• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제89권6호
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• pp.589-599
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• 2024

This study presents the usability of the high-rate single-frequency Precise Point Positioning (SF-PPP) technique based on 20 Hz Global Positioning Systems (GPS)-only observations in detecting dynamic motions. SF-PPP solutions were obtained from post-mission and real-time GNSS corrections. These include the International GNSS Service (IGS)-Final, IGS real-time (RT), real-time MADOCA (Multi-GNSS Advanced Demonstration tool for Orbit and Clock Analysis), and real-time products from the Australian/New Zealand satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS, known as SouthPAN). SF-PPP results were compared with LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer) sensor and single-frequency relative positioning (SF-RP) solutions. The findings show that the SF-PPP technique successfully detects the harmonic motions, and the real-time products-based PPP solutions were as accurate as the final post-mission products. In the frequency domain, all GNSS-based methods evaluated in this contribution correctly detect the dominant frequency of short-term harmonic oscillations, while the differences in the amplitude values corresponding to the peak frequency do not exceed 1.1 mm. However, evaluations in the time domain show that SF-PPP needs high-pass filtering to detect accurate displacement since SF-PPP solutions include trends and low-frequency fluctuations, mainly due to atmospheric effects. Findings obtained in the time domain indicate that final, real-time, and MADOCA-based PPP results capture short-term dynamic behaviors with an accuracy ranging from 3.4 mm to 8.5 mm, and SBAS-based PPP solutions have several times higher RMSE values compared to other methods. However, after high-pass filtering, the accuracies obtained from PPP methods decreased to a few mm. The outcomes demonstrate the potential of the high-rate SF-PPP method to reliably monitor structural and earthquake-induced ground motions and vibration frequencies of structures.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

In case that W/B is 20%, 30%, 40% respectively, the effects of additive and shrinkage reducing agent on the autogenous shrinkage for high strengthen concrete through the substitution of FA and SF analysis were obtained as following conclusions. When the ratio of FA increased, the compressive strength of high strengthen concrete is decreased in the early times. As the ratio of SF increase, the compressive strength also increased. Comparing with PC(Portland Cement) for 7 days curing, the strength is 13.8% of FA10 + SR0.5 and 19.2% of FA15 + SR0.5 decreased when W/B is 20%, and 6.1% of SF7.5 + SR0.5, 4.8% of SF15 + SR0.5, the strength are increased. In case that W/B is 30%, 13.1% of FA10 + SR0.5 19.1% of FA15 + SR0.5 the strength is decreased and 4.1% of SF 7.5 + SR0.5, 7.2% of SF15 + SR0.5 the strength are increased. In case of W/B 40%, 4.3% of FA10 + SR0.5, and 8.7% of FA15 + SR0.5, the strength is decreased and 3.3% of SF7.5 + SR0.5, 6.3% SF15 + SR0.5 the strength is increased. When the ratio of SR is 0.5%, autogenous shrinkage strain of OPC concrete appeared $-417{\times}10-6$ in 56days curing, the shrinkage strain is decreased 23.7%. The reducing effects of autogenous shrinkage when the mineral and shrinkage agent are used are the same as ones when only shrinkage agent used.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2000

본 논문에서는 $SF_6$가스 내에 혼입된 급속이물에 의한 부분방전에 대해 연구하였다. 모의 GIS챔버를 설계.제작하여, 전극 내에 혼입된 금속이물에 의한 부분방전 및 절연파괴과정을 관측하고, 초음파센서를 이용하여 부분방 전올 검출하였다. 또한 전극 내에 혼입된 금속이물의 위치에 따른 전계를 해석하였다. $SF_6$가스 내에서 금속이물의 거동 중 끝단에서 부분방전이 발생하였다 이와 같이 금속이물이 거동중에 발생하는 미소 캡사이의 방전은 아크방전으로 진전되어, 결과적으로는 절연파괴를 유발할 수 있다. 금속이물의 위치에 따른 전계분포는 금속이물이 상부전극에 수직으로 부착되어 있는 경우에 전계의 세기가 가장 크고, 하부전극에 수평으로 부착되어 있는 경우가 가장 낮게 나타났다.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.189-194
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• 2012

Studies on the development of high voltage superconducting apparatuses, such as transmission superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) and superconducting cables, have been performed worldwide. In this paper, a study on the electrical insulation characteristics of electro negative gas according to various pressures and utilization factors was conducted as a part of developing a high voltage superconducting coil with a sub-cooled nitrogen cooling system. Some gases such as helium (He), nitrogen ($N_2$), and sulfur hexafluoride ($SF_6$) are considered for pressurizing the sub-cooled nitrogen cooling system of high voltage SFCLs and superconducting cables. $SF_6$ is used to pressurize and enhance the dielectric performance of a superconducting system of a sub-cooled nitrogen cooling system for superconducting cables being developed in the Republic of Korea. In this paper, dielectric experiments on AC voltage, as well as lightning impulse voltage of $SF_6$, are conducted according to various utilization factors by using several kinds of sphere-to-plane electrode systems. As results, it is known that the empirical formulae of $SF_6$, known as an electro negative gas, are derived according to various pressures and utilization factors. Also, the appropriate pressure condition for designing a high voltage superconducting coil is found from the viewpoint of dielectric performance.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기기기및에너지변환시스템부문B
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• 제50권7호
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• pp.331-337
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• 2001

With the increasing reliability of analysis schemes and the dramatically increased calculating speed, the computer simulation has become and indispensable process to predict the interruption capacity of circuit breakers. Generally, circuit breakers have to possess both the small current and large current interruption abilities and the circuit breaker designers need to evaluate its capacities to save the time and the expense. The analysis of small current and the large current interruption performances have been considered separately because the phenomena occurring in a interrupter are quite different. To analyze the dielectric recovery after large current interruption many physical phenomena such as heat transfer, convection and arc radiation, the nozzle ablation, the ionization of high temperature SF(sub)6 gas, the electric and themagnetic forces and so forth mush be considered. However, in the analysis of small current interruption performance only the cold gas flow analysis needs to be carried out because the capacitive current is to small that the influence from the current can be neglected. In this paper, an empirical equation which is obtained from a series of tests to estimate the dielectric recovery strength has been applied to a real circuit breaker. The results of analysis have been compared with the test results and the reliability has been investigated.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.1786-1795
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• 2015

It is common practice to identify the insulation faults of GIS through monitor the contents of SF₆ decomposed components. Partial discharges (PD) could lead to the decomposition of SF₆ dielectric, so new reactions usually occur in the mixture of the newly decomposed components including traces of H₂O and O₂. The new reactions also cause the decomposed components to differ due to the different amounts of H₂O and O₂ even under the same strength of PD. Thus, the accuracy of assessing the insulation faults is definitely influenced when using the concentration and corresponding change of decomposed components. In the present research, a needle-plate electrode was employed to simulate the PD event of a metal protrusion insulation fault for two main characteristic components SO₂F₂ and SOF₂, and to carry out influence analysis of trace H₂O and O₂ on the characteristic components. The research shows that trace H₂O has the capability of catching an F atom, which inhibits low-sulfide SF_x from recombining into high-sulfide SF₆. Thus, the amount of SOF₂ strongly correlates to the amount of trace H₂O, whereas the amount of SO₂F₂ is weakly related to trace H₂O. Furthermore, the dilution effect of trace O₂ on SOF₂ obviously exceeds that of SO₂F₂.

• E2M - 전기 전자와 첨단 소재
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.462-472
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• 1994

In this paper, electron drift velocity is experimentally measured in SF$_{6}$+N$_{2}$ Gas by induced cur-rent method and quantitaive production of electron transport coefficient is calculated by backward-prolongation of Boltzmann equation. Then electron energy distribution function and attachment coefficients are calculated. This paper can use the electron drift velocity by experimentally and the electron transport coefficient by calculated as a basic data of mixed Gas by comparing and investigating.g.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.359-364
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• 2000

The paper describes the electron transport characteristics in SP$_{6}$+He gas calculated E/N values 0.1~700[Td] by the Monte Carlos simulation and Boltzmann equation method using a set of electron collision cross sections determined by the authors and the values of electron swarm parameters obtained by TOF method. This study gained the values of the electron swarm parameters such as the electron drift velocity the electron ionization or attachment coefficients longitudinal and transverse diffusion coefficients for SF$_{6}$+He gas at a range of E/N.E/N.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2007년도 Techno-Fair 및 추계학술대회 논문집 전기물성,응용부문
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• pp.194-195
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• 2007

$SF_6$ gas used widely as insulating component in electric power industry has excellent in insulation and arc extinguishing performance in gas-insulated switchgear. However, the concern about eco-friendly alternative gas is currently rising because $SF_6$ gas is one of the main greenhouse gases. In this paper, dry-air and composite-insulation (dry-air+epoxy) as the alternative technology for $SF_6$ gas insulation is studied. Under the gas pressure ranged from 0.1 to 0.6MPa, the breakdown voltage of dry-air were measured in AC electric field. The data of composite-insulation were acquired by changing the thickness of epoxy used in each composite-insulation under the same condition.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.163-168
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• 2019

본 논문에서는 그물의 투명도를 0%에서 90.7%까지 증가시켰을 때 투명도 변화가 그물망 SF-MPAA(Series Fed Microstrip Patch Array Antenna)에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 이를 위해 그물망 방사패치, 그물망 접지면, 그물망 방사패치 및 접지면의 3가지 경우의 SF-MPAA를 설계하였다. 그리고 각 경우에 그물 투명도를 변화시켜가며 SF-MPAA의 특성을 조사하였다. 방사패치를 그물망으로 구현한 경우 이득이 18.8% 감소하고 동작주파수가 5.5% 낮아졌다. 접지면을 그물망으로 구현한 경우 이득이 15.4% 감소하고 동작주파수가 5.56% 낮아졌다. 방사패치와 접지면을 모두 그물망으로 구현한 경우 이득이 31.94% 감소하고 동작주파수가 7.6% 낮아졌다. 한편, 대역폭과 SLL(Side Lobe Level)은 그물망 투명도 변화에 뚜렷한 경향성을 보이지 않았다.