• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.189-199
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• 2008

Background & Objective : Jichul-hwan(JCH) has been used for the treatment of functional dyspepsia, regarded as a gastric dysmotility disease. We investigated the effects of JCH on gastric motility and its mechanisms of action in rats. Methods : The gastric wall was injured by tracting a part of stomach body in rats. Gastric emptying was measured after administration of normal saline(NS) or JCH in normal rats and gastric wall injured rats. To evaluate the mechanism of JCH under delayed gastric emptying conditions, normal rats were treated with atropine sulfate(1mg/kg, s.c.), quinpirole HCl(0.3mg/kgg, i.p.), $NAME(N^{G}-nitro-L-arginine$ methyl ester, 75mg/kg s.c.) and cisplatin(10mg/kg, i.p.). The gastric slow waves were measured for 30 minutes before and after administration of each solution(NS, JCH). Results : JCH 110.1mg/kg improved gastric emptying for 2 hrs(p=0.014). JCH 110.1mg/kg improved gastric emptying in the gastric wall injured rats(p=0.001). Under the delayed gastric emptying, JCH 110.1mg/kg improved gastric emptying in the group treated with atropine $sulfate(1.83{\pm}0.96$ vs $8.43{\pm}8.46$, p=0.003), but aggravated it with quinpirole $HCl(4.7{\pm}2.9$ vs $1.61{\pm}2.09$, p=0.021). Administration JCH 110.1mg/kg increased EGG power in rats. Conclusions : JCH stimulates gastric motility through the cholinergic pathway, so we expect that it would be effective in the treatment of dysmotility-like functional dyspepsia with low activity of vagus nerve.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2012

무연 리플로우 공정 횟수에 따른 organic solderability preservative(OSP) 표면처리 두께변화 및 열화현상을 분석하였다. 무연솔더 접합부의 접합강도에 미치는 OSP 표면처리의 열화특성을 SnPb 표면처리 경우와 비교하여 조사하였다. 또한 리플로우 pass에 따른 무연솔더 접합강도 열화분석을 위해 OSP 및 SnPb 표면처리된 FR-4 재질 PCB를 각각 1-6회 리플로우 처리하였다. 이후 각 리플로우를 거친 PCB 위에 2012 칩 저항기를 실장한 후 접합강도 변화를 측정하였다. 그 결과, 리플로우 공정 중 열 노출에 의해 OSP 코팅두께가 감소되는 것이 관찰되었고, 코팅두께의 변화 및 OSP 코팅 층의 산화를 유발함으로써, 솔더의 젖음성이 감소될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. OSP 열화에 따른 솔더 접합강도는 SnPb 표리처리시 평균 62.2 N 이였으며, OSP의 경우는 약 58.1 N 이였다. 리플로우 공정 노출에 따라 OSP 코팅 층은 열분해 되지만, 솔더 접합부의 접합강도 측면에서는 산업적으로 적용 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.54-67
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• 2003

N형 칼슘전류의 비활성화 vs 전압곡선은 U형을 보인다 - 즉 칼슘 내향전류의 크기와 비활성화 정도가 어느 정도 일치한다. 이러한 U형 비활성화는 순수한 전압의존성 기전으로 설명되어져 왔으나 칼슘의존성 비활성화 기전 또한 보고되었다. 이 연구에서는 흰쥐 상행 경동맥 결절뉴론을 단일 세포로 얻은 후, whole cell patch clamp technique를 사용하여 N형 칼슘전류를 기록하고, 세포외액의 charge carrier 로서 바륨과 칼슘을 사용하면서, 칼슘이 N형 칼슘통로의 비활성화에 미치는 역할을 알아보았다. charge carrier 로 칼슘을 사용하였을 경우에 바륨을 사용하였을 때에 비하여 비활성화 정도가 증가하였으며 이러한 증가는 세포속 $Ca^{2＋}$ Chelator가 11 mM EGTA 로부터 20 mM BAPTA 로 치환되어도 계속 관찰되었다. 비활성화 vs 전압 곡선은 바륨과 칼슘 모두에서 U형이었다. charge carrier 를 칼슘으로 치환시 추가로 유도되는 비활성화 정도는 바륨사용시의 비활성화 정도와 역비례관계를 보여 두 이온에서 같은 기전으로 비활성화가 일어날 가능성을 시사하였다. 이러한 가능성을 지원해 주는 결과로 5초의 긴 저분극 자극시 바륨과 칼슘을 써서 얻은 전류기록은 2중 지수함수로 잘 그려낼 수 있었고, 그 결과 빠른 성분(시정수: -150 ms) 과 느린 성분(시정수 -2500 ms) 를 얻었다. 칼슘이 각각의 성분에 미치는 효과는 각기 달라서 빠른 성분의 amplitude는 증가하였고 느린 성분의 시정수는 빨라졌다. 칼슘에 의해 빠른 성분의 amplitude는 증가하였으므로 이는 더 많은 채널이 빠른 경로로 비활성화되었음을 시사한다. 빠른 성분의 시정수는 변화하지 않았으므로, 이는 비촬성화의 빠른 경로는 칼슘과 바륨에서 같음을 시사하며 즉 비활성화 기전이 칼슘의존성이 아님을 보여주는 증거이다. 그러나 비활성화의 느린 성분은 칼슘에 의해 그 시정수가 빨라졌으므로 칼슘의존성일 가능성이 있다.

• Carbon letters
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.224-234
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• 2010

Four activated carbons were produced by two-stage process as followings; semi-carbonization of indigenous biomass waste, i.e. cotton stalks, followed by chemical activation with KOH under various activation temperatures and chemical ratios of KOH to semi-carbonized cotton stalks (CCS). The surface area, total pore volume and average pore diameter were evaluated by $N_2$-adsorption at 77 K. The surface morphology and oxygen functional groups were determined by SEM and FTIR, respectively. Batch equilibrium and kinetic studies were carried out by using a basic dye, methylene blue as a probe molecule to evaluate the adsorption capacity and mechanism over the produced carbons. The obtained activated carbon (CCS-1K800) exhibited highly microporous structure with high surface area of 950 $m^2/g$, total pore volume of 0.423 $cm^3/g$ and average pore diameter of 17.8 ${\AA}$. The isotherm data fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm with monolayer adsorption capacity of 222 mg/g for CCS-1K800. The kinetic data obtained at different concentrations were analyzed using a pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion equations. The pseudo-second-order model fitted better for kinetic removal of MB dye. The results indicate that such laboratory carbons could be employed as low cost alternative to commercial carbons in wastewater treatment.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2005

Salinity is one of the major limiting factors for agricultural productivity. In plants, accumulation of osmolytes plays a pivotal role in abiotic stress tolerance. Likewise, exclusion or compartmentation of $Na^+$ ions into vacuoles provides an efficient mechanism to avert deleterious effects of $Na^+$ in the cytosol. Both vacuolar and plasma membrane sodium transporters and $H^+-ATPases$ can provide the necessary ion homeostasis. A variety of crop plants were engineered with respect to the synthesis of osmoprotectants and ion-compartmentation, but there are other cellular pathways involved in the salinity responses that are still not completely explored. Genomics approaches are increasingly used to identify genes and pathway changes involved in salt-tolerance. The new knowledge may be used via guided genetic engineering of multiple genes to create crop plants with significantly increased productivity in saline soils. This review surveys how plants deal with high salt conditions and how salt tolerance can be improved by transgenic approaches.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.110-114
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• 2000

We have investigated the Josephson vortex dynamics in $Bi_2Sr_2CaCu_2O{8+\delta}$ intrinsic Josephson junctions subjected to a magnetic field parallel to $CuO_2$ planes. We investigated mesas with $40\times40{\mu}m^2$ in size and containing 6 and 20. intrinsic junctions. The zero field I-V characteristics exhibited a typical hysteretic, multi-branched nature of the intrinsic Josephson effect. At high magnetic fields (H>1.5 T), I-V characteristics showed flux flow steps. The Swihart velocity obtained from this observation was about $4.2\times10^5$ m/s, which was the lowest mode electromagnetic wave velocity of N coupled stack. The experimental I-V curves fitted well into the simple model of Cherenkov radiation including Ohmic and non-linear dissipation terms. This suggests that the dissipation mechanism of Josephson vortex be due to both Cherenkov radiation and quasiparticle tunneling current.

• 대한조선학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1989

본 연구에서는 추파중에 항행하는 선박의 전복현상과 관련된 횡복원성 문제를 다루었다. 추파중에서 항행하는 선박의 복원력 변동량을 이론적으로 규명하기 위해서 Froude-Krylov 가설과 파랑중에서의 정적 평형조건 등을 이용한 이론계산법을 정식화하였다. 그리고 본 이론계산법에 따라서 고속화물선 선형과 어선 선형에 대해서 복원력 변동량을 계산하였으며, 동일한 파랑조건하에서 실시된 Hamamoto의 모형실험 결과와 비교하였다. 상기 이론계산 결과 및 모형실험 결과로부터 추파의 파정에서 선체중심이 위치하였을 때 복원력이 평수중에 비해서 절반이하로 감소되며, 이때 전복의 위험이 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 약학회지
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.485-491
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• 2011

Previously, we have reported that apigenin, a natural flavonoid found in a variety of vegetables and fruits, stimulated melanogenesis through the activation of $K^+-Cl^-$-cotransport (KCC) in B16 melanoma cells. In this study we investigated the possible involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mechanism of apigenin-induced melanogenesis in B16 cells. Apigenin elevated intracellular ROS level in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with various inhibitors of NADPH oxidase, diphenylene iodonium (DPI), apocynin (Apo) and neopterine (NP) significantly inhibited both the generation of ROS and melanogenesis induced by apigenin. In addition these inhibitors profoundly inhibited apigenin-induced $Cl^-$-dependent $K^+$ efflux, a hallmark of KCC activity. However, the apigenin-induced ROS generation was not significantly affected by treatment with a specific KCC inhibitor R-(+)-[(2-n-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1H-inden-5-yl)oxy]acetic acid (DIOA). These results indicate that the ROS production may be a upstream regulator of the apigenin-induced KCC stimulation, and in turn, melanogenesis in the B16 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS production may play an important role in the apigenin-induced melanogenesis in B16 cells. These results further suggest that NADPH oxidase may be a good target for the management of hyperpigmentation disorders.

• 약학회지
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.500-506
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• 2008

Apigenin, a natural flavonoid found in a variety of vegetables and fruits, has been shown to possess many biological functions. In this study we found that apigenin stimulated melanin synthesis in a dose-dependent manner in B16 murine melanoma cells. Since in our previous study $K^+$-$Cl^-$-cotransport (KCC) has been shown to mediate the mechanism of action of apigenin in neuronal cells, we further investigated the role of KCC in the melanogenesis-stimulating effect of apigenin in B16 cells. At nontoxic concentrations apigenin induced $Cl^-$-dependent $K^+$ efflux, a hallmark of KCC activity, which was markedly prevented by a specific KCC inhibitor R-(+)-[(2-n-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1H-inden-5-yl)oxy]acetic acid (DIOA). These results indicate that KCC is functionally present, and activated by apigenin in the B16 cells. In addition, the apigenin-induced stimulation of melanogenesis was also significantly inhibited by DIOA. NEthylmaleimide (NEM), a known KCC activator, induced $Cl^-$ efflux and stimulated melanogenesis in a concentration-dependent fashion. Both effects of NEM were significantly inhibited by DIOA. Taken together, these results suggest that apigenin can modulate melanogenesis through the activation of a membrane ion transporter, KCC in B16 cells. These results further suggest that apigenin may be a good candidate in the therapeutic strategy for hypopigmentation disorders, such as vitiligo.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.7.1-7.13
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• 2021

Levodopa (L-DOPA) therapy is normally practised to treat motor pattern associated with Parkinson disease (PD). Additionally, several inhibitory drugs such as Entacapone and Opicapone are also cosupplemented to protect peripheral inactivation of exogenous L-DOPA (~80%) that occurs due to metabolic activity of the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). Although, both Entacapone and Opicapone have U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval but regular use of these drugs is associated with high risk of side effects. Thus, authors have focused on in silico discovery of phytochemicals and evaluation of their effectiveness against human soluble COMT using virtual screening, molecular docking, drug-like property prediction, generation of pharmacophoric property, and molecular dynamics simulation. Overall, study proposed, nine phytochemicals (withaphysalin D, withaphysalin N, withaferin A, withacnistin, withaphysalin C, withaphysalin O, withanolide B, withasomnine, and withaphysalin F) of plant Withania somnifera have strong binding efficiency against human COMT in comparison to both of the drugs i.e., Opicapone and Entacapone, thus may be used as putative bioenhancer in L-DOPA therapy. The present study needs further experimental validation to be used as an adjuvant in PD treatment.