• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.539-555
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• 2009

The potential of encapsulated inuloprebiotics from domestic Jerusalem artichokes (Helianthustuberosus) as natural antibacterial growth promotor for an antibiotic replacement in broiler chickens was presently assessed through assays of growth performance, serum immunoglobulin production and influence on caecal microflora. Two hundred-forty, 1-day-old, male broilers (Ross 308) were randomly allotted to four treatments (T1-T4), with three replicate pens per treatment and 20 chicks per pen. Broiler chicks were fed a basal diet (T1: control) or basal diet plus antibiotics (T2: Chlorotetracycline, 0.10%), 300 ppm of the inuloprebiotics (T3), or 450 ppm of the inuloprebiotics (T4) for 35 days. Body weight, dressing percentage or weight of breast and thigh muscles relative to carcass weight of T3 and T4 broiler chickens was significantly (P<0.05) higher than T1 and T2 broiler chickens. The weight of abdominal fat from T3 and T4 broiler chickens were significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of T1 and T2 chickens. Serum immunoglobulins in the T3 and T4 groups were significantly (P<0.05) elevated compared to the T1 and T2 groups. The weight of immune organs, thymus and Bursa of Fabricius relative to live body weight in the T3 and T4 groups were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the T1 and T2 groups. Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus, which are beneficial bacteria, were present in greater numbers in the caecum of T3 and T4 birds than T1 and T2 groups, whereas potentially harmful Escherichiacoli and Salmonella were present in lower numbers, with differences being significant (P<0.05). These results suggest that a diet supplemented with 300 ppm of inuloprebiotics has potential as an antibiotic replacement for organic livestock feed supplement intended to improve production of broiler chicken.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 1981

Serum concentrations of $T_4,\;T_3$, and free $T_4$ were measured by radioimmunoassay in normal pregnant women at each trimesters, in postpartum women, and cord blood of neonates. Total $T_4$ were increased during pregnancy, remarkably high in the first trimester, and also somewhat increased in postpartum, and normal in neonate. Total $T_3$ were in normal range during pregnancy, but increased in postpartum, whereas decreased in neonate. Free $T_4$ were decreased in 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy, however normal in post partum and neonate.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.397-408
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• 2003

This study was conducted to examine the feeding effects of FFWBG (fermented feedstuff with wet brewer’s grain) and GS(grinding soybean) in Hanwoo steers. For this research, total twenty steers(average body weight : 455.7$\pm$25.9kg) were grouped into control(formula feed), T1(formula feed:FFWBG=60:40), T2(formula feed:GS=80:20), T3(formula feed:FFWBG:GS=50:40:10), and T4(formula feed: FFWBG:GS=40:40:20), each treatment was allocated to four steers. There was a tendency to be increased average daily gain in T1, T2, T3 and T4 compared with the control even though no statistical significance was found. The feed conversion of T1, T2, T3 and T4 were beneficially better than that of control(P<0.05; 8.25, 9.44, 6.69 and 7.71 vs 11.90, respectively). The blood urea nitrogen concentration of T4 was higher than that of control(P<0.05), but the creatinine concentration of T4 was lower than that of control(P<0.05). The glucose concentration of T1, T2, T3 and T4 were higher than that of control(P<0.05; 59.39, 62.44, 62.17 and 54.00 vs 51.00mg/$d\ell$, respectively). The back-fat thickness of T3 was thicker than that of control, T1, T2 and T4. The rib-eye area of T1, T3 and T4 was wider than that of control. Appearances percentage of ‘A’ ranked meat quantity were 66, 33, 75 and 33% in control, T1, T2 and T4, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.113-117
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• 1985

The present study was undertaken to examine serum concentration of free $T_3,\;T_4$, in various functional states of the thyroid by Amerlex RIA kit method, which uses unidentified $T_3,\;T_4-labelled$ analogues, said to be unreactive with $T_3,\;T_4-binding$ proteins in serum, together with an antibody that binds both analogue and $T_3,\;T_4$. The test method has been compared with free $T_4$ index, which was product of total serum thyroxine and $T_3$ resin uptake ratio. Free $T_4$ value by this method was found to have a highly significant positive correlation with a free $T_4$ index (r; 0.957, p<0.005) and total $T_4$ (r:0.89, p<0.005) also, it was similar to other free $T_4$ measuring methods previously reported. So, it was showen to have the clinical utility as the screening test for thyroid function because it was a rapid; convinient, and reliable method for quantifying the free $T_4,\;T_3$ concentration in various thyroidal functional states.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.193-195
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• 1970

The cultural conditions of the osmophilic yeasts for higher concentration of NaCl selected in the previous report were examined and the results obtained were as follows. 1) The strain $T_3\;and\;T_8$ were grown exceedingly well on the media containing 15 percent of NaCl and $T_5\;and\;T_9,\;T_{10}\;and\;T_{11}$ on the media containing 5 percent of NaCl. 2) The optimum temperature for growth of the strain $T_3\;and\;T_5$ was $30^{\circ}C,\;T_8\;T_{10}$ and $T_{11}\;was\;25^{\circ}C\;and\;T_9\;was\;35^{\circ}C.$ 3) Their lethal temperature was $60^{\circ}C$ (treatment for 10 minutes). 4) The optimum pH for growth of the strain $T_3\;and\;T_8$ was pH 4.0, $T_5$ was pH 6.0 and $T_9\;T_9\;and\;T_{11}$ was pH 5.0, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.357-365
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the feeding level of cracked whole barley (CWB) on fatty acid composition, free amino acid content, organic acid content, pH, HDL cholesterol, total phenol and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity of finishing Hanwoo steers. The dietary treatments were consisted of five types (C: base feed + 0% CWB, T1: base feed + 10% CWB, T2: base feed + 20% CWB, T3: base feed + 30% CWB, T4: base feed + 40% CWB). A total 30 Hanwoo steers(588.6${\pm}$11.8kg) were allocated into 5 feeding groups, and a total of thirty Hanwoo steers raised from 24 to 30 months. Linoleic acid of fatty acid composition was significantly higher for cracked CWB treatments (T1, T2, T3, and T4) than C, and T3 of CWB treatments was the highest than the other treatments (P<0.01). SFA, USFA, MUFA and USFA/SFA did not differ among the treatments. On the contrary, PUFA was significantly higher for CWB treatments(T1, T2, T3, and T4) than C, and T3 was the highest (P<0.05). EAA was higher in the order of T1 > T2 > C > T3 > T4 (P<0.05). NEAA was higher in the order of T2 >T3 >T1 >C >T4, although a statistical significance was not detected. The total organic acid content was the highest for T3 (20.15 mg/100g) and the lowest for T2 (13.19mg/100g). pH and total phenol of all treatments were did not differ. HDL cholesterol was higher in the order of T1 > C > T4 > T2 > T3 (P<0.01). DPPH radical scavenging activity was in order of T1 > T2 >T4 > C > T3 (P<0.01). Based on the above results, T1 treatment compared to other treatments have been shown to improve EAA, DHL, and DPPH radical scavenging activity.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.57-71
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to find the effects of Sa-Am stomach tonifying acupuncture on radial pulse through the parameters difference. Methods : Forty healthy subjects participated in this study, acupuncture group and control group were divided. Radial pulse were measured using 3 dimensional pulse imaging system(DMP-3000). 19 parameters that significantly changed were selected after comparing between acupuncture group and control group. Then, 19 parameters were analyzed before, immediately after, 30 minutes after and 60 minutes after acupuncture in acupucture group. Results : 1. Heart rate, pulse period, T/T1, T2/T, T4/T, T5/T, T-T4, (T-T4)/T and T4/(T-T4) significantly changed after acupuncture. 2. H1 Amplitude, H2 Amplitude, H4 Amplitude and H5 Amplitude significantly changed after acupuncture. 3. Area of Pulse Wave, Systolic Pulse Area, Diastolic Pulse Area and Area of W significantly changed after acupuncture. 4. AIx/HR significantly changed after acupuncture. Conclusion : Stomach Tonifying Acupuncture exerts an influence on radial pulse parameters. Further radial pulse change study on various acupuncture treatment is required.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2010

The composting of layer manure is economical and efficiently process. In this study, the variation of composting characteristics in layer manure was investigated according to air supply capacity. The fermented compost was added in layer manure and mixed with sawdust inside composting reactors. The level of air supply capacity was varied in the range of $50{\sim}200\;{\ell}/m^3/min$. During composting the temperature variations of composting piles was different the temperatures of composting piles for T-1 ($50\;{\ell}/m^3/min$) and T-2 ($100\;{\ell}/m^3/min$) were reached at $40^{\circ}C$ and $50^{\circ}C$ within 2 days, respectively. For T-3 ($150\;{\ell}/m^3/min$) and T-4 ($200\;{\ell}/m^3/min$), their temperatures was $60^{\circ}C$ within same days and maintained during 8 days. Water contents decreased according to the air supply capacity; 8.9%, 15.4%, 18.0% and 18.6% for T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4. The weight ratios of T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4 were reduced to 12.8%, 15.6%, 18.1% and 17.9%, respectively. The decreasing volumetric ratios of T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4 were 18.0%, 21.0%, 22.3% and 22.0%. The oxygen discharge concentrations during composting were 12 ppm for T-1, T-2 and 9 ppm for T-3 and T-4. After composting, fertilizer components such as total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorous pentoxide ($P_2O_5$) were examined at each air supply capacity. Nitrogen contents of the T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4 were 0.75%, 0.74%, 0.72% and 0.64%. Also, The contents of $P_2O_5$ were 0.35%, 0.40%, 0.38% and 0.42% for T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2018

This study was conducted to explore the effects of seeding rate of a seed mixture on grassland productivity and botanical composition. Seeding rates were composed of four different treatments varying by the amount of seed: T1, 50% decrease in seeding rate from standard; T2, standard seeding rate; T3, 50% increase in seeding rate from standard; and T4, 100% increase in seeding rate from standard. In 2016, seasonal changes in grass botanical composition revealed T2, T3, and T4 in portion of grass ratio were the highest with a range of 87-100%, whereas T1 was the lowest of all treatments. In 2017, the botanical composition in T1 showed that the grass ratio in of the first cutting was 91%, but in the fourth cutting its ratio decreased by 75%. The results from both years were combined for each treatment, T4 ($11,435kg\;ha^{-1}$) and T3 ($11,162kg\;ha^{-1}$) demonstrated the highest dry matter yield of the treatments (T1: $8,196kg\;ha^{-1}$; T2: $9,521kg\;ha^{-1}$) (p<0.05). As a result, a 50-100% increase in the seeding rate from the standard demonstrated the best grassland yield and botanical composition.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.127-132
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• 2009

Background: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a fundamental role in innate immunity through their capacity to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Also, TLRs that are expressed in T cells are reported to function as co-stimulatory receptors. However, the functional capacity of TLRs on CD4 T and CD8 T cells has not been directly compared. Here we compared CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to TLR2 ligand plus TCR-mediated stimulation. Methods: TLR2 expression was analyzed on T cell subsets under naive and alloantigen-primed conditions. We analyzed the effects of TLR2 co-stimulation on proliferation and survival of T cell subsets in vitro when stimulated with soluble anti-CD3 in the presence or absence of synthetic ligand $Pam_3CSK_4$. Results: TLR2 expression on CD8 T cells was induced following activation; this expression was much higher than on CD4 T cells. Thus, the molecule was constitutively expressed on Listeriaspecific memory CD8 T cells. Based on these expression levels, proliferation and survival were markedly elevated in CD8 T cells in response to the TLR2 co-stimulation by $Pam_3CSK_4$ compared with those in CD4 T cells. Conclusion: Our data show that TLR2 co-stimulation is more responsible for proliferation and survival of CD8 T cells than for that of CD4 T cells.