4.9g\;N\;kg^{-1}$, $1.4g\;P_2O_5\;kg^{-1}$ and $2.1g\;K_2O\;kg^{-1}$. Soil pH increased after rice culture irrespective of treatments. The rice growth and grain yield among CF and LPM applications were not significantly different. The application of LPM without top dressing of CF delayed onion growth at mid and late stage. But when the LPM was applied as basal fertilizer and CF was added for top dressing, onion growth was maintained until late growth stage. The nutrient uptake of LPM and top-dressing by CF (rice)/LPM and top-dressing by CF (onion) were similar to CF (rice)/CF (onion). The highest yield of onion bulb was 58.5 Mg ha-1 at CF (rice)/LPM and top-dressing by CF (onion) treatment, but showed no significant difference with other treatments except CF (rice)/LPM only (onion) and no fertilization (rice)/no fertilization (onion) treatments. In conclusion, in double cropping system of rice followed by onion, rice was capable of being grown by only liquid pig manure but additive chemical fertilizer was needed for optimal onion growth.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.233-240
• /
• 1975

This excrement was conducted to investigate the nuisance of swine excrement. And excrements were collected from 27 heads of swine Euseong swine breeding center and Hongdo-dong swine farm and amounts of faces and urine, nitrogen, phosphorus, and kalium contents and number of parasite were investigated, and for the purpose to clean of excrementing matter, ferment substance and moist soil added to swine excreting matter and floating matter. Heat decresement amount and biological oxygen demand were investigated. And the result obtained were as follows. 1) Average amount of daily excreting faces per swine was 500-2700g from Euseong swine breeding center and 450-2500g from Hongdo-dong swine farm and a mount of excreting urine was 450-4500g from both of farms. The rate of excrements between faeces and urine was 1:1 2) Nitrogen contents were 0.802 ppm in urine and 0.514 ppm in faces, phosphorus were 2.261 % in urine and 0.073% in faeces and kalium contents were 1.094% in and 6.0467% in faeces. 3) Strongyloides ransomi and intestinal modular worm eggs showed the highest of eggs number was the result of observation in parasites, and ascaris showed the next it, whip worm and lung worm showed the lowest. 4) The effect ferment substance additive, amount of dry matter, floating matter, heat decreasement amount and biological oxygen demand was decreased but not significant was appeared. And the effect of moist soil additive, it was more effective that fermented substance additive for the fermentation of swine excrement.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.22-25
• /
• 2008

Pleurotus eryngii is by far the best tasting oyster mushroom, well deserving of the title, the King Oyster. Popular in Europe, this stout, thickly fleshed mushroom, is one of the largest species in the genus. The effects of addition of crab shell to sawdust substrate for the growth of P. eryngii were investigated. Dried crab shell used in this study contained 55.2% C, 3.74% N, 5.57% $P_2O_5$, 6.44% Ca, and pH 6.9. The addition of 1% crab shell (v/v) increased the yield of the mushroom fruit-body by 34% comparing control (sawdust 80, rice bran 20; v/v), 0.03% CaO content of 1% crab shell treatment was higher than 0.01% CaO of control and period of primordia formation was similar regardless of the treatments.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2017

Aluminum alloys have been widely used in many fields such as electronic, structure, aero-space and vehicle industries due to their outstanding thermal and electrical conductivity as well as low cost. However, they have some difficulties for using in brazing process because of the strong oxide layer of $Al_2O_3$ on the surface of Al alloy. In addition, their melting point is similar to that of brazing filler metal resulting in thermal damage of Al alloys. Therefore, it is very important to understand the brazing principles, filler metal and its properties such as wetting, capillary flow and dissolution of base metal in the Al brazing process. This paper reviews the brazing principles, aluminum alloys, and brazing fillers. In the case of brazing principle, some formula was used for calculation of capillary force and the dissolution to obtain the best condition of Al brazing. In addition, the advanced research trends in Al brazing were introduced including thermal treatment, additive for improving property and decreasing melting point in Al brazing process.