• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.50 no.6
• /
• pp.353-358
• /
• 2013

The hot corrosion behavior of plasma sprayed 4 mol% $Y_2O_3-ZrO_2$ (YSZ) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) with volcanic ash is investigated. Volcanic ash that deposited on the TBCs in gas-turbine engines can attack the surface of TBCs itself as a form of corrosive melt. YSZ coating specimens with a thickness of 430-440 ${\mu}m$ are prepared using a plasma spray method. These specimens are subjected to hot corrosion environment at $1200^{\circ}C$ with five different duration time, from 10 mins to 100 h in the presence of corrosive melt from volcanic ash. The microstructure, composition, and phase analysis are performed using Field emission scanning electron microscopy, including Energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. After the heat treatment, hematite ($Fe_2O_3-TiO_2$) and monoclinic YSZ phases are found in TBCs. Furthermore the interface area between the molten volcanic ash layers and YSZ coatings becomes porous with increases in the heat treatment time as the YSZ coatings dissolved into molten volcanic ash. The maximum thickness of this a porous reaction zone is 25 ${\mu}m$ after 100 h of heat treatment.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.231-243
• /
• 2004

Sequential extraction was carried out on twenty two subsamples of three ferromanganese crusts from three seamounts (Lemkein, Lomilik, and Litakpooki) near the Marshall Islands in the western Pacific. The extraction was designed to fractionate Fe-Mn crust forming elements into low defined groups: (1) exchangeable and carbornate, (2) Mn-oxide, (3) Fe-oxyhyd.oxide, and (4) residual fraction. X-ray diffraction result shows that target material were well removed by each extraction step except for CFA in phosphatized crusts generation. According to chemical analysis of each leachate, most of elements in the Fe-Mn crusts are bound with two major phases. Mn, Ba, Co, Ni, Zn, (Fe, Sr, Cu, and V) are strongly bounded with Mn-oxide $({\delta}-MnO_2)$ phase, whereas Fe, Ti, Zr, Mo, Pb, Al, Cu,(V, P, and Zn) show chemical affinity with Fe-oxyhydroxide phase. This result indicates that significant amount of Al, Ti, and Zr can not be explained by detrital origin. Ca, Mg, K, and Sr mainly occur as exchangeable elements and/or carbonate phase. Outermost layer 1 and inner layer 2 which are both young crusts generations are similar in chemical speciations of elements. However, some of Fe-oxyhydroxide bounded elements (Pb, Y, Mo, Ba, Al, and V) in phosphatized innermost layer 3 are released during phosphatization and incorporated into phosphate (Pb, Y, Mo, and Ba) or Mn-oxide phase (Al and V). Our sequential extraction results reveal that chemical speciations of elements in the hydrogenetic crusts are more or less different from interelemental relationship calculated by statistical method based on bulk chemistry.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.35-49
• /
• 1997

The coal formation of the Deokpyeong area are interbedded along metapelites of the Ogcheon Supergroup, which are composed mainly of graphite, quartz, muscovite and associated with small amounts of biotite, chlorite, pyrite and barite. The ratios of $SiO_2/Al_2O_3$, $Al_2O_3/Na_2O$ and $K_2O/Na_2O$ of the coaly metapelite are variable and wide range from 1.80 to 10.21, from 27.8 to 388.8 and from 7.6 to 61.8, respectively. These coal formation were deposited in basin of marine environments, and the REE of these rocks are not influenced with metamorphism and hydrothermal alterations on the basis of $Al_2O_3$ versus La, La against Ce, the ratios of La/Ce (0.19 to 0.99) and Th/U (0.02 to 4.75). These rocks also show much variation in $La_N/Yb_N$ (1.19 to 22.89), Th/Yb (0.14 to 21.43) and La/Th (0.44 to 13.67), and their origin is explained by derivation from a mixture of sedimentary and igneous rocks. The wide range in trace and REE element characteristics as Co/Th (0.12 to 2.78), La/Sc (0.33 to 10.18), Sc/Th (0.57 to 5.73), V/Ni (8 to 2347), Cr/V (0.02 to 0.67) and Ni/Co (1.56 to 32.95) of these coaly metapelites argues for inefficient mixing of the various source lithologies during sedimentation. Deep to pale green barium-vanadium muscovites (vanadium-oellacherite) have been found in this coal formations. Modes of occurrence and grain size of muscovite are heterogeneous, but most of the barium and vanadium-bearing muscovites occur along the boundaries between graphite and quartz grains, ranging from 200 to $350{\mu}m$ in length and from 40 to $60{\mu}m$ in width. Results of X-ray diffraction data of the minerals characterized to be monoclinic system with $a=5.249{\AA}$, $b=8.939{\AA}$, $c=20.924{\AA}$ and ${\beta}=95.894^{\circ}$. Representative chemical formula of the muscovite was $(Na_{0.09}K_{1.44}Ba_{0.46})(Al_{2.75}Ti_{0.07}V_{0.56}Fe_{0.08}Mg_{0.50})(Si_{6.12}Al_{1.88})O_{22}$. The V possibly substitute octahedral Al, and the Ba is coupled substitution of $K^+Si^{4+}=Ba^{2+}Na^+Ca^{2+}$, which compositional ranges of V and Ba are from 0.42 to 0.69 and from 0.34 to 0.56 based on $O_{22}$, respectively. Formation mechanism of the barium-vanadium muscovites in the coaly metapelite is shown that the formed by high pressure and temperature from regional metamorphism origanated during diagenesis at the interface between a basinal brine and organic matter.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.111-125
• /
• 1998

Dispersion, migration and enrichment of environmental toxic elements from the Samkwang Au-Ag mine area were investigated based upon major, minor and rare earth element geochemistry. The Samkwang mine area composed mainly of Precambrian granitic gneiss. The mine had been mined for gold and silver, but closed in 1996. According to the X-ray powder diffraction, mineral composition of stream sediments and soils were partly variable mineralogy, which are composed of quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase, amphibole, muscovite, biotite and chlorite, respectively. Major element variations of the host granitic gneiss, stream sediments and soils of mining and non-mining drainage, indicate that those compositions are decrese $Al_2O_3$, $Fe_2O_3$, MgO, $TiO_2$, $P_2O_5$ and LOI with increasing $SiO_2$ respectively. Average compositional ranges (ppm) of minor and/or environmental toxic elements within those samples are revealed as As=<2-4500, Cd=<1-24, Cu=6-117, Sb=1-29, Pb=17-1377 and Zn=32-938, which are extremely high concentrations of sediments from the mining drainage (As=2006, Cd=l1, Cu=71, Pb=587 and Zn=481 ppm, respectively) than concentrations of the other samples and host granitic gneiss. Major elements (average enrichment index=6.53) in all samples are mostly enriched, excepting $SiO_2$, $Na_2O$ and $K_2O$, normalized by composition of host granitic gneiss. Rare earth element (average enrichment index=2.34) are enriched with the sediments from the mining drainage. Minor and/or environmental toxic elements within all samples on the basis of host rock were strongly enriched of all elements (especially As, Br, Cu, Pb and Zn), excepting Ba, Cr, Rb and Sr. Average enrichment index of trace elements in all samples is 15.55 (sediments of mining drainage=37.33). Potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) of the samples revealed that average enrichment index is 46.10 (sediments of mining drainage=80.20, sediments of nonmining drainage=5.35, sediments of confluent drainage=20.22, subsurface soils of mining drainage=7.97 and subsurface soils of non-mining drainage=4.15). Sediments and soils of highly concentrated toxic elements are contained some pyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, galena and goethite.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2002

In order to study electric properties of (Pb$\_$0.9/La$\_$0.1/)Ti$\_$0.975/O$_3$(PLT (10)) films with varying excess lead concentration (7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 ㏖% excess lead), the PLT films were deposited by sol-gel process. DTA analyses reveal that the crystallization temperature of the precursor powers decreased with increasing amount of excess lead. XRD patterns of PLT reveal pure perovskite structure and the preferred orientation increased with increasing Pb content in the films. With increasing amount of excess P$\_$b/, the relative permittivity ($\xi$$\_$r/) increased and leakage current density at 100 ㎸/cm transformed 4.01$\times$10$\^$-5/, 2.42$\times$10$\^$-6/, 1.27$\times$10$\^$-6/, 1.56$\times$10$\^$-6/A/㎠ respectively. In the results of hysteresis loops measured at 166 kV/cm, the remanent polarization (P$\_$r/) and the coercive field (E$\_$c) are 6.36$\mu$C/cm and 58.7 ㎸/cm, respectively (at 12.5 ㏖% excess P$\_$b/) With increasing amount of excess Pb, the remanent polarization for PLT thin film degraded to about 44%, 27%, 15%, 16% of the initial value after 10$\^$9/ cycles./TEX>) With increasing amount of excess Pb, the remanent polarization for PLT thin film degraded to about 44%, 27%, 15%, 16% of the initial value after $10^{9}$ cycles.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2010.08a
• /
• pp.173-173
• /
• 2010

$Bi_4Ti_3O_{12}$ ($B_4T_3$) is a unique ferroelectric material that has a relatively high dielectric constant, high Curie temperature, high breakdown strength, and large spontaneous polarization. As a result this material has been widely studied for many applications, including nonvolatile ferroelectric random memories, microelectronic mechanical systems, and nonlinear-optical devices. Several reports have appeared on the use of Mn dopants to improve the electrical properties of $B_4T_3$ thin films. Mn ions have frequently been used for this purpose in thin films and multilayer capacitors in situations where intrinsic oxygen vacancies are the major defects. However, no systematic study of the optical properties of $B_4T_3$ films has appeared to date. Here, we report optical data for these films, determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). We also report the effects of thermal annealing and Mn doping on the optical properties. The SE data were analyzed using a multilayer model that is consistent with the original sample structure, specifically surface roughness/$B_4T_3$ film/Pt/Ti/$SiO_2$/c-Si). The data are well described by the Tauc-Lorentz dispersion function, which can therefore be used to model the optical properties of these materials. Parameters for reconstructing the dielectric functions of these films are also reported. The SE data show that thermal annealing crystallizes $B_4T_3$ films, as confirmed by the appearance of $B_4T_3$ peaks in X-ray diffraction patterns. The bandgap of $B_4T_3$ red-shifts with increasing Mn concentration. We interpret this as evidence of the existence deep levels generated by the Mn transition-metal d states. These results will be useful in a number of contexts, including more detailed studies of the optical properties of these materials for engineering high-speed devices.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
• /
• 2007.11a
• /
• pp.510-510
• /
• 2007

Titanate nanotube(TNT)는 높은 비표면적과 우수한 물리화학적 특성을 가지고 있어 광촉매, 수소 저장재료, 태양전지용 전극재료 등에 적용되고 있다. 또한, 티타네이트 나노튜브는 전자 이동이 원활한 구조적 특징을 가지고 있어 리듐 이차전지용 호스트 재료로서 많은 연구가 진행 중이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 저온균일침전법으로 제조한 루틸상 $TiO_2$ 분말에 Lithium chloride를 1~10wt%를 동시에 첨가한 후 10M의 sodium hydroxide 수용액 내에서 수열합성하여 리튬이 도핑된 티타네이트 나노튜브를 제조하였다. 제조된 분말의 입자형상 및 크기는 전자주사 현미경을 이용하여 관찰하였으며, X-선 회절분석을 이용하여 리튬 첨가에 따른 결정상 변화를 관찰하였다. 또한 리튬이 도핑된 티타네이트 나노튜브의 전기화학적 특성 평가를 위해 양극 활물질 : 도전제 : 바인더를 75 : 20 : 5의 비율로 혼합한 후 coin cell을 제조하였고, potentiostat를 이용하여 용량 측정 및 cycle 특성을 실시하였다. 수열 합성법에 의해 형성된 입자는 직경 10nm, 길이 수 ${\mu}m$로 관찰되었으며, X-선 회절 시험 결과 LiO와 같은 이차상은 발견되지 않았다. 측정된 coin cell의 용량은 240mAh/g을 나타내었으나, 싸이클 특성이 빠르게 저하됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Ceramic Processing Research
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.214-220
• /
• 2021

Heterolayered potassium tantalate niobate(KTN(70/30)/KTN(30/70)) thin films on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates prepared by the sol-gel process and spin coating method. When sintered at 700 ℃ or higher, the X-ray diffraction intensities of the perovskite phase were greatly increased, and it was observed as the main phase of the KTN heterolayered thin film. As the sintering temperature increased from 650 ℃ to 800 ℃, the average grain size increased from 146nm to 380 nm, and the average thickness of the KTN films coated six times was about 394-441 nm. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the KTN film sintered at 750 ℃ and room temperature showed good properties of about 2850 and 0.573, respectively, and all films exhibited the typical dielectric relaxation characteristics. The phase transition temperature of KTN thin film was around 12-13 ℃. Remanent polarization and the coercive field of KTN film sintered at 750 ℃ showed excellent properties of 23.98 μC/cm2 and 35.41 kV/cm, respectively. Adiabatic temperature changes (ΔT) and electrocaloric strength of the KTN films sintered at 750 ℃ at 60 ℃ were 2.67℃ and 0.012 KcmkV-1, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2011.02a
• /
• pp.167-167
• /
• 2011

Magnetic random access memory (MRAM) is one of the prospective semiconductor memories for next generation. It has the excellent features including nonvolatility, fast access time, unlimited read/write endurance, low operating voltage, and high storage density. MRAM consists of magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) stack and complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS). The MTJ stack is composed of various magnetic materials, metals, and a tunneling barrier layer. For the successful realization of high density MRAM, the etching process of magnetic materials should be developed. Among various magnetic materials, FePt has been used for pinned layer of MTJ stack. The previous etch study of FePt magnetic thin films was carried out using $CH_4/O_2/NH_3$. It reported only the etch characteristics with respect to the variation of RF bias powers. In this study, the etch characteristics of FePt thin films have been investigated using an inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etcher in various etch chemistries containing $CH_4$/Ar and $CH_4/O_2/Ar$ gas mixes. TiN thin film was employed as a hard mask. FePt thin films are etched by varying the gas concentration. The etch characteristics have been investigated in terms of etch rate, etch selectivity and etch profile. Furthermore, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is applied to elucidate the etch mechanism of FePt thin films in $CH_4$/Ar and $CH_4/O_2/Ar$ chemistries.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
• /
• v.55 no.6
• /
• pp.368-375
• /
• 2022

YSZ (Yttria Stabilized Zirconia) is used as a thermal barrier coating material for gas turbines due to its low thermal conductivity and high fracture toughness. However, the operating temperature of the gas turbine is rising according to the market demand, and the problem that the coating layer of YSZ is peeled off due to the volume change due to the phase transformation at a high temperature of 1400℃ or higher is emerging. To solve this problem, various studies have been carried out to have phase stability, low thermal conductivity, and high fracture toughness in a high temperature environment of 1400℃ or higher by doping trivalent and tetravalent oxides to YSZ. In this study, the monoclinic phase formation behavior and crystallinity were comparatively analyzed according to the total doping amount of oxides by controlling the doping amounts of Sc₂O₃ and Gd₂O₃, which are trivalent oxides, and TiO₂, which are tetravalent oxides, in YSZ. Through comparative analysis of monoclinic phase formation and crystallinity, the thermal conductivity of the thermal barrier coating layer according to the amount of doping was predicted.