• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.40 no.9
• /
• pp.786-790
• /
• 2016

This paper discusses numerically explored orientation effects on the thermal performance of hollow hybrid fin heat sinks (HHFHSs) under natural convection. A HHFHS consists of an array of hollow pin fins concatenated with plate fins and having perforations near the fin bases. Orientation effects on the footprint-based and mass-based thermal performance of the HHFHS were numerically studied for orientation angles ranging from $0^{\circ}$ to $180^{\circ}$. The performance of the HHFHS was compared with that of a pin fin heat sink (PFHS) having similar physical parameters. The results show that the thermal resistance of the HHFHS did not vary considerably from $0^{\circ}$ to $45^{\circ}$. The thermal resistance increased from $45^{\circ}$ to $90^{\circ}$, reached its maximum at $90^{\circ}$, and decreased consistently from $90^{\circ}$ to $180^{\circ}$. Dissimilar behaviors of the thermal resistance of the HHFHS vs. the PFHS resulted mainly from the effect of heat pumping induced by the internal flows of the hollow fins. Despite various orientations, the mass-based thermal resistance of the HHFHS was found to be nearly 30% smaller than that of the PFHS. This result shows the feasibility of the HHFHS for the lightweight thermal management of electronics under natural convection.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.307-322
• /
• 2017

Objectives: This study examined the effects of nutrition education focused on personalized daily energy requirement and food units using Food Exchange System on anthropometric, biochemical characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrient intakes for overweight and obese in a public health center. Methods: The subjects were 60 overweight/obese women based on BMI (educated 30 vs. non-educated 30, 50~64 years). Educated group was provided individual and/or group lessons (40 min/lesson/week, 5 week), 'Introduction: obese & health', '6 nutrients and 6 food groups', 'My obesity & daily needed energy', 'Meal planning for personalized daily energy and food units using Food Exchange Systems', and 'Smart food choices'. After education, we examined the differences in anthropometric/biochemical characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrient intakes between educated group and non-educated group. Results: After nutrition education, in the educated group, there were improvements on anthropometric/biochemical characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrient intakes in the educated group compared to the non-educated group. We observed a decrease in the mean weight, total cholesterol (TC) and the incidence of overweight/obesity and hypercholesterolemia and an increase in the mean lean body mass. The scores of nutrition knowledge, 'Function of carbohydrate, protein, vitamin, mineral' and 'Food Sources of fat, vitamin, mineral' were increased. The scores of dietary attitudes, 'Taking a joyful meal, a leisurely meal, a balanced meal, a meal with sufficient vegetables, a meal with diversity, a meal with spicy foods, a meal with overeating' were increased. The intakes of energy, carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamin A, thiamin, Zn and cholesterol were decreased. The scores of INQ, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, folate, Ca, P, Fe, Zn were increased. Conclusions: The nutrition education focused on personalized daily energy requirement and food exchange unit using Food Exchange System for overweight and obese may improve food behavior, dietary intakes and symptoms of overweight and obese, even in a community health center.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.33-42
• /
• 2010

The main objective of this study was to offer informations about the current conditions of stream sediments and to evaluate biochemical methane potentials of stream sediments from the urban streams in Busan city using conventional BMP tests. First we select total 5 urban streams and collect sediment samples. Then, COD, proximate analysis, volatile solid, organic carbon content and elemental analysis were conducted to determine characteristics of the sediments. Results show that COD, volatile solid and organic carbon content are determined in the range of $15.20{\sim}75.07mg\;g^{-1}$, 2.34~11.54% and 1.28~34.21%, respectively. Also, several biochemical methane potential tests were performed in a laboratory. As a result, pH values of the reactors generally increased and then stabilized at 7.11~7.35. In addition, C/N ratio, ultimate methane and carbon dioxide yield (mL/g VS) and biodegradability (%) were determined to 1.05~10.27, 10.1~179.4, 10.3~34.4 and 4.0~30.1, respectively. For the determination of the correlations between ultimate methane yield and ultimate carbon dioxide yield, C/N ratio, COD, volatile solid and organic carbon content, a linear model was fitted to the data using a least-squares algorithm. As a result, except for COD ($r^2=0.7586$) and volatile solid ($r^2=0.7876$), Linear model was well fitted to each data with good values of the correlation coefficient ($r^2=0.9795{\sim}0.9858$). Finally, we propose empirical equations, which contain C/N ratio or TOC, for the prediction of ultimate methane yield for the urban streams in Busan city.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.318-323
• /
• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the possibility of reusing newspaper or paperbox waste by methane fermentation. When 15 g of newspaper and box wastes were digested separately for 24 days by batch fermentation, the amount of total organic acids produced were 2461 and 4978 mg/L, respectively. The tCOD removal rates were found to be 60.9 and 62.4%, respectively. In addition, the removal efficiencies of total solid were 34.8 and 33.4%, and those of volatile solid were 40.0 and 39.2%, respectively. During this period, the amounts of biogas produced were 6.95 and 6.43 L. In a semicontinuous reaction, tCOD removal efficiencies for newspaper and box wastes were 64.7 and 65.0%, respectively, after 14 days of digestion. After 25 days, which were needed to stabilize the methane fermentation, the amounts of biogas produced daily were 0.31 and 0.30 L/g.dry wt, respectively. Methane contents were 57.3 and 56.2%, respectively, and the pHs in the anaerobic acidogenic and methanogenic fermenters were 5.0 and 7.5, respectively.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.31-38
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study is to contribute to the study of the prevention of diseases and promotion of health of ocean going vessel crew members, through the medical diagnosis and disease classification efforts of this study. From the second half of 2016 to 2017, the diagnosis and health characteristics of 195 crew members were collected through counseling, treatment, and emergency care for about 1 year and 2 months. As a result, it is noted that the incidence of diseases was in the order of urticaria (5.6%), lumbar sprain (4.1%), acute gastroenteritis (3.1%) and anxiety (3.1%). In categorical review, the incidence of musculo-skeletal disease was the most common (25.1%) which was followed by skin disease (17.9%) and digestive disease (11.3%). In addition, the disease that was noted as was the most common in the under 30 years old category, and the incidence of the disease was high in the crew group. Finally, there was a difference between the pathogenesis (trauma vs disease, etc.) (p <.001) and the type of vessel (merchant ship and fishing vessel) (p <.005) as noted in this case.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.179-184
• /
• 2010

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a food-borne pathogen that causes bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). We compared three selective media and evaluated the performance of immunomagnetic separation (IMS) for the detection of low levels of E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef and radish sprouts with different levels of background flora. Bulk food samples (500 g for each trial) were artificially inoculated with nalidixic acid-resistant E. coli O157:H7 at the lowest dose that would generate 20 partial-positive samples of 25 g each. All samples were homogenized in mTSB (225 mL) and incubated overnight at $37^{\circ}C$. IMS was performed using the enriched mTSB samples (1 mL) along with conventional spreads plated onto three different selective media: Sorbitol MacConkey agar (SMAC), Sorbitol MacConkey agar with cefixime and tellulite (CT-SMAC), and Sorbitol MacConkey agar with nalidixic acid (NAL-SMAC) as the gold standard. Two suspicious colonies from each medium were selected and confirmed usinga serological test after transfer to tryptic soy broth with yeast extract (TSAYE). CT-SMAC was better than SMAC for detecting E. coli O157:H7 in all food types. Although there was no statistical difference in the number of positive samples when using IMS vs. non-IMS techniques, more positive samples were detected when IMS was used in both ground beef and radish sprouts. It appears that the improvement was more significant in radish sprouts, which had a higher level of background flora than ground beef. The results also suggest that the combination of CT-SMAC and IMS is sufficient to recover low levels of E. coli O157:H7 in high background flora food samples.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.30 no.sup2
• /
• pp.281-288
• /
• 2001

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of SSEP monitoring during intracranial aneurysm surgery and compare the characteristics of wave change in relation to neurologic changes between ACA aneurysms and MCA aneurysms. Methods : During recent three years(between January 1997 and November 1999), intraoperative SSEP monitoring had been done in 63 operations for intracranial aneurysms. We had monitored the median nerve SSEP during surgery for aneurysms of MCA and the posterior tibial nerve SSEP for aneurysms of ACoA or ACA. A more than 50% reduction of any cortical SEP response was considered to be a significant SEP change, compared to its baseline value before the start of surgery. Changes in the SEPs were categorized as follows : Type IA, no significant amplitude changes without temporary clipping ; Type IB, no significant amplitude changes with temporary clipping ; Type II, significant changes with temporary clipping and complete return to control amplitude ; Type III, significant changes with temporary clipping and incomplete return to control amplitude ; Type IV, significant changes with temporary clipping and more decreased amplitude changes. Results : Among the 63 intraoperative monitoring, there were 37 cases of ACA aneurysms(An), and 26 of MCA An. The temporary proximal arterial occlusion during surgery were performed in 31(83.8%)cases of ACA An, 22(84.6%) of MCA An. Seven of the 31 ACA An(22.6%) and ten of the 22 MCA An(45.5%) had significant changes. The type were as follows : 4 patients with type II and 3 with type III in the ACA An ; 3 patients with type II and 3 with type III and 4 with type IV in the MCA An. In both group type II changes had no new postoperative neurological deficit. All 6 patients with type III had new neurological deficits ; However, One case in the ACA An and two cases in the MCA An. had transient neurologic deficit and improved markedly over the next two months. All 4 type IV changes in the MCA An. had permanant neurologic deficits. Two out of 30 cases(6.7%) in the ACA An. and one out of 16 cases(6.3%) in the MCA An. without significant amplitude change had new neurologic deficit postoperatively. Conclusion : Based on this study, Intraoperative SSEP monitoring during aneurysm surgery would provide useful information for detecting cerebral ischemia. SSEP response during surgery for MCA An. is more sensitive than ACA An. Otherwise, there were no meaningful difference in rate of false negativity.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.122-128
• /
• 2018

Objective: To determine whether fragment removal on in vitro fertilization (IVF) day 2 improved the subsequent development and pregnancy outcomes of fragmented embryos compared to similar-grade embryos without fragment removal. Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis involving 191 IVF cycles in which all embryos had over 10% fragmentation (grade 3 or 4) on day 2 of the IVF-embryo transfer cycle from March 2015 to December 2017. IVF cycles were divided into the fragment removal group (n = 87) and the no fragment removal group (n = 104) as a control cohort. Before fragment removal, embryos with fragmentation on day 2 were incubated in $Ca^{2+}$- and $Mg^{2+}$-free biopsy medium under paraffin oil for 30 minutes. Microsurgical fragment removal was performed with later-assisted hatching and a handmade suction micropipette that had an outer diameter of $30{\mu}m$. Results: There were no significant differences in the characteristics of the patients between the control and the fragment removal groups. After fragment removal and subsequent in vitro culture for 24 hours, the number of blastomeres ($7.1{\pm}1.7$ vs. $6.9{\pm}1.6$) was comparable between the transferred embryos in the two groups, but the morphological grade of the embryos in the fragment removal group ($1.9{\pm}0.7$) was significantly higher than that of the control group ($3.1{\pm}0.5$, p< 0.01). The clinical pregnancy (43.7%) and implantation rates (25.8%) in the fragment removal group were significantly higher than those in the control group (28.8% and 14.0%, respectively; p< 0.05). Conclusion: Early fragment removal on day 2 significantly improved the subsequent development and pregnancy outcomes of fragmented embryos.

• Korea journal of population studies
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.55-72
• /
• 2012

Few studies have done on the intergenerational relations of married women and their own parents in Japan. This study approaches the topic by examining coresidence and contact frequency between generations. The study expects the likelihood of living together (including living next door) and the extent of contact would differ by the characteristics of woman, her husband, children, her brothers and sisters, her own parents and parents-in-law. From the 2003 Survey for National Family Research in Japan, selected are 853 currently married women in their 30s and 40s whose parent and parents-in-law are alive. The analysis shows that the likelihood of living together with parents decreases as the number of brothers and sisters increases. In particular, the presence of brother substantially decreases the likelihood. Having father only alive (vs. having both parents alive) also increases the likelihood. The frequency of contact with parents is conditioned by the coresidence with parents-in-law. It also differs by the level of education and its gap between spouses. Subjective evaluation of husband's attitude toward her parents is important. As in the case of living together, the number of brothers and sisters and the survival status of parents are significant in explaining the frequency of contact with her parents. The results indicate that number of brothers and sisters as well as widowhood of parents serves as its demographic condition. The findings that the frequency of contact with parent are affected by coresidene with parents-in-law, education gap between spouses and husband's attitude toward her parents suggest that the relationship of married women with her own parents are conditioned by her husband and his parents.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.44 no.5
• /
• pp.895-902
• /
• 2011

Objective of this research was to investigate the characteristics of biogas production in anaerobic digestion reactor with different mixing ratio of food waste and swine manure. It was observed that the highest removal efficiency of organic material was 80% at 60 : 40 of mixing ratio (livestock manure : food waste). And also biogas yield was varied due to different mixing ratio of them. The cumulative biogas yield was highest at 60 : 40 of mixing rate (livestock manure : food waste). For use of the liquefied fertilizer as effluent from anaerobic digester, it was the limited ratio for 30% of co-digested food waste based on its salt content.