• 천문학회보
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.48.1-48.1
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• 2006

• 대한수학회보
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.611-622
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• 2010

A ring R is called left max-coherent provided that every maximal left ideal is finitely presented. $\mathfrak{M}\mathfrak{I}$ (resp. $\mathfrak{M}\mathfrak{F}$) denotes the class of all max-injective left R-modules (resp. all max-flat right R-modules). We prove, in this article, that over a left max-coherent ring every right R-module has an $\mathfrak{M}\mathfrak{F}$-preenvelope, and every left R-module has an $\mathfrak{M}\mathfrak{I}$-cover. Furthermore, it is shown that a ring R is left max-injective if and only if any left R-module has an epic $\mathfrak{M}\mathfrak{I}$-cover if and only if any right R-module has a monic $\mathfrak{M}\mathfrak{F}$-preenvelope. We also give several equivalent characterizations of MI-injectivity and MI-flatness. Finally, $\mathfrak{M}\mathfrak{I}$-dimensions of modules and rings are studied in terms of max-injective modules with the left derived functors of Hom.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.577-583
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• 2014

본 연구는 '홍로'와 '후지' 품종에 benzyladenine(BA, 99% purity), MaxCel$^{(R)}$(1.9% BA), Fruitone(3.5% NAA), MaxCel$^{(R)}$ + Fruitone, simazine 등 약제들이 과실의 착과 및 과실품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. BA와 MaxCel$^{(R)}$은 $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 농도로, Fruitone은 $0.1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 농도로 과실직경이 6mm인 만개 8일 후에, 그리고 simazine은 $400mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 농도로 만개 7일후와 14일 후에 2회 처리하였다. 적과제 처리 후 '홍로' 품종의 정화아의 과총당 착과수는 MaxCel$^{(R)}$ + Fruitone, MaxCel$^{(R)}$, simazine 처리구가 각각 1.67, 1.84, 1.81개로 무처리구 2.35개보다 적어 적과효과를 보였고, 특히 무착과 과총 비율이 높아 적과효과가 더 우수하였다. '후지' 품종의 경우 정화아의 과총당 착과수는 MaxCel$^{(R)}$ + Fruitone, Fruitone, MaxCel$^{(R)}$ 처리구가 1.29, 1.60, 1.76개로 무처리구 2.56개보다 적어 우수한 적과효과를 보였다. 또한, 두 품종 모두에서 MaxCel$^{(R)}$ + Fruitone 혼용처리구가 MaxCel$^{(R)}$ 단독처리구에 비하여 적과증진효과를 보였다. 그리고 액화아의 경우도 정화아의 결과와 유사한 결과를 보였다. 과중은 '홍로' 품종의 BA 처리구에서, '후지' 품종에서는 BA와 MaxCel$^{(R)}$ 처리구에서 증가하였다. 그리고 가용성 고형물 함량은 두 품종 모두에서 BA, MaxCel$^{(R)}$, MaxCel$^{(R)}$ + Fruitone 처리 과실들에서 증가하였지만 다른 과실특성들은 차이를 보이지 않았다.

• 호남수학학술지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.93-113
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• 2011

Let $a{\oplus}b$ = max(a, b), $a{\otimes}b$=a+b, a, $b\in\mathbb{R}_{\varepsilon}\;:=\cup\{-\infty\}$. In max-plus algebra we work on the linear algebra structure for the pair of operations (${\oplus},{\otimes}$) extended to matrices and vectors over $\mathbb{R}_{\varepsilon}$. In this paper our main aim is to reproduce the work of R. A. Cuninghame-Green [3] on the linear systems over a max-plus semi-field $\mathbb{R}_{\varepsilon}$.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.137-143
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• 2009

The convergence behavior of the all-electron full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave (FLAPW) method with the explicit orthogonalization (XO) scheme is tested on ferromagnetic bulk body-centered-cubic Fe. Applying a commonly used criterion relating the plane-wave and angular momentum cutoffs, $l_{max}\;=\;R_{MT}K_{max}$, where $R_{MT}$ is the muffin-tin (MT) sphere radius and $K_{max}$ is the plane-wave cutoff for the basis - the total energy is converged and stable for $K_{max}R_{MT}$ = 10. The total energy convergence dependence on the star-function cutoff, $G_{max}$, is minimal and so a $G_{max}$ of 3$K_{max}$ or a large enough $G_{max}$ is a reasonable choice. We demonstrate that the convergence with respect to $l_{max}$ or a fixed large enough $G_{max}\;and\;K_{max}$ are independent, and that $K_{max}$ provides a better measure of the convergence than $R_{MT}K_{max}$. The dependence of the total energy on $R_{MT}$ is shown to be small if the core states are treated equivalently, and that the XO scheme is able to treat systems with significantly smaller $R_{MT}$ than the standard LAPW method. For converged systems, the calculated lattice parameter, bulk modulus, and magnetic moments are in excellent agreement with the experimental values.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2016년도 학술발표회
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• pp.260-260
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• 2016

Soil erosion is a very serious problem from agricultural as well as environmental point of view. Various computer models have been used to estimate soil erosion and assess erosion control practice. Universal Soil loss equation (USLE) is a popular model which has been used in many countries around the world. Erosivity (USLE R-factor) is one of the USLE input parameters to reflect impacts of rainfall in computing soil loss. Value of R factor depends upon Energy (E) and maximum rainfall intensity of specific period ($I30_{max}$) of that rainfall event and thus can be calculated using higher temporal resolution rainfall data such as 10 minute interval. But 10 minute interval rainfall data may not be available in every part of the world. In that case we can use hourly rainfall data to compute this R factor. Maximum 60 minute rainfall ($I60_{max}$) can be used instead of maximum 30 minute rainfall ($I30_{max}$) as suggested by USLE manual. But the value of Average annual R factor computed using hourly rainfall data needs some correction factor so that it can be used in USLE model. The objective of our study are to derive relation between averages annual R factor values using 10 minute interval and hourly rainfall data and to determine correction coefficient for R factor using hourly Rainfall data.75 weather stations of Korea were selected for our study. Ten minute interval rainfall data for these stations were obtained from Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) and these data were changed to hourly rainfall data. R factor and $I60_{max}$ obtained from hourly rainfall data were compared with R factor and $I30_{max}$ obtained from 10 minute interval data. Linear relation between Average annual R factor obtained from 10 minute interval rainfall and from hourly data was derived with $R^2=0.69$. Correction coefficient was developed for the R factor calculated using hourly rainfall data.. Similarly, the relation was obtained between event wise $I30_{max}$ and $I60_{max}$ with higher $R^2$ value of 0.91. Thus $I30_{max}$ can be estimated from I60max with higher accuracy and thus the hourly rainfall data can be used to determine R factor more precisely by multiplying Energy of each rainfall event with this corrected $I60_{max}$.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.285-290
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• 2001

Bioequivalence of two acetyl-1-carnitine tablets, test product (Carnitile tablet: Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd.) and reference product (Nicetil $e^{R}$ tablet: Dong-A Pharm. Co., Ltd.), was evaluated according to the guide- lines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty-six healthy volunteers were divided randomly into two groups and administered the drug orally at the dose of 500 mg as acetyl-1-carnitine in a 2$\times$2 crossover study. Blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals for 12 hours and the plasma concentration of acetyl-1-carnitine was determined using HPLC by derivatization with p-bromophenacyl bromide. The pearmacokinetic parameters (AU $C_{0-}$12h/ $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$) were calculated and ANOVA was utilized for the statistical analysis of parameters. The apparent differences of these parameters between two drugs were less than 20% (i.e., 1.26,-5.08 and 8.59% for AU $C_{0-}$12h/ $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively). The powers (1-$\beta$) for AU $C_{0-}$12h/ $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, and Tmax were over 0.9. Minimal detectable difference ($\Delta$) at $\alpha$=0.05, 1-$\beta$=0.8 were less than 20% (i.e.,7.31, 14.88 and 11.77% for AU $C_{0-}$12h/ $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively). The confidence intervals ($\delta$) for these parameters were also within $\pm$ 20% (i.e.,-3.03$\leq$$\delta$$\leq$5.54, -13.80$\leq$$\delta$$\leq$3.64 and 1.69$\leq$$\delta$$\leq$15.48 for AU $C_{0-}$12h/ $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively). These results satisfied the criteria of KFDA guideline for bioequivalence, indicating Carnitile bioequivalent to Nicetil $e^{R}$ .TEX>$^{R}$ .> R/ . R/ .

• 호남수학학술지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.43-47
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• 1999

In this paper we show that in case of Noetherian ring R(1) if R is coprimely packed then R((X)) is coprimely packed and (2) if Max(R) is coprimely packed then so is MaxR((X)).

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.187-191
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• 2007

This study was conducted to compare the bioavailability of two brands of atenolol (50 mg) tablets, which are a generic product of $Ditent^{\circledR}$ (Daewon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Korea) and an innovator product $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ (Hyundai Pharm. Ind. Co., Ltd., Korea), in 20 healthy Korean male volunteers. The volunteers received a single 50 mg dose of each atenolol formulation according to a randomized, two-way cross-over design. The washout period between treatments was 1 week. Plasma samples were obtained over a 24-hour interval, and atenolol concentrations were determined by HPLC with a fluorescence detector. From the plasma atenolol concentration vs. time curves, the following parameters were compared: area under the plasma concentration-time curve ($AUC_{0-24}$), peak plasma concentration ($C_{max}$), time to reach peak plasma concentration ($T_{max}$), and terminal first order elimination half-life ($t_{1/2}$). No statistically significant difference was obtained between the $T_{max}$ values, and the logarithmic transformed $AUC_{0-24}$ and $C_{max}$ values of the two products. The 90% confidence interval for the ratio of the logarithmically transformed AUC and $C_{max}$ values of $Ditent^{\circledR}$ over those of $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ were calculated to be between 0.85 and 1.04, and 0.89 and 1.07, respectively; both were within the bioequivalence limit of 0.80-1.25. The mean of $T_{max}$ in $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ group was 3.1 hour, and that in Ditent$^{\circledR}$ group was 3.2 hour. The values of $t_{1/2}$ between the two products were found comparable, and the mean values were 5.2 hour in the both products. Based on these results, it was concluded that $Ditent^{\circledR}$ was comparable to $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ in both the rate and extent of absorption, indicating that $Ditent^{\circledR}$ was bioequivalent to the reference product, $Tenormin^{\circledR}$.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.151-156
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• 2014

PURPOSE. To investigate the microtensile bond strength between two all-ceramic systems; lithium disilicate glass ceramic and zirconia core ceramics bonded with their corresponding glass veneers. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Blocks of core ceramics (IPS e.max$^{(R)}$ Press and Lava$^{TM}$ Frame) were fabricated and veneered with their corresponding glass veneers. The bilayered blocks were cut into microbars; 8 mm in length and $1mm^2$ in cross-sectional area (n = 30/group). Additionally, monolithic microbars of these two veneers (IPS e.max$^{(R)}$ Ceram and LavaTM Ceram; n = 30/group) were also prepared. The obtained microbars were tested in tension until fracture, and the fracture surfaces of the microbars were examined with fluorescent black light and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to identify the mode of failure. One-way ANOVA and the Dunnett's T3 test were performed to determine significant differences of the mean microtensile bond strength at a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS. The mean microtensile bond strength of IPS e.max$^{(R)}$ Press/IPS e.max$^{(R)}$ Ceram ($43.40{\pm}5.51$ MPa) was significantly greater than that of Lava$^{TM}$ Frame/Lava$^{TM}$ Ceram ($31.71{\pm}7.03$ MPa)(P<.001). Fluorescent black light and SEM analysis showed that most of the tested microbars failed cohesively in the veneer layer. Furthermore, the bond strength of Lava$^{TM}$ Frame/Lava$^{TM}$ Ceram was comparable to the tensile strength of monolithic glass veneer of Lava$^{TM}$ Ceram, while the bond strength of bilayered IPS e.max$^{(R)}$ Press/IPS e.max$^{(R)}$ Ceram was significantly greater than tensile strength of monolithic IPS e.max$^{(R)}$ Ceram. CONCLUSION. Because fracture site occurred mostly in the glass veneer and most failures were away from the interfacial zone, microtensile bond test may not be a suitable test for bonding integrity. Fracture mechanics approach such as fracture toughness of the interface may be more appropriate to represent the bonding quality between two materials.