• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.653-664
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• 2012

Objective: This study assessed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of $E.$ $foetidum$ leaf extract on LPS-activated murine macrophages. Methods: RAW264.7 cells were pretreated with or without $E.$ $foetidum$ extract for 1 h prior to incubation with LPS for 24 h. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated with reference to iNOS, COX-2, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 gene expression. In addition, NO and intracellular ROS generation were determined by Griess method and fluorescence intensity and activation of MAPKs and $I{\kappa}B$ by Western blotting. Results: Prior treatment with $E.$ $foetidum$ leaf extract inhibited elevation of IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, iNOS and COX-2, together with their cognate mRNAs in a dose-dependent manner. NO and intracellular ROS contents were similarly reduced. These effects were due to inhibition of LPS-induced phosphorylation of JNK and p38 as well as $I{\kappa}B$. $E.$ $foetidum$ ethanol extract were shown to contain lutein, ${\beta}$-carotene, chlorogenic acid, kaempferol and caffeic acid, compounds known to exert these bioactive properties. Conclusions: $E.$ $foetidum$ leaf extract possesses suppressive effects against pro-inflammatory mediators. Thus, $E.$ $foetidum$ has a high potential to be used as a food supplement to reduce risk of cancer associated with inflammation.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.15-29
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• 2007

목적 : 후박(厚朴)(Magnolia Obovata)에서 추출한 낮은 농도의 Obovatol 약침액의 RAW264.7 세포에서 LPS로 유발된 염증，$TNF-{\alpha}$로 유발된 human Prostate carcinoma PC-3 및 LNCap 세포의 세포증식에 대한 영향과 그 기전을 살펴보고자 하였다. 방법 : RAW264.7 세포에서 LPS로 염증을 유발하고 낮은 농도의 Obovatol 약침액을 처리한 후 cell viability, NO 생성량，iNOS와 COX-2의 발현, $NF-{\kappa}B$활성，전사능력을 관찰하기 위해 MTT assay, NO determination assay, western blot analysis, EMSA, luciferase activity assay를 시행하였고，LNCap, PC-3 세포에 $TNF-{\alpha}$로 증식을 유도하고 낮은 농도의 Obovatol 약침액을 처리한 후 cell growth, apoptosis 및 apoptosis와 연관된 $NF-{\kappa}B$의 활성 변화를 관찰하기 위해 WST-1, Cell morphogy test, DAPI staining and TUNEL assay, EMSA, luciferase activity assay를 시행하였다. 결과 : 1. RAW264.7 세포에서 낮은 농도의 Obovatol 약침액 처리는 $NF-{\kappa}B$의 활성 및 전사능력을 낮추고 iNOS와 COX-2의 발현과 NO 생성을 감소시켜 LPS로 유발된 염증을 억제하였다. 2. LNCap, PC-3 세포에서 낮은 농도의 Obovatol 약침액 처리는 $NF-{\kappa}B$의 활성을 낮추어 세포자별사를 촉진함으로써 $TNF-{\alpha}$로 유발된 암세포의 성장을 억제하였다. 결론 : 이상의 결과는 낮은 농도의 Obovatol 약침액이 항염 및 인간 전립선암세포주인 PC-3, LNCap에 대한 증식억제 효과가 있음을 입증한 것이며，향후 이를 바탕으로한 생체 연구에서의 긍정적인 결과는 Obovatol 약침액이 만성염증성 질환 및 전립선암의 예방과 치료에 대한 효과적인 치료제 개발에 초석이 될 것으로 기대된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.437-447
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• 2001

배 경 : TNF-$\alpha$는 UIP 환자의 폐 섬유화에 관계하는 cytokine으로 잘 알려져 있지만, 폐 섬유화를 일으키는 기전에 대해서는 알려져 있지 않다. TNF-$\alpha$에 의해 AP-1(c-jun N-terminal kinase, JNK의 하부 신호 전달체계) 같은 전사 인자가 활성화되고 이들에 의해서 PDGF 나 IGF-I fibrogenic cytokines의 전사가 관계있을 것으로 추측된다. 더구나 방사선에 의한 폐 섬유화 과정에서 JNK가 활성화되어 있는 것이 확인되었다. 본 연구의 목적은 UIP 환자에서 JNK의 활성도를 확인하고자 하였다. 방 법 : UIP 환자의 폐 조직과 대조군으로 이용된 폐암 환자의 정상 폐조직에서 phosphorous JNK (p-JNK), 대식세포의 표현자인 CD68, 그리고 cytokeratin을 이용하여 면역화학검사를 시행하였다. JNK의 in vitro kinase assay는 UIP 환자와 호흡기 증상이 없는 정상인에서 기관지 폐포세척술로 획득한 대식세포를 이용하였다. 결 과 : 면역조직화학검사에서 UIP 환자의 대부분의 폐포 대식세포는 p-JNK를 발현하였지만, 폐암 환자의 정상조직에서는 UIP 환자보다는 p-JNK 발현이 거의 없었다. 그러나 폐포 대식세포를 이용한 in vitro JNK kinase assay에서는 UIP 환자와 정상인 모두에서 JNK 활성도를 관찰할 수 없었다. 더구나 10 ng/mL의 TNF-$\alpha$로 자극하여도 JNK 활성도는 관찰할 수 없었다. 결 론 : UIP 환자의 폐 조직에서 JNK가 활성화되어 있음을 간접적으로 확인하였고, 추후 이들 활성화된 JNK와 fibrogenic cytokines과의 관계는 더 연구되어져야 할 과제로 생각된다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.117-123
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• 2018

비지는 대두 가공 시 생산되는 부산물로 대부분 폐기되고 있는 실정이지만, 최근 비지를 유용한 자원으로 이용하기 위한 기능성 연구가 진행되고 있다. 그러나 비지의 항염증에 대한 연구가 미비하여 본 연구진은 비지추출물이 마우스 대식세포인 RAW264.7에 LPS에 의한 염증 반응에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 본 연구에서 비지추출물은 NF-${\kappa}B$와 p38의 활성 억제를 통해 만성염증 유발인자인 NO, iNOS, $PGE_2$, COX-2, TNF-${\alpha}$ 및 IL-$1{\beta}$의 발현을 억제하는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 비지는 독성과 부작용이 적은 항염증 관련 식의약 소재로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.91-95
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• 2010

Meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid (MDGA) is a medicinal herbal product isolated from the bark of Machilus thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc. (Lauraceae). It exhibits a neuroprotective effect and also exerts cytotoxicity to certain cancer cells. In the present study, we investigated whether or not MDGA inhibits inflammatory reaction through the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) generation. The results showed that MDGA (5~$25 {\mu}M$) inhibited 100 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induced NO generation in macrophage Raw 264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. We also measured the cytotoxic effects of MDGA on Raw 264.7 cells and found no evidence of cytotoxicity. The inhibition of NO generation by MDGA was consistent with the inhibitory effect on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In addition, MDGA inhibited the LPS-induced gene expression of $interleukin-1{\beta}$ $(IL-1{\beta})$ as well as tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ $(TNF-{\alpha})$. The present results may provide that MDGA has anti-inflammatory properties through inhibition of the toll-like receptors (TLRs) pathway, and suggest that MDGA can be used as an anti-inflammatory agent.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.67-72
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• 2006

Nitric oxide(NO) is a labile, uncharged, reactive radical that functions as a sensitive mediator of intercellular communication in diverse tissues. It has been reported that NO is produced by osteoblast and these results may suggest that NO is integrally involved in the regulation of osteoclast formation and osteoclast resorption activity by osteoblastic cells. We examined the effect of cytokines on NO release by mouse bone marrow cell. We also examined the effects of cytokines and sodium nitroprusside(SNP) on the formation of osteoclast-like cell from mouse bone marrow cells in culture. Cytokines stimulated NO production of mouse bone marrow cells, and N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a specific inhibitor of NO synthase, suppressed the cytokine-induced NO production. SNP showed dual action in the generation of osteoclasts. The addition of $30{\mu}M$ SNP inhibited the formation of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP)(+) multinucleated cell, whereas lower concentration($3{\mu}M$) of SNP enhanced it. Although the precise action of NO remains to be elucidated in detail, the action of NO in osteoclast generation in our studies seems to be associated, at least in part, with bone metabolism and bone pathophysiology.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.83-88
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• 2006

In this study we examined the potential for the synergistic augmentation of the activity of inflammatory mouse peritoneal macrophages by stimulation with RGAP combined with IFN-$\gamma$. The moderate augmentative effect induced by preincubation with RGAP was observed in the production of IL-1, IL-6 and NO but not TNF-$\alpha$. In addition, IFN-$\gamma$ had a low activating effect. Following preincubation with both RGAP A and IFN-$\gamma$, a marked enhancement of secretory activity and tumoricidal activity was noted in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Treatment of peritoneal macrophage with combination increased the generation of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$ and NO, whereas the production of reactive oxygen species were not altered. These results demonstrate the synergistic effects on macrophage function of RGAP in combination with IFN-$\gamma$ and suggest that the ability of IFN-$\gamma$ to prime macrophages to produce secretory molecules in response to RGAP may have implications for immunotherapy with this combination.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.54-70
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• 2008

Background and Object : This study was carried out to investigate the effects of GCSBPT (Gagam-Cheongsang BangPungTang) on the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory reactions. Methods : Vascular permeability and Cyclooxygenase inhibition assay are examined in vitro and nitric oxide inhibition assay, radical scavenging activity test, $TNF-{\alpha}$, COX-2 inhibition test are examined in vivo. Results : GCSBPT showed inhibitory effects on vascular permeability and leukocyte migration in animal test. In cyclooxygenase 2 inhibition assay, an ethanol extract of GCSBPT inhibited prostaglandin E2 generation at a concentration of $10{\mu}g/ml$. Among the herbal ingredients of GCSBPT, ethanol extracts of Nepetae Spica exhibited potent inhibitory activities. Ethanol extract of GCSBPT inhibited the release of nitric oxide and the gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in RAW 246.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. Ethanol extract of GCSBPT exhibited radical scavenging activity of 54% at $100{\mu}g/ml$. Among the herbal ingredients of GCSBPT. Conclusions : According to the above results, I expected that GCSBPT was a potent anti-inflammatory prescription.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2013

This study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of oyster shell extract on the production of pro-inflammatory factors [NO, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2)] and pro-inflammatory cytokines [Interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and TNF-${\alpha}$] in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. Cell viability, as measured by the MTT assay, showed that oyster shell extract had no significant cytotoxicity in Raw 264.7 cells. The treatment with oyster shell extract decreased the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species dose dependently and increased antioxidant enzyme activities, such as SOD, catalase, GSH-px in LPS-stimulated macrophage cells. Oyster shell extract significantly suppressed the production of NO and also decreased the expressions of iNOS, COX-2 and NF-${\kappa}B$. Additionally, oyster shell extract significantly inhibited the production of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$ in LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. Thus, these results showed that the oyster shell extract had an anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.109-115
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• 2012

This study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effects of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. frutescens extract on the production of inflammation-related mediators (NO, ROS, NF-${\kappa}B$, iNOS and COX-2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Perilla frutescents (L.) Britton var. frutescens was air-dried and extracted with ethanol. The extract dose-dependently decreased the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and dose-dependently increased antioxidant enzyme activities, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in lipopolysaccharide stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Also, Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. frutescens extract suppressed NO production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6), NF-${\kappa}B$, iNOS and COX-2 were inhibited by the treatment with the extract. Thus, this study shows the Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. frutescens extract could be useful for inhibition of the inflammatory process.