• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.361-375
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• 2017

2010년, 2014년 3~5세의 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 유치원 및 보육시설을 이용하는 원아 509명을 대상으로 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 2014년 원아들의 조사 전날 결식률은 16.2%로, 2010년 원아의 결식률에 비해 5.5%p 증가하였다. 원아들의 연도별 영양상태를 살펴본 결과, 2014년도 원아들의 칼슘 섭취량은 권장량 대비 가장 적게 섭취한 영양소로, 2010년도 원아들에 비해 1일 39.78 mg (3세), 54.78 mg (4세) 35.78 mg (5세) 적게 섭취하였다. 영양소 적정섭취비의 경우, 2014년 4세와 5세 원아는 2010년 4, 5세에 비해 철과 티아민의 NAR이 유의하게 높았다. 영양 밀도지수에서 2014년 5세 원아의 칼슘과 인 INQ는 2010년 5세에 비해 유의하게 낮은 반면, 티아민의 INQ는 2010년 5세에 비해 높았다. 과잉섭취 대상자 비율에서는 2014년 3~5세 원아들은 2010년 원아들에 비해 철과 티아민 과잉섭취 대상자 비율이 높았다. 또한 원아들의 연령별 영양상태를 살펴본 결과에서는, 평균 영양소 적정섭취비에서 3세의 MAR은 4세와 5세에 비해 유의하게 낮았고, 평균필요량 미만으로 섭취한 영양소의 개수는 4세 (2.14개)와 5세 (1.92개)에 비해 3세에서 2.72개로 유의하게 많았다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.102-115
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• 2018

Objectives: Although breakfast is important to nutrition balance, prevention of overeating, and weight control, people in their 20s (males: 55.1%, females: 49.9%) were reported to have the highest rate of skipping breakfast in 2016 Korea Health Statistics. This study aims to examine dietary habits and nutrient intake depending on breakfast frequency among young women in Seoul. Methods: The subjects were 655 young women in Seoul from August to October 2016, and the survey was performed by using a questionnaire that included general characteristics, dietary habits, and eating behavior. Body composition was determined by bioelectric impedance analysis. Nutritional status was examined by the 24-hour recall method. Results: The participants were classified by breakfast intake frequency; '${\geq}5times/week$ (n=160)', '1-4 times/week (n=327)', and 'breakfast skipping (n=168)'. The 'breakfast skipping' group had lower frequency and regularity of meals. In addition, the 'breakfast skipping' group had a higher frequency of eating-out and late-night meals. There was no difference in total calories between the 'breakfast skipping' group and other groups, but the 'breakfast skipping' group had significantly low carbohydrate and fiber intakes. The participants showed lower intakes of calories, fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, niacin, folic acid, calcium, potassium, and zinc in comparison with recommended intakes. Especially, the 'breakfast skipping' group had significantly lower fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, potassium levels compared to the '${\geq}5times/week$' group. For Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR), the 'breakfast skipping' group recorded a ratio of 0.60, which was lower than those of other groups. Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) including fiber, vitamin C, calcium and phosphorus were significantly lower in the breakfast skipper group, compared to the breakfast eater group. Conclusions: The 'breakfast skipping' group showed low regularity of meals and a high frequency of eating-out and late-night meals. The breakfast regular eater group showed high intake of micronutrients and quality of meals was high in general. Skipping breakfast could lower nutrient intake and quality of meals, which requires attention.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.575-586
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• 2006

This study was performed to compare nutrient intakes, diet quality and serum indices (TG, Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, RBC, Hb, Hct, Serum iron, ferritin, MCV) of obese and normal weight children. The subjects were 149 children living in the Seoul and Gyeonggi areas. Each subject was assigned to one of such as normal weight group ($15th{\le}BMI$ percentile < 85th, n = 82) or obese children ($85th{\le}BMI$ percentile, n = 67) according to their percentile of BMI by The Korean Pediatric Society. Data on dietary intakes, body composition and serum indices were obtained. Differences of all the above variables were assessed. Energy, carbohydrate, fat, cholesterol, total fatty acid, SFA, MUFA, PUFA, phosphate, potassium, zinc, vitamin $B_1$ and vitamin $B_6$ intakes of girls in the obese group were higher than those of the normal weight group (p<0.05). The intake of fiber was as insufficient as below 50% of KDRIs in both groups. Nutrient adequacy ratio of calcium, iron, phosphate, zinc and folate in obese boys were lower than those of normal weight boys (p<0.05). Energy intakes of grain and milk and dairy food in the obese girl group ($905.9{\pm}344.5kcal,\;210.9{\pm}166.4kcal$) were higher than those of normal weight girls ($671.2{\pm}360.7kcal,\;184.0{\pm}103.5kcal$) (p<0.05). HDL-cholesterol level of obese boys ($52.7{\pm}6.3mg/dL$) was significantly lower than that of normal weight boys ($65.3{\pm}15.6mg/dL$). Serum iron level of obese boys and girls (boys: $79.4{\pm}32.6mg/dL$, girls: $98.3{\pm}16.2mg/dL$) was significantly lower than those of normal weight children (boys: $104.8{\pm}38.6mg/dL$, girls: $106.7{\pm}28.9mg/dL$) (p<0.05). These results suggest that there should be sensible food selection and more intakes of fruit and vegetable are needed to improve the nutritional status in obese children.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.205-215
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutrient intake and diet quality of postmenopausal osteoporotic women to those of control subjects, and to investigate the relationship among diet quality and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. In this study, we classified the subjects into the postmenopausal osteoporotic women (n =38) and control (n = 43) according to their lumbar spine bone mineral density and age. Dietary intakes, anthropometric measurements and dietary quality indices were measured and evaluated. The average age of osteoporotic and control group were 60.4 yrs and 58.3 yrs, respectively and there was no significant difference. Body weight, body mass index of osteoporotic group were significantly lower than those of control group. The average energy intake of osteoporotic and control group were 1243.3 kcal and 1475.8 kcal, respectively and there was a significant difference. The osteoporotic group consumed significantly lower quantities of protein, plant protein, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1,\;vitamin\;B_2$, folate, vitamin C, calcium, animal calcium, plant calcium, iron and zinc compared to the control group. The osteoporotic group consumed significantly lower of food, vegetables, mushrooms, fruits intakes compared to the control group. In the diet quality, protein, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1,\;vitamin\;B_2$, folate, vitamin C, calcium, iron, Zinc nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of osteoporotic group were significantly lower than that of control group. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of osteoporotic and control group were 0.63 and 0.78, respectively and there was significant difference. To evaluate nutrient density, Index of nutritional quality (INQ) was calculated by dividing nutrient content per 1,000 kcal of diet with RDA per 1,000 kcal. The average dietary variety score (DVS) of osteoporotic and control group were 22.4 and 33.2, respectively and there was significant difference. DVSs of pulses (p<0.01), seeds (p<0.01) and vegetables (p<0.05) in osteoporotic group were significantly lower than those of the control. In conclusion, postmenopausal osteoporotic women had lower protein, vitamin A, folate, vitamin C, calcium, iron zinc intake quality and vegetables, mushrooms, fruits DVSs than those of the control. Therefore, to promote skeletal health enough energy and food should be consumed, and the maintenance of vitamin and mineral balance by increasing of vitamin A, folate, vitamin C, calcium, iron of intakes are very important.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.262-269
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• 1994

본 연구는 잡종 강세 정도가 다른 벼 F$_1$과 양친품종들의 생장 특성 및 다수성 요인을 구명하고자 Indica와 Japonica에서 각각 F$_1$의 잡종강세가 큰 것과 작은 것 그리고 이들의 양친 등 10개 품종을 공시하여 생육 시기별 생장 특성, 질소 함량과 공간적 분포, 흡광계수, 광합성 속도, 수량 및 수량 구성요소에 대하여 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. F$_1$의 잡종강세가 나타나는 수량 구성요소는 수수와 수당 영화수였으며, 단위 면적당 영화수는 양자의 Heterosis가 상승적으로 작용하여 가장 큰 잡종강세를 나타내었으며 등숙률과 천립중은 잡종강세 현상이 나타나지 않았다. 2. 출수기에 양친보다 상층부에 분포하는 잎이 많았으며 또한 광 소멸계수는 전 생육기간에 걸쳐서 양친보다 작아서 수광상태가 양호한 군락 구조를 형성하였다. 3. F$_1$은 양친에 비하여 잎의 질소함량이 높을 뿐만 아니라 군락 상하층간의 질소농도의 구배가 커서 군락 동화에 유리한 질소의 공간적 분포를 하였는데, 특히 생육 초기에 F$_1$과 양친간 질소의 공간적 구배의 차이가 컸으며 생육의 진전에 따라 그 차이는 작아졌다. 4. 유수 분화기 엽의 광합성 속도는 F$_1$이 양친 품종들보다 높았는데 이는 엽의 질소함량이 높은데서 기인되는 것으로 판단되었으며, 같은 품종군에서는 수량의 Heterosis가 높은 조합이 광합성 속도와 질소함량이 높았다. 5. 유수분화기 이전 특히 생육초기의 군락생장율(CGR), 순동화율(NAR), 엽면적지수(LAI)는 양친에 비하여 잡종품종이 높았으며, 품종들의 이 생육지표들은 잎의 질소함량과 높은 정의 상관이 있었다. 한편 영양생장기의 이 생육지표들 및 질소 보유량과 품종들의 수량 및 단위 면적당 영화수와는 정의 유의한 상관이 있었으며 생육초기일수록 상관이 높았다. 6. F$_1$은 생육초기에 엽의 질소함량이 높아 단위동화율이 높을 뿐만아니라 질소의 군락내 상하간의 농도 구배가 크고 흡광계수가 낮아 군락의 광합성에 유리하고, 이에따른 영양 생장기 건물 생산성의 증대가 단위 면적당 영화수의 증대를 통해 수량의 증대를 가져오는 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.330-341
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 NAFLD 유무에 따른 식습관, 식품 및 영양소 섭취량, 식사의 질을 분석하여 영양상담을 위한 기초 자료로 활용하고 질병예방에 도움을 주고자 하였다. 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) NAFLD군이 정상군에 비해 남성은 40~50대 비율이 높았고, 여성은 50~60대 비율이 높았다. NAFLD군이 정상군에 비해 키, 체중, BMI, 허리둘레, 수축기혈압, 이완기혈압이 유의적으로 높았다. 2) 식습관은 남녀 연구 대상 전체를 분석한 결과, 식사속도가 '빠르다'는 응답이 NAFLD군이 정상군에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. 과식빈도, 외식빈도가 NAFLD군이 정상군에 비해 유의적으로 잦았다. 아침식사를 거르는 빈도가 NAFLD군이 정상군에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. 또한, 카페인 섭취가 '하루 3잔이상'인 경우가 NAFLD군이 유의적으로 높았다. 3) 식품군별 섭취량은 남성의 경우, NAFLD군에서 곡류, 고기류, 생선류, 단당류, 단음식 (빵 과자), 커피 및 차류, 유지류의 섭취량이 유의적으로 많았고, 이에 반해 전분류와 채소류, 우유 및 유제품의 섭취량은 유의적으로 적었다. 여성의 경우, NAFLD군에서 곡류, 생선류, 콩류, 김치류의 섭취량이 유의적으로 많았고, 알류, 해조류, 우유 및 유제품류, 단음식 (빵 과자), 커피 및 차류의 섭취량이 유의적으로 적었다. 연구 대상 전체 NAFLD군에서는 정상군에 비해 곡류, 고기류, 생선류, 해조류, 김치류, 단당류, 커피 및 차류, 유지류의 섭취량이 유의적으로 많았고, 반면 전분류, 과일류, 우유 및 유제품류의 섭취량은 유의적으로 낮았다. 4) 총 에너지 섭취량은 남성, 여성, 연구 대상 전체에서 NAFLD군이 정상군에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. 영양소섭취량은 남성의 경우 NAFLD군은 정상군에 비해 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방, 티아민, 비타민 E, 니아신, 인, 나트륨, 아연, 콜레스테롤 섭취량이 유의적으로 높았다. 여성의 경우 NAFLD군은 정상군에 비해 탄수화물, 단백질, 비타민 $B_6$, 니아신, 인, 철분, 나트륨, 칼륨, 아연, 식이섬유소 섭취량이 유의적으로 높았다. 5) 1,000 kcal당 영양소 섭취량 분석 결과, 남성의 경우 NAFLD군은 정상군에 비해 지방의 섭취량이 유의적으로 높았고, 탄수화물, 비타민 A, 티아민, 리보플라빈, 비타민 $B_6$, 비타민 C, 엽산, 칼슘, 인, 철분, 칼륨, 식이섬유소의 섭취량은 유의적으로 낮았다. 여성의 경우 NAFLD군은 정상군에 비해 탄수화물의 섭취량이 유의적으로 높았고, 지방, 리보플라빈, 콜레스테롤 섭취량은 유의적으로 낮았다. 6) 식사의 질 평가에서는 다섯 가지 주요식품군이 모두 포함된 식사 (KDDS = 5)를 하는 경우가 여성, 연구 전체 대상에서 정상군이 NAFLD군에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. 리보플라빈, 칼슘, 식이섬유소의 NAR은 정상군에 비해 NAFLD군이 유의적으로 낮았다. 이상의 결과를 종합해보면, NAFLD군에서 빠른 식사속도, 과식, 잦은 외식 등 불량한 식습관을 보였다. 또한, NAFLD군에서 전분류, 우유 및 유제품, 과일류의 섭취가 유의적으로 낮았고 총 에너지 섭취량은 NAFLD군이 정상군에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. 과다한 에너지 섭취, 불균형적인 영양소 섭취, 불규칙적인 식습관 등은 NAFLD에 좋지 않은 영향을 주므로, 영양상담을 통해 식습관을 올바르게 개선하고, 골고루 균형있게 적당한 양을 섭취하는 것이 중요할 것이다. 또한 앞으로 국내 NAFLD 환자를 대상으로 한 식이섭취요인에 관한 연구가 보다 체계적이고 지속적으로 이루어져야 할 것이다. 또한 최근에는 비만하지 않은 여성에서도 NAFLD가 보고되고 있다. 앞으로 국내 비만하지 않은 NAFLD 여성과 비만한 NAFLD 여성의 식습관 및 영양 섭취 상태에 대한 연구도 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.176-186
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• 2018

김(Porphyra yezoensis, Laver)의 MeOH 추출에 의한 유기용매 별 분획물에서 폴리페놀 함량과 항산화 활성 및 간암세포주 HepG2의 세포증식 억제효과를 확인하였다. $CHCl_3$ 분획물의 폴리페놀 함량은 $10.34{\mu}g/mg$으로 물 분획물의 $13.08{\mu}g/mg$ 보다는 다소 적게 나타났으나, DPPH 자유라디칼 소거에 의한 전자공여능(EDA)에서 나타난 $ED_{50}$은 $16.96{\mu}g/ml$로 가장 높게 나타났다. $CHCl_3$과 EtOAc 분획물은 농도의존적으로 HepG2 세포의 증식을 억제하였으며, 특히 $900{\mu}g/ml$의 $CHCl_3$ 분획물을 24시간 동안 처리하여 90%의 세포증식이 억제되었다. 한편 $CHCl_3$ 분획물이 처리된 HepG2 세포의 유전자 발현 양상을 microarray로 확인하였다. P. yezoensis의 효능과 연관지은 gene ontology 분석으로 비타민 D 합성 과정, 항균작용에 대한 반응 및 영양물질에 대한 반응에 관련된 유의 유전자들을 탐색하였다. 유의 유전자로 IL6R와 CYP1A1를 선정하였고, 이들 유전자의 상위 조절자는 ARNT 유전자가 선정되었다. 또한 50 및 $100{\mu}g/ml$의 $CHCl_3$ 분획물이 처리된 HepG2 세포에서 IL6R와 CYP1A1 단백질의 발현과 상위 조절자인 ARNT의 활성을 Western blotting으로 확인하였다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.362-374
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the effects of overestimation of their own body shape on weight control behaviors, mental condition, physical activity, dietary behavior, health-related quality of life, and nutritional status among young Korean females. Methods: A total of 1,514 women aged 20-39 years who are not pregnant and lactating among those who participated in the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010~2011), were analyzed and grouped into underestimation (n=120), normal estimation (NE, n=840), and overestimation (OE, n=554), based on their body perception compared to actual percent ideal body weights. Variables were compared between OE group and NE group. Results: The subjects in OE group were significantly younger (29.5 vs. 30.5 years, respectively p < 0.05) and had lower body mass index (20.9 vs. 22.2 respectively, p < 0.01), health-related quality of life measured by EQ-5D (EuroQol-5 Dimension)(0.97 vs. 0.98 respectively, p < 0.05), nutrition adequacy ratio (NAR) of protein (0.91 vs. 0.93 respectively, p < 0.05), phosphorous (0.93 vs. 0.96 respectively, p < 0.05), and iron (0.70 vs. 0.75 respectively, p < 0.01), and index of nutrition quality (INQ) of iron (0.84 vs. 0.89 respectively, p < 0.05) compared to those in the NE group. The results of logistic regression showed that unmarried status (OR 1.32; 1.01~1.72) and severely underweight/underweight status (OR 1.94; 1.01~3.75)/(OR 1.81; 1.34~2.45) were significantly related to the probability of overestimation by the subjects. Significantly more women in OE group practiced fasting, skipping meals, and taking prescribed pills to lose body weights and had skipped breakfast compared to those in the NE group. Conclusions: The results of this study suggested that the Korean young women's distorted perception of own body shape may be associated with undesirable weight control behavior, low quality of life, and lower nutritional status. Therefore, nutrition education for this group should include information on correct body shape perception and its importance.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.180-190
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to assess several indices of diet quality based on nutrient, food and food group intake of Korean adolescents based on several indices on diet quality according to residence area and body size. Using the data from the 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey, twenty-four-hour-dietary recalls of a total of 1,110 Korean adolescents aged 13 - 19 years (male 543, female 567) were analyzed for nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) , index of nutritional quality (INQ) , the number of foods (Dietary Variety Score, DVS) and food group consumed (Dietary Diversity Score, DDS) . In doing that, it was attempted to apply only the minimum amount of solid foods of Kant's without inclusion of liquid foods because of the very limited variety in Korean foods. Based on weight length index, 13.1% of the subjects were categorized as obese, 14.2%, overweight, 44.4%, normal and 28.3%, underweight. Only vitamin B2 intake was higher in the obese group than in the underweight group. There was no meaningful difference in energy, protein and fat intakes according to the grade of the body size. In terms of residence area, intake of fat, niacin, vitamin $B_6$ and folic acid were lower in the rural areas than in the metropolitan city. Only vitamin E intake was higher in the rural areas. Mean value of NARs (MAR) and INQs (mINQ) was also higher in the metropolitan city than in the rural areas, but there was no significant difference of these two values according to body size of the subjects. Mean DVS was 21.02 for total subjects, and has no difference between male and female and between metropolitan city and other medium-small city. But, the rural areas showed the lowest DVS of 19.05. Mean DDS in which five is a maximum score was 3.3 with no significant difference by sex and by residence area in male subjects. However, in female subjects, DDS in the rural areas was the lowest. According to body size of the subjects, there was no meaningful difference in both scores of DVS and DDS. In conclusion, most indices of nutrient intake and food and food group intake were not significantly different by body size of the subjects, while most indices were significantly different by residence areas: higher in the metropolitan city than in the rural area.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.566-575
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• 2004

To compare the dietary intakes and body composition in the stage of puberty, this study was conducted with 360 girls aged 9 to 12 years in Seoul Korea. Girls's general information and 3-day diet records were collected, fat mass was measured by Inbody 3.0, bone mass at right calcaneus was measured by PIXI and pubertal development was self-assessed by picture of Tanner stages. The results are as follows: Girls who had breast development were 79.7% and 15.8% had pubic hair development. Mean of BMI, BMC and BMD were significantly higher at breast stage3+(19.6 kg/$m^2$, 1.62 kg, 0.47 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$) than at the breast stage2 (18.2 kg/$m^2$, 1.47 kg, 0.44 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$) or breast stage1(16.3 kg/$m^2$, 1.32 kg, 0.39 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$) (p < 0.001). Percent body fat of breast stage1, 2, and 3+ were 19.7%, 23.1%, 25.3% respectively and significantly increased during the puberty (p < 0.001). The mean of energy intake was 1629 kcal in stage1, 1664 kcal in stage2 and 1577 kcal in stage3+ showed significant difference in the breast stages (p < 0.05). Energy adjusted sodium intakes and crude fiber intakes were significantly higher in breast stage3 + than other breast stages. For zinc and iron, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than 75% of Korean RDA was over 40% and significantly higher in breast stage3+ than other stages (p < 0.05) ; for protein and vitamin E, the proportions of subjects with intake levels more than 125% RDA was significantly higher in the stage 1. The nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) for protein and phosphorous was significantly lower in breast stage3+ than other stages. The food groups of seed and nut were 4.7 g/day, 2.3 g/day, 1.8 g/day, respectively, and was significantly higher in breast stage 1. In summary, mean of BMI, BMD, BMC and percent of body fat were increased with pubertal development, and those who had higher breast developmental stage showed a lower amount of consumption level in energy, seeds and nuts, and also showed a higher amount of consumption level in energy adjusted sodium and fiber among Korean girls.