• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2010

During 2008~2009 winter season, yellow patch and gray snow mold occurred on turfgrass plants in golf courses in Kangwon and Jeonbuk provinces, respectively. The fungi associated with the diseases were identified as Rhizoctonia cerealis Van der Hoeven and Typhlua incarnata Lasch ex Fr., based on the morphological characteristics of hyphae and sclerotia. R. cerealis and T. incarnata were pathogenic to most turfgrass and crop species tested. R. cerealis infected crown, stem and leaf tissue of the host plants, and the symptom was light yellow circular patch. Individual infected leaf near the margin of patch developed red color first and finally turn brown. The symptoms caused by gray snow mold pathogen are water-soaked spots, and became a watery soft rot. Infection parts became yellow and then turned brown followed by death of the whole plant. White mycelia were developed on higher petioles, leaves, and on soil where these plant parts lay, and black sclerotia of variable size and shape formed in the mycelial mass. All isolates tested were pathogenic on most turfgrass and crop plants, and significantly different in aggressiveness. Disease severity increased with longer snow cover days on target plants, suggesting that disease severity was expressed over snow cover days. There were significant differences in disease severity among the graminious species, and among cultivars within each species, indicating varying levels of susceptibility to R. cerealis and T. incarnata.

• The Journal of the Korean Institute of Forest Recreation
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.23-33
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• 2018

The purpose of this research is to develop basic materials useful for the visiting management policies' establishment of national parks by analyzing the characteristics of and satisfaction with the visit to Hallyeohaesang National Park according to travel routes. For this, a total of 671 visitors to Hallyeohaesang National Park were recruited and field surveys were conducted three times in spring, summer, and fall from March to November 2017. The Hallyeohaesang national park's visitors were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire about visitor characteristics (ex: motivation of visiting, travel routes, travel time, and participating activities, etc.) and satisfaction (ex: satisfaction with the visit, intention to revisit, and intention to recommend). SPSS 21.0 program was used for the statistical analysis: frequency analysis and independent-samples t-test analysis. As a result of analysis the motivation of visiting, those who visited only Hallyeohaesang National Park (a single destination) showed a mean value statistically significantly higher level in health improvement and vacation, relaxation, and healing compared to those who had visited or would visit other places along with Hallyeohaesang National Park (multi-destinations). Single destination visitors spent less time traveling from home to national park than multi-destinations visitors. Those who visited only Hallyeohaesang National Park (as a single destination) showed a mean value statistically higher satisfaction and intention to revisit and recommend. The results of this research have significance in providing basic materials to develop efficient park management policies by studying the characteristics of Hallyeohaesang National Park visitors.

• Journal of Oriental Medical Thermology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.28-37
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• 2002

Stable Compression Fractures(SCF hereafter) are most often caused by trauma such as traffic accidents. These SCFs usually occur in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. Human life spans have increased as a result of medical advances, which in turn has led to an increase in the elderly population. SCFs are divided into the categories of stable and unstable. The categories are determined through X-rays and P/Ex tests. The D.I.T.I. is then used to diagnose the severity and prognosis of the fracture injuries, and it allows an objective evaluation of the symptoms. This author researched 40 patients who were treated at Wonkwang University Oriental Medical Center from October 1995 to December 1996. The patients were diagnosed by X-ray as having SCFs and treated primarily with acupuncture. Both the changes in D.I.T.I. and patients' self-diagnoses of their conditions before and after treatment yielded the meaningful results which have been presented here. 1. 75% of those who suffer from Stable Compression Fractures are 60 years of older. Of those, the ratio of male to female is 1 to 4. This is due in part to the fact that many elderly women seek Oriental medicine treatment for conditions associated with advanced age. 2. 53.3% of these injuries occurred between T11 and L2. 3. 65% of patients were hospitalized for 10 to 29 days, and then able to be treated on an outpatiens basis. 4. The D.I.T.I. results showed 50% below $0.2^{\circ}C$, 30% between 0.3 and $0.5^{\circ}C$, 10% between 0.5 and $0.7^{\circ}C$, 10% between 0.7 and $0.9^{\circ}C$, and 0% over $0.9^{\circ}C$. 5. The results of treatment using Modified Evaluation System in Thoracolumbar Vertebral Fractures Method showed that 55% of patients achieved excellent recovery and 40% achived good recovery. After comparing the D.I.T.I. results before and after treatment, we found 50% of patients showed excellent recovery $({\Delta}T{\leq}0.2)$ and 40% showed good recovery$(0.2<{\Delta}T{\leq}0.5)$.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2023

Background: The existing research results on the combined toxicity of these pollutants using mammals, such as rodents, are insufficient, especially in relation to changes in the immune system. Objectives: This study aims at evaluating the cellular immune response to PE-MPs solely or when combined with Pb, which possess excellent adsorption capacity with PE-MPs and is commonly co-exposed in our daily lives. Methods: The study investigated the cellular immune function of 9-week ICR mice with 28 days exposure to PE-MPs (2 mg/mouse/day) and Pb (0.1 mM in distilled water) individually and in combination. PE-MPs were administered via gastric intubation while the lead intake was conducted via the oral drinking water route. Cellular immunity was evaluated by analyzing the production for T_H1 cytokines namely, TNF-α and IFN-𝛾 and T_H2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-6 in culture supernatants from polyclonally activated splenic mononuclear cells ex vivo. Results: Both the PE-MPs only and the PE-MPs+Pb exposure group revealed an increased T_H1 response with elevated TNF-α and IFN-𝛾 levels and downregulated T_H2 response with low IL-4, and IL-6 production levels compared to the control group. Furthermore, an increased IFN-𝛾/IL-4 ratio was found in the PE-MPs only and PE-MPs+Pb exposure groups, which indicated the skewedness to T_H1 response. Meanwhile, reduced blood hemoglobin levels and increased levels of IL-4, the dominant T_H2 cytokine in the Pb-only exposure group, were observed. Conclusions: Our current findings on the predominance of T_H1 immune response in the PE-MPs and PE-MPs+Pb groups suggest that PE-MPs could be responsible for the predominant induction of the cellular immune changes. This finding could be used as an important landmark in research related to T_H1 predominance, such as autoimmune diseases. It suggests that additional research on immune modulation using longer exposure durations or the same exposure route is required to elucidate stronger findings.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.231-234
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• 2002

Magnetic properties are investigated for top- and bottom-type spin valves of Si/SiO$_2$/NiO(60nm)/Co(2.5nm)/Cu(1.95nm)/Co(4.5nm)/NOL(t nm; Nano Oxide layer). The MR ratios of the bottom-type spin valves with NOL are larger than those of the top-type spin valves. However, the enhancement of the former is lower than the latter. Both of spin-valves also showed almost constant Ap and smaller p. Enhanced MR ratios of spin valves with NOL result mainly from small values of with constant Ap which due to specular diffusive electron scattering at NOL(NiO)/metal interfaces.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.553-559
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• 1998

cDNA of human thrombopoietin (hTPO) amplified by polymerase chain reaction from a cDNA library of human fetal liver was cloned. EPO-like domains ($hTPO_{153} \;or\; hTPO_{l63})\; of\; hTPO(hTPO_{332}$) were expressed in Escherichin coli using several kinds of expression systems, such as ompA secretion, thioredoxin fusion, and the $P_L$ and T7 expression systems. To obtain $hTPO_{153}$ in soluble form, $hTPO_{153}$ cDNA was fused in-frame behind the gene encoding ompA signal sequence and thioredoxin protein. When fused with either of the genes, $hTPO_{153}$ was not expressed to the detectable level. However, a high level expression of the EPO-like domain of hTPO was obtained using the PL and T7 expression system. $hTPO_{153} \;or\; hTPO_{l63} cDNA were subcloned into the pLex and pET-28a(＋) vectors under the control of the inducible$ P_L\;T_7$ promoter, respectively. Proteins expressed using pl.ex vector and pET-28a(＋) detected in insoluble forms with an expression level of about 14% and 9% of total cellular proteins, respectively, and the level of expression was rapidly diminished in 2 h after the maximum level of expression was reached.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.2583-2586
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• 2012

Aim: There is increasing evidence that ERCC1 and XPD have roles in response to chemotherapy among patients with NSCLC, but the results are conflicting. Therefore, we conducted the present prospective study in a Chinese population. Methods: A total of 632 primary NSCLC patients were included, followed-up from May 2006 to May 2011. Polymorphisms were detected by real time PCR with TaqMan probse, using genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood samples. The Cox regression model was used to analyze the hazard ratios (HR) for ERCC1 and XPD. Results: The median time of follow-up was 31.6 months. Our results showed the ERCC1 118 T/T(HR=1.65, 95% CI=1.17-2.43) and XPD 751 Gln/Gln genotypes (HR=1.52, 95%CI=1.04-2.08) were associated with an increased risk of death from NSCLC. Moreover, the ERCC118 T allele and XPD 751 Gln allele genotypes had a more higher risk of death from NSCLC among both ex-smokers and current smokers. Conclusion: In summary, ERCC1 and XPD gene polymorphisms might provide better prognostic predictive information for NSCLC patients in Chinese populations, with smoking possibly interacting with the genotypes.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.335-339
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• 2012

An unrecorded species, Carex benkei T. Shimizu, was found in Is. Jaewondo, Jaewon-ri, Imja-myeon, Sinan-gun, Jeollanam-do and Dongbaik-dongsan, Seonheul-ri, Jocheon-eup, Jeju-si, Is. Jeju-do, South Korea. C. benkei is closely related to C. transversa Boott and C. brownii Tuck., and C. benkei is distingushied from the pistillate scales length, excluding the awn, similar to the achene and the beak of the achene with an annular appendage. A new Korean name, 'Gin-Hwa-Sal-Sa-Cho', was given based on its long pistillate scales excluding the awn compared with Carex transversa Boott. We provide here its redescription, illustrations, photographs, and a key to species of the sect. Confertiflorae Franch. ex Ohwi.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2012.06b
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• pp.178-180
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• 2012

협업은 둘 이상의 사람들이 하나의 업무 또는 목적을 달성하기위해 공동으로 협력하여 일하는 것이다. 최근 개인 및 조직 간 협업 범위가 공동분석, 데이터 연계, 서비스 조합 등으로 확장되고 대용량 데이터 공유 및 실시간 연계분석 활동이 증대되면서 협업 지향적인 시스템 설계와 개발이 중요시 되고 있다. 특히 스마트워크와 지능화된 협업 기반은 데이터, 프로세스, 서비스, 사람 간의 다차원 연계와 실시간 활용, 의미 기반의 기계적 협력을 전재로 하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 Data, Process, Service, People 측면의 4가지 계층으로 전사적 자원을 설계하고 메타 메타데이터 기반의 온톨로지 분석을 통해 자원 간의 연계와 조합을 지원하는 시스템을 설계했다. Data 계층은 프로세스별 Input, Output 정보를 식별하여 Data의 메타 정보를 정의하고 이를 검색 에이전트가 색인하여 모델링에 참조할수록 한다. Process 계층은 BPMN모델을 확장한 exCPM의 개선 모델을 바탕으로 프로세스를 수행주체 간, 정보공유측면에서 프로세스를 분석했다. Service 계층은 협업지향적인 프로세스를 구성하는 컴포넌트를 서비스로 인식하고 프로파일을 통해 협업을 위한 검색과 프로세스를 연계지원하도록 설계 했다. 마지막으로 People계층은 자원, 프로세스, 서비스 등 시스템에 관여하는 참여자들의 메타정보를 정의하고 이를 온톨로지 기반의 모델에 통합하여 자동 검색되도록 설계했다. 이를 통해 프로세스와 서비스 측면에서 협업을 요구하는 에이전트와 일반 검색 사용자들이 프로세스 간 협업 자원을 파악하고 상호 관계를 분석할 수 있도록 하는 한편, 프로세스를 지원하는 컴포넌트와 서비스 간의 자동적인 조합을 통해 통합적 자원 협력과 실시간 협업 지원 기반을 제시했다.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.446-451
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• 2010

We investigated whether oral administration with capsicum extract (Capsicum annuum var. cheongyang) would affect the immune system by examining the immune cells of Peyer's patch (PP), a gut associated lymphoid tissue, ex vivo. The mice were orally administrated with capsicum extract (100 mg/kg/day), capsaicin (10 mg/Kg), and the vehicle for four consecutive days, and PPs were isolated from intestines 2 days later. When the PP cells were cultured in the presence of Concanavalin A for 72 hr, the levels of cytokines, including IL-2 and IFN-${\gamma]$, were dramatically increased, while the levels of IL-4 remained unchanged compared with the control. Data from the FACS analysis of PP cells indicated that capsicum extract significantly increased the number of CD3+ and CD4+ T cells as well as CD 19+ B cells compared with the control but not CD11b+ cells. Furthermore, the percentages of IL-2+ /CD4+ cells and IFN-${\gamma}+$/CD4+ were greatly increased. These data suggested that oraladministration with capsicum extract might activate the CD4+ T cells leading to cytokine production as well as CD19+ B cells in Peyer's patches. As such, capsicum extract might have potential as an immune modulating agent.