• 한국문헌정보학회지
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• 제4권
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• pp.43-71
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• 1975

Operations research has developed rapidly since its origins in World War II. Practitioners of O. R. have contributed to almost every aspect of government and business. More recently, a number of operations researchers have turned their attention to library and information systems, and the author believes that significant research has resulted. It is the purpose of this essay to introduce the library audience to some of these accomplishments, to present some of the author's hypotheses on the subject of library management to which he belives O. R. has great potential, and to suggest some future research directions. Some problem areas in librianship where O. R. may play a part have been discussed and are summarized below. (1) Library location. It is usually necessary to make balance between accessibility and cost In location problems. Many mathematical methods are available for identifying the optimal locations once the balance between these two criteria has been decided. The major difficulties lie in relating cost to size and in taking future change into account when discriminating possible solutions. (2) Planning new facilities. Standard approaches to using mathematical models for simple investment decisions are well established. If the problem is one of choosing the most economical way of achieving a certain objective, one may compare th althenatives by using one of the discounted cash flow techniques. In other situations it may be necessary to use of cost-benefit approach. (3) Allocating library resources. In order to allocate the resources to best advantage the librarian needs to know how the effectiveness of the services he offers depends on the way he puts his resources. The O. R. approach to the problems is to construct a model representing effectiveness as a mathematical function of levels of different inputs(e.g., numbers of people in different jobs, acquisitions of different types, physical resources). (4) Long term planning. Resource allocation problems are generally concerned with up to one and a half years ahead. The longer term certainly offers both greater freedom of action and greater uncertainty. Thus it is difficult to generalize about long term planning problems. In other fields, however, O. R. has made a significant contribution to long range planning and it is likely to have one to make in librarianship as well. (5) Public relations. It is generally accepted that actual and potential users are too ignorant both of the range of library services provided and of how to make use of them. How should services be brought to the attention of potential users? The answer seems to lie in obtaining empirical evidence by controlled experiments in which a group of libraries participated. (6) Acquisition policy. In comparing alternative policies for acquisition of materials one needs to know the implications of each service which depends on the stock. Second is the relative importance to be ascribed to each service for each class of user. By reducing the level of the first, formal models will allow the librarian to concentrate his attention upon the value judgements which will be necessary for the second. (7) Loan policy. The approach to choosing between loan policies is much the same as the previous approach. (8) Manpower planning. For large library systems one should consider constructing models which will permit the skills necessary in the future with predictions of the skills that will be available, so as to allow informed decisions. (9) Management information system for libraries. A great deal of data can be available in libraries as a by-product of all recording activities. It is particularly tempting when procedures are computerized to make summary statistics available as a management information system. The values of information to particular decisions that may have to be taken future is best assessed in terms of a model of the relevant problem. (10) Management gaming. One of the most common uses of a management game is as a means of developing staff's to take decisions. The value of such exercises depends upon the validity of the computerized model. If the model were sufficiently simple to take the form of a mathematical equation, decision-makers would probably able to learn adequately from a graph. More complex situations require simulation models. (11) Diagnostics tools. Libraries are sufficiently complex systems that it would be useful to have available simple means of telling whether performance could be regarded as satisfactory which, if it could not, would also provide pointers to what was wrong. (12) Data banks. It would appear to be worth considering establishing a bank for certain types of data. It certain items on questionnaires were to take a standard form, a greater pool of data would de available for various analysis. (13) Effectiveness measures. The meaning of a library performance measure is not readily interpreted. Each measure must itself be assessed in relation to the corresponding measures for earlier periods of time and a standard measure that may be a corresponding measure in another library, the 'norm', the 'best practice', or user expectations.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.382-386
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• 2011

이 연구에서는 일반적인 음극부 한 개에 양극부 한 개로 구성된 single-cathode 미생물연료전지(SCMFC)와 음극부 한 개에 양극부 두 개로 이루어진 dual-cathode 미생물연료전지(DCMFC)를 이용하여 전류발생에 비치는 영향을 확인하였다. 이 결과 dual-cathode 미생물연료전지에서 single-cathode 미생물연료전지 보다 전류발생이 약 40% 높았으며 COD 제거율도 약 13% 더 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 이것은 양극부와 음극부의 접촉면적이 증가하여 양극반응속도가 향상된 것에 의한 것으로 판단되며 dual-cathode 미생물연료전지가 single-cathode보다 전류발생과 COD제거 측면서 더 효율이 높은것으로 나타났다. 음극부 전자수용체에 대한 영향 실험에서는 전자수용체로 사용된 질산성질소의 농도가 높아질수록 급격히 전류발생이 감소하는 것을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 이에 대한 적절한 처리가 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.93-98
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• 2006

목 적 : 재태연령 34주 이상의 적정체중아(appropriate for gestational age, AGA)에서 제대혈의 ghrelin과 leptin의 농도를 측정하고 출생체중, 체질량지수(body mass index, BMI) 등의 신체계측치와의 연관성 및 IGF-I, IGFBP-3와 같은 성장과 관련된 호르몬과의 관계에 대해 알아보았다. 방 법 : 재태연령 34주에서 42주 미만의 신생아 중 재태기간과 비교해 적정체중을 가진 건강한 남아 31명과 여아 29명을 대상으로 하였다. 대상 신생아의 출생체중, 체질량지수를 계측하고 제대정맥혈을 채취하여 ghrelin, leptin, IGF-I 및 IGFBP-3 농도를 측정하여 분석하였다. 결 과 : 대상 신생아들의 제대혈에서 ghrelin 농도($528.3{\pm}307.3pg/mL$)는 신생아의 출생체중(r=-0.29, P<0.05)과 재태연령(r=-0.28, P<0.05)과 반비례하였다. 한편, 대상 신생아 제대혈의 leptin 농도($4.43{\pm}3.66ng/mL$)는 신생아의 출생체중(r=0.44, P<0.01), 재태연령(r=0.36, P<0.01), 체질량지수(r=0.28, P<0.05) 등과 비례하였다. 제대혈의 ghrelin 농도는 성별에 따른 차이가 없었으나 leptin 농도는 여아($5.45{\pm}4.32ng/mL$)에서가 남아($3.48{\pm}2.64ng/mL$)에서보다 유의하게 높았으며(P<0.05), 특히 재태연령 37주 이상인 군에서 성별에 따라 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다(P<0.01). 제대혈의 ghrelin과 leptin 농도 사이에서는 의미있는 상관관계가 없었으며, ghrelin 농도와 제대혈의 IGF-I 및 IGFBP-3 사이에서도 역시 의미있는 상관관계가 없었다. 결 론 : 적정체중을 가진 신생아의 제대혈 ghrelin 농도는 출생체중 및 재태연령에 반비례하였다. 제대혈의 leptin 농도는 신생아의 출생체중, 재태연령 및 체질량지수 등의 신체계측치에 비례하였으며 여아에서 남아에서보다 더 높은 농도를 나타냈다. 제대혈의 ghrelin과 leptin 농도 사이에는 특별한 상관관계가 없었다. 앞으로 이들 물질이 태아 성장에 생리적, 병리적으로 상호 어떤 역할을 하는지 규명하기 위해 더 많은 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.7-16
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• 2012

Despite the enforcement of SSM control laws such as 'the Law of Developing the Distribution Industry (LDDI)' and 'the Law of Promoting Mutual Cooperation between Large and Small/medium Enterprises (LPMC)' stipulating the business adjustment system, the number of super-supermarkets (SSMs) has ever been expanding in Korea. In France, however, Super Centers are being regulated most strongly and directly in the whole Europe viewing that there is not a single SSM in Paris, which is emphasized to be the outcome from French government's regulation exerted on the opening of large scale retail stores. In France, the authority to approve store opening is deeply centralized and the store opening regulation is a socio-economic regulation driven by economic laws whereas EU strongly regulates the distribution industry. To control the French distribution industry, such seven laws and regulations as Commission départementale d'urbanisme commercial guidelines (CDLIC) (1969), the Royer Law (1973), the Doubin Law (1990), the Sapin Law (1993), the Raffarin Law (1996), solidarite et renouvellement urbains (SRU) (2000), and Loi de modernisation de l'économie (LME) (2009) have been promulgated one by one since the amendment of the Fontanet guidelines, through which commercial adjustment laws and regulations have been complemented and reinforced while regulatory measures have been taken. Even in the course of forming such strong regulatory laws, InterMarche, the largest supermarket chain in France, has been in existence as a global enterprise specialized in retail distribution with over 4,000 stores in Europe. InterMarche's business can be divided largely into two segments of food and non-food. As a supermarket chain, InterMarche's food segment has 2,300 stores in Europe and as a hard-discounter store chain in France, Netto has 420 stores. Restaumarch is a chain of traditional family restaurants and the steak house restaurant chain of Poivre Rouge has 4 restaurants currently. In addition, there are others like Ecomarche which is a supermarket chain for small and medium cities. In the non-food segment, the DIY and gardening chain of Bricomarche has a total of 620 stores in Europe. And the car-related chain of Roady has a total of 158 stores in Europe. There is the clothing chain of Veti as well. In view of InterMarche's management strategies, since its distribution strategy is to sell goods at cheap prices, buying goods cheap only is not enough. In other words, in order to sell goods cheap, it is all important to buy goods cheap, manage them cheap, systemize them cheap, and transport them cheap. In quality assurance, InterMarche has guaranteed the purchase safety for consumers by providing its own private brand products. InterMarche has 90 private brands of its own, thus being the retailer with the largest number of distributor brands in France. In view of its IT service strategy, InterMarche is utilizing a high performance IT system so as to obtainas much of the market information as possible and also to find out the best locations for opening stores. In its global expansion strategy of international alliance, InterMarche has established the ALDIS group together with the distribution enterprises of both Spain and Germany in order to expand its food purchase, whereas in the non-food segment, it has established the ARENA group in alliance with 11 international distribution enterprises. Such strategies of InterMarche have been intended to find out the consumer needs for both price and quality of goods and to secure the purchase and supply networks which are closely localized. It is necessary to cope promptly with the constantly changing circumstances through being unified with relevant regions and by providing diversified customer services as well. In view of the InterMarche's positive policy for promoting local partnerships as well as the assistance for enhancing the local economic structure, implications are existing for those retail distributors of our country.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.273-289
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• 1994

뇌-허혈후 나타나는 신경세포의 손상에 glutamate의 과다한 유리와 그의 N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) 수용체: calcium 통로 활성작용 및 polyamine중 putrescine의 증가로 인한 신경세포내 $[Ca^{2+}]$의 상승과 관련 있다는 보고들이 있다. 본 연구에서는 Mongolian gerbil에서 5분간 경동맥을 차단하여 뇌-허혈을 가한후 재관류시 해마의 세포외액내 polyamine, glutamate, acetylcholine농도, 해마의 $[^3H]MK-801$ 결합능의 변동 및 해마조직소견의 변동에 미치는 비가역성 ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) 억제제인 difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), diamine oxidase (DAO) 억제제인 aminoguanidine (AG), NMDA 수용체 길항제인 MK-801 및 calcium 통로 차단제인 nimodipine (NM)의 효과를 비교-검색하였다. 해마 세포외액내 polyamine, glutamate 및 acetylcholine은 microdialysis probe를 해마의 CA1부위에 위치시킨 후 나온 분취액을 HPLC와 luminometer를 사용하여 측정하였고, 해마조직에서 신경세포의 손상은 cresyl-violet 염색법으로 관찰하였다. 허혈후 해마 세포외액내 putrescine농도는 5분이내에 급속히 증가하여 뇌-허혈후 96시간까지 증가되는 경향을 보였으며 AG과 MK-801 처치시 saline 처치군에 비하여 증가정도가 상승되었으나 NM과 DFMO 처치로 putrescine의 증가는 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 해마 세포외액내 glutamate의 농도는 허혈후 5분 이내에 9배이상 유의하게 증가한 후 급격히 감소되어 25분후에는 정상치로 회복되었으나, 이같은 변동은 AG, DFMO 및 MK-801 처치로 영향을 받지 않았고 NM 처치로는 glutamate의 증가가 둔화되는 경향을 보였다. 해마 세포외액내 acetylcholine 농도는 허혈에 의하여 큰변동이 없었으나 허혈전 acetylcholine농도는 DFMO나 MK-801처치로 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 해마-synaptosome막의 $[^3H]MK-801$ 결합능은 saline 처치군에 비하여 AG과 MK-801 처치로 유의하게 감소되었다. 해마의 조직소견상 AG과 NM은 허혈후의 신경세포손상을 억제하고, MK-801은 손상의 예방에 별 영향을 주지 못하였으나 DFMO는 허혈에 의한 신경세포의 손상을 더욱 악화시키는 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 NM과 다른기전으로 AG은 해마신경세포의 손상을 NMDA-수용체: calcium 통로의 활성화를 조절하여 허혈성 뇌손상을 억제할 수 있으리라 사료된다.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제59호
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• pp.37-69
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• 2019

자치경찰제는 연구자의 시각과 이해 관계자의 입장에 따라 다양한 의견 제시가 가능하다. 즉, '권한 분산', '정치적 중립성', '재정 문제', '총체적 치안안전 역량'을 비롯한 여러 가지 기준을 어떻게 조화롭게 담아내느냐에 따라 한국적 자치경찰의 성패가 좌우된다. 자치경찰제의 본격적 도입을 앞둔 상황에서, 제주자치경찰의 그간 운영 경과와 평가는 요긴한 학습 자료가 되리라 본다. 특히, 경찰청에서 지난해부터 '제주자치경찰 사무확대'를 추진 중인데, 이것은 향후 자치경찰 도입을 앞둔 각 지방자치단체의 입장에서는 매우 유익한 참고서가 될 것이다. 제주자치경찰에 대한 이제까지의 평가는 다소 비판적 시각이 우세해보인다. 하지만, 대다수 평가가 인력·장비·법령·조직을 비롯한 하드웨어 측면의 접근이 많았던 반면, 조직문화와 운영시스템, 사무절차를 비롯한 소프트웨어 측면의 접근은 부족했던 점이 아쉬움을 남긴다. 본 연구에서는 제주자치경찰 사무확대 1년을 맞아 각종 문헌과 보고서, 통계자료, 언론 보도 등을 토대로 그간의 성과와 정책적 시사점을 살펴보고자 한다. 연구 결과, 향후 자치 경찰제가 연착륙하기 위해서는 먼저, 지방행정과 치안행정의 연계를 강화해야 하고, 둘째, 국가·지방 양 측이 탄탄한 협업 기반을 구축해야 하며, 셋째, 지방자치에 단체자치를 뛰어 넘어 주민 자치적 요소를 보강해야 하고, 넷째, 국가·지방 전반에 걸쳐 상황대응 역량을 고도화하는 한편, 끝으로 자치경찰제 도입의 워킹그룹으로서 '기관 간 실무협의체'를 활성화해야 한다는 시사점을 이끌어 내었다. 자치경찰제 연구는 현재진행형이다. 후속 연구에서는 더욱 풍성한 자료를 토대로 보다 다양화된 접근 방법을 통해 깊이 있는 연구가 있었으면 한다. 특히, 가외성과 형평성을 비롯한 추가 이념에 대한 고찰이 필요하고, 저출산·노령화와 4차 산업혁명, 통일시대를 비롯한 거시적 트렌드 변화에 맞춰 대한민국 자치경찰의 장기 청사진을 제시하는 연구가 뒤따르기를 열망한다.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.181-190
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• 2018

본 연구는 2017년 2월부터 4월까지 충북지역 제초제 저항성 논잡초 발생현황을 조사하기 위하여 11개 시 군 289지점에서 토양시료를 채취하였다. 충북지역의 제초제 저항성 논잡초의 발생을 조사한 결과, 시 군별 최우점 잡초는 물달개비이었고, 그 다음은 강피였다. 충북지역의 제초제 저항성 잡초 발생비율과 면적은 각각 80.6%, 28,272 ha로 지난 2012년 보다 3배 증가하였다. 옥천군의 저항성 발생율이 93.8%로 가장 높았고, 충주시, 보은군, 영동군, 진천군과 괴산군이 80% 이상, 청주시, 음성군, 증평군이 70% 이상으로 높은 수준이었다. 발생면적은 청주시가 6,957 ha로 가장 많았고, 충주시, 진천군, 보은군, 음성군의 순으로 높았다. 초종별 제초제 저항성 비율과 면적은 물달개비 49%, 17,646 ha, 강피 44%, 15,617 ha, 올챙이고랭이 29%, 10,377 ha의 순으로 발생하였다. 충북지역 모든 지역에서 물달개비와 강피는 acetolactate synthase (ALS) 저해제 제초제에 저항성이 40% 이상이므로 집중적인 관리가 필요하며, 현재 설포닐우레아계 제초제 사용이 증가하고 있고, 대부분의 농가가 이앙 후 10일 이전에 제초제를 사용하기 때문에 이앙 후에도 관리가 필요하며, 매년 적용 제초제를 교호 살포하는 방법으로 제초제 저항성 잡초의 발생을 줄여야 하겠다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.25-36
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• 1995

쓰레기는 여러가지 물질이 혼합되어 나오므로 퇴비화 시설의 성공적 운영을 위해서는 퇴비화에 적합한 쓰레기만을 분리해내는 것이 중요하다. 또한, 이를 위해서는 다양한 발생원에 산재하는 퇴비화 가능 쓰레기의 총량을 산출하는 것이 필요하며, 이를 바탕으로 쓰레기의 적정 수거체계는 물론이고 필요한 퇴비화시설의 규모 및 갯수도 산정이 가능하다. 본 연구에서는 주된 퇴비화 대상인 음식물찌꺼기의 발생량을 추정하였다. 원단위의 실측은 업소의 면적을 기준으로 하는가 또는 이용객의 수를 기준으로 하는가에 따라 상이한 결과를 보일 수 있는데 기존의 연구에서는 이것에 대한 기준이 제시되지 않은 문제가 있었다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 업소의 면적과 이용자수간의 상관관계를 분석하여 관계식을 유도하고, 이를 실제의 발생량 추산에 이용한 결과를 통해 원단위 측정시의 기준을 제시하였다. 그 결과 면적 기준과 이용자수 기준의 실측자료의 상대분산값은 각각 62.5와 52.8로 비슷하지만 이용자수 기준의 실측자료가 상대적으로 다소 변화가 적었다. 업소의 면적과 이용자수간의 상관성에서는 선형회귀분석결과 Y=0.244X+59.0인 관계가 구해졌으며, 이 때의 상관계수는 0.904이었다. 반면 Monod식 형태의 회귀분석에서는 Y=616.5X/(X+1215.4) 인 관계가 구해졌고 이때의 상관계수는 0.720으로 구해졌다. 선형회귀분석결과에서 얻어진 관계식을 이용하여 서울과 전국의 음식물찌꺼기 발생량을 산출한 결과는 2043.9톤/일, 9014.0톤/일과 같았고, 면적기준의 실측 원단위자료를 모든 면적의 업소에 대해 동일하게 적용했을 때는 821.3톤/일과 3821.0톤/일로 상대적으로 적은 수치를 보였다. 또한 1994년의 퇴비화 의무대상업소의 발생량은 집단급식소 9.3톤/일, 식품접객업소 3.3톤/일로 산출되었다. 결론적으로 음식물찌꺼기의 발생량을 산출하기 위한 원단위 발생량의 실사는 실측지점을 줄이면서 실측지의 대표성을 확보할 수 있는 이용객 기준의 측정방법이 바람직하며, 이는 특히 업소의 면적이 통계자료로 되어 있는 식품접객업소에서 유효하리라 판단되었다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.164-173
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• 2000

The p16 protein is a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor that inhibits cell cycle progression from $G_1$ phase to S phase in cell cycle. Many p16 gene mutations have been noted in many cancer-cell lines and in some primary cancers, and alterations of p16 gene function by DNA methylation have been noticed in various kinds of cancer tissues and cell-lines. There have been a large body of literature has accumulated indicating that abnormal patterns of DNA methylation (both hypomethylation and hypermethylation) occur in a wide variety of human neoplasma and that these aberrations of DNA methylation may play an important epigenetic role in the development and progression of neoplasia. DNA methylation is a part of the inheritable epigenetic system that influences expression or silencing of genes necessary for normal differentiation and proliferation. Gene activity may be silenced by methylation of up steream regulatory regions. Reactivation is associated with demethylation. Although evidence or a high incidence of p16 alterations in a variety of cell lines and primary tumors has been reported, that has been contested by other investigators. The precise mechanisms by which abnormal methylation might contribute to carcinogenesis are still not fully elucidated, but conceivably could involve the modulation of oncogene and other important regulatory gene expression, in addition to creating areas of genetic instability, thus predisposing to mutational events causing neoplasia. There have been many variable results of studies of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC). This investigation was studied on 13 primary HNSCC for p16 gene status by protein expression in immunohistochemistry, and DNA genetic/epigenetic analyzed to determine the incidence, the mechanisms, and the potential biological significance of its Inactivation. As methylation detection method of p16 gene, the methylation specific PCR(MSP) is sensitive and specific for methylation of any block of CpG sites in a CpG islands using bisulfite-modified DNA. The genomic DNA is modified by treatment with sodium bisulfate, which converts all unmethylated cytosines to uracil(thymidine). The primers designed for MSP were chosen for regions containing frequent cytosines (to distinguish unmodified from modified DNA), and CpG pairs near the 5' end of the primers (to provide maximal discrimination in the PCR between methylated and unmethylated DNA). The two strands of DNA are no longer complementary after bisulfite treatment, primers can be designed for either modified strand. In this study, 13 paraffin embedded block tissues were used, so the fragment of DNA to be amplified was intentionally small, to allow the assessment of methylation pattern in a limited region and to facilitate the application of this technique to samlples. In this 13 primary HNSCC tissues, there was no methylation of p16 promoter gene (detected by MSP and automatic sequencing). The p16 protein-specific immunohistochemical staining was performed on 13 paraffin embedded primary HNSCC tissue samples. Twelve cases among the 13 showed altered expression of p16 proteins (negative expression). In this study, The author suggested that low expression of p16 protein may play an important role in human HNSCC, and this study suggested that many kinds of genetic mechanisms including DNA methylation may play the role in carcinogenesis.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-21
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• 1974

A considerable change of the Korean nursing system has been made during the last decade not only in its philosophy but also in its function and structure to meet political and scientific need of the modern society. The main purpose of this study is to develope the new concept of comprehensive nursing care, both its Philosophy and ethics, as the basic of modern clinical nursing theory and practice. Comprehensive nursing care is the concept of human centered nursing care, and it helps a man to meet the basic physical, psychological, environmental, socioeconomic and teaching needs. It also helps him to help himself to meet these needs. This concept starts from the individualized nursing care and its ultimate goal is to improve a man to have a better position in his own community so that he may able to have a meaningful life. To accomplish this goal, an individualized nursing care plan as a nursing diagnosis and problem solving method should be set up for different patients with similar diagnosis to meet their needs, because each patient has a different social background. from this viewpoint, nursing is a science as well as abstruse humanity. The performance of comprehensive nursing care is a goal and issue of modern clinical nursing care. If nursing is a science and a profession for man, it should have ethics which recognize the dignity of man and offers infinite service voluntarily, and should be able to show leadership in carrying out the nursing responsibility. This leadership finds a person's potential and encourages him to utilize it. Such concepts should develop into a nursing ideology and this ideology should become a priority in comprehensive nursing care. The following statements are the conclusion of this study. 1) Modern nursing has been developed from disease centered nursing care to comprehensive nursing care based on humanity. The primary principle of nursing was to assist in the treatment of disease, but it has been changed to the professional nursing system independently. 2) The concept of nursing is one of continuous or endless scope of dispersion. It proves that nursing is grasping the professional responsibility to be able to coordinate scientific principles Patient health problems are according to scientific principles rather than adhering to nursing technical discipline as a daily work. 3) In chapter I and Ⅱ, the philosophy and ideology of nursing have been discussed and the flow of concept of clinical nursing and the rate of progress which emerges from naturalizing performance of the concept of comprehensive nursing in clinical nursing studied. The discussion developed the theory that a nurse should be to embody nursing ideas and objectives by establishing definite conviction of professions and study. 4) In chapter lil, nursing planning based on nursing diagnosis as a method to attain ideal nursing care for humanity with a definite idea of establishing philosophy of nursing was presented. 5) From the result of survey on patient needs about treatment and nursing, it was observed that all patient had emotional stress from unknown factors. Therefore it was concluded that nurses should not only educate the patient but also give them the opportunity to communicate freely their needs and anxieties. Furthermore complaints and doubts of the patient should be carefully noted and must be considered to meet these needs. 6) Patient teaching is the most important part of comprehensive nursing care. In chapter, Ⅲ, the important of patient teaching was emphasized by demonstrating the effect of patient teaching for diabetic patient. 7) In Chapter Ⅳ, from the result of the study on nurses attitudes to comprehensive nursing care, it was pointed that the evolution of nursing education and the establishment of a complete concept and value of comprehensive nursing was necessary.