• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.78-87
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• 1985

To investigate the effects of paper sludge, by-products of paper manufactory, on the chemical properties of paddy soil and growth of paddy rice, paper sludges were applied to the pots at the rates of 300, 600, 900 and 1,200㎏/l0a which were either pread-justed C/N ratio to 30 : 1 or not adjusted. The effects were compared with those of control. Seasonal variations of various forms of soil organic nitrogen, the mineralization of organic nitrogen and the contents of soil minerals were analyzed. The results were summarized as follows: 1) The contents of soil organic nitrogen, especially amino sugar-N and amino acid-N, organic matter, CEC and available $SiO_2$ were increased by application of paper sludge compared with that of control. 2) The mineralizations of organic nitrogen after 6 weeks of incubation at $30^{\circ}C$ were 12. 2, 12.6, 15.1, 9.7 and $15.2^{\circ}C$ in the control, 300㎏/l0a sludge treatment, 300㎏/l0a sludge treatment(C/N ratio adjusted), 600㎏/l0a sludge treatment and 600㎏/l0a sludge treatment(C/N ratio adjusted), respectively. 3) Cu and Pb contents in the soil were in the range of $0{\sim}0.2100$ and $0{\sim}0.0013$ ppm, respectively. Cr and Cu in the soil were not detected at all. There were no differences in the contents of all the heavy metals among all the treatments in the soil.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• 제38권
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• pp.359-385
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• 2005

Red ocher, red lead or cinnabar has been as red colorant for ages. Cinnabar of the red pigments has been highly regarded as a valuable ingredient because it represent a symbol of exorcising and a haute image. It was used as a pigment of painting and mural painting, bowl, clothes, rock writing, gravestone, etc. It is powder which dissolves in perilla oil or glue before using. Because it is high-priced, the use of cinnabar may be limited to the privileged class. Therefore, red ocher or red lead was used instead of cinnabar. "Gongsagyunmunrok" demonstrated that government official's gravestonea has been painted red by two colorants in the period of the Goryeo dynasty. However, cinnabar may be used to paint gravestones for the first time in the period of the Three States because it has been transmitted since the times. This study discuss the results obtained from an analysis of the pigments used on the red pigments of the Stone Monuments. The results can be briefly summarized as below; First, the microcrystalline structures seen on the surface section of analyzed pigments, samples of which were taken from various parts of red pigments show that different sizes and shapes of pigment particle. Second, a result of the analysis on the composition and structure of the pigments shows that the main components in their composition are : Red pigments - Red lead($Pb_3O_4$), Cinnabar(HgS) and Hematite($Fe_2O_3$) White pigments - Calcite($CaCO_3$) Especially, we knew that red Stone Monuments were found to be natural mineral pigments, which were used as a singular or a mixture.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.100-115
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide containing nerve fibers in rat pulp after dentinl injury by means of immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscope. The Spague-Dawley rats weighing about 250-300gm were used. The animals were devided into normal control and experimental groups. Experimental animals were sacrified 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 21days after dentinal injury (dentin cutting, and then acid etching with 35% phosphoric acid) on the maxillary molar teeth. The maxillary teeth and alveolar bone were removed and immersed in the 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), then were decalcified with 15% formic acid for 10 days. Serial frozen $50{\mu}m$ thick sections were cut on a cryostat. The rabbit CGRP antibody was used as a primary antibody with a dilution of 1:2000 in 0.01M PB. The sections were incubated for 48 hours at $4^{\circ}C$, and placed into biotinylated antirabbit Ig G as a secondary anti body with dilution of 1:200 in 0.01M PB and incubated in ABC(avidin-biotin complex). The peroxidase reaction was visualized by incubating the sections in 0.05% 3,3 diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride containing 0.02% $H_2O_2$. For the confocal laser scanning microscopic examination, Primary antibody reaction was same as immunoperoxidase stainning, but fluorescein isothiocyanate(FITC)-conjugate antirabbit IgG as a secondary antibody was used. The confocal laser scanning microscope was used for the examination. A series of images of optical sections was collected with a 20x objective at $3{\mu}m$ intervals throughout the depth of specimen. FITC fluerescence was registrated through a 488nm and 568nm excitation filter, and images were saved on optical disk. The stereoscopic images and three dimentionnal images were reconstructed by computer software, and then were analyzed. The results were as follows : 1. In normal control group, CGRP containing nerve fibers were coursed through the root with very little branching, and then formed a dense network of terminals in coronal pulp. 2. A slight increase in CGRP containing nerve fibers at 1 and 2day postinjury was noted subjacent to the injury site. In the 4day group, there were an extensive increase in the number of reactive fibers, followed by a partial return toward normal levels at 7~10 day postinjury, and return by 21days. 3. The sprouting of the CGRP containing nerve fibers was evident within 2day after dentinal injury, and by 4days there was a maximal increased, but was decreased at 7days and returned to normal 10~21 day postinjury. 4. In confocal laser scanning microscopic exammination, the distinct distribution pattern and sprouting reaction of CGRP containing nerve fibers were observed in stereoscopic images and three dimentional images. These results suggest that CGRP containing nerve fiber can be important role in the response to dental injury and pain regulation.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.106-117
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• 2006

We measured the concentrations of organic matter and metallic elements (Al, Fe, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb and Hg) in the surface sediments of Masan Harbor (in the southern sea, Korea) to evaluate the geochemical characters of sediment and the pollutions by organic matter and metallic elements. The mean grain size of the surface sediments in the study area ranged from $5.6{\phi}$ to $7.8{\phi}$, indicating silt sediment. The water content of the surface sediments exceeded 60% except at some stations. The contents of ignition loss (IL), total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) ranged from 7.2-14.3%, 1.2-3.2%, and 0.10-0.28%, respectively. Based on the C/N ratios, the organic matter in the surface sediments of Masan Harbor may originate from terrigenous sources including fluvial inputs (mainly sewage in urban areas). The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) ranged from $11.3-29.9\;mgO_2/g\;dry$ and 0.20-4.47 mgS/g dry, respectively, and low concentrations were observed near a shipping route. In addition, the concentrations of metallic elements showed large spatial variations in Masan Harbor and the distributions of metallic elements were also comparable to those of organic matter. This implies that the distributions of organic matter and metallic elements in the surface sediments of Masan Harbor are mainly controlled by biogenic matter and artificial action (mainly dredging). In addition, we calculated the enrichment facto. (EF) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) in order to evaluate pollution by metallic elements. The enrichment of metallic elements relative to Al was three to eighteen times higher at the study sites, compared to levels in the Earth's crust except for Fe, Ni and Mn. In addition, the Igeo class indicated that the surface sediments in the study area were moderately to strongly polluted in terms of metallic elements.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.611-631
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• 1999

Enviromental geochemisty and heary metal contamination at the Kongjueil mine creek were underaken on the basis of physicohemical properties and mineralogy for various kinds of water (surface, mine and ground water),soil, precipitate and sediment collected of April and December in 1998. Hydrgeochemical composition of the water samples are characterized by relatively significant enricant of Ca+Na, alkiali ions $NO_3$ and Cl inground and surfore water, wheras the mine waters are relatively eneripheral water of the mining creek have the characteristics of the (Ca+Mg)-$(HCO_3+SO_4)$type. The pH of the mine water is high acidity (3.24)and high EC (613$\mu$S/cm)compared with those of surface and ground water. The range of $\delta$D and $\delta^{18}O$ values (relative to SMOW) in the waters are shpwn in -50.2 to -61.6% and -7.0 to -8.6$\textperthousand$(d value=5.8 to 8.7). Using computer program, saturation index of albite, calcite, dolomite in mine water are nearly saturated. The gibbiste, kaolinite and smectite are superaturated in the surface and ground water, respectively. Calculated water-mineral reaction and stabilities suggest that weathing of silicate minerals may be stable kaolinite owing to the continuous water-rock reaction. Geochemical modeling showed that mostly toxic heavy metals may exist larfely in the from of metal-sulfate $(MSO_4\;^2)$and free metal $(M^{2+})$ in nmine water. These metals in the ground and surface water could be formed of $CO_3$ and OH complex ions. The average enrichment indices of water samples are 2.72 of the groundwater, 2.26 of the surface water and 14.15 of the acid mine water, normalizing by surface water composition at the non-mining creek, repectively. Characteristics of some major, minor and rate earth elements (Al/Na, K/Na, V/Ni, Cr/V, Ni/Co, La/Ce, Th/Yb, $La_N/Yb_N$, Co/Th, La/Sc and Sc/Th) in soil and sediment are revealed a narrow range and homogeneous compositions may be explained by acidic to intermediate igneous rocks. And these suggested that sediment source of host granitic gneiss colud be due to rocks of high grade metamorphism originated by sedimentary rocks. Maximum concentrations of environmentally toxic elements in sediment and soil are Fe=53.80 wt.% As=660, Cd=4, Cr=175, Cu=158, Mn=1010, Pb=2933, Sb=4 and Zn=3740 ppm, and extremely high concentrations are found are found in the subsurface soil near the ore dump and precipitates. Normalizing by composition of host granitic gneiss, the average enerichment indices are 3.72 of the sediments, 3.48 of the soils, 10.40 of the precipitates of acid mine drainage and 6.25 of the soils near the main adit. The level of enerichment was very severe in mining drainage sediments, while it was not so great in the soils. mineral composition of soil and sediment near the mining area were partly variable being composed of quartz, mica, feldspar, chlorite, vermiculite, bethierin and clay minerals. reddish variable being composed of quartz, mica, feldspar, chlorite, vermiculite, bethierin and clay minerals. Reddish brown precipitation mineral in the acid mine drainage identifies by schwertmanite. From the separated mineralgy, soil and sediment are composed of some pyrite, arsenopyite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, malachite, goethite and various kinds of hydroxied minerals.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.65-70
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• 1988

Synthesis and biological activity test are described for the (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate(1) and (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate(1) and (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate(2), the sex pheromone of the summer fruit tortrix moth, Adoxophyes orana. 8-Bromoctan-l-ol THP ether was prepared from 8-bromoctan-l-ol. The lithium anion of 1-hexyne was alkylated with 8-bromoctan-l-ol THP ether gave 9-tetradecyn-l-ol THP ether. Catalytic hydrogenation over Pd/BaSO4 followed by deprotection afforded (Z)-9-tetradecen-l-ol. Acetylation gave (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate(1). l0-Bromodecan-l-ol THP ether was obtained from l0-bromodecan-l-ol. In liquid ammonia with THF and HMPA as cosolvents, sodium acetylide could be alkylated with 10-bromodecan-l-ol THP ether to give 11-dodecyn-l-ol THP ether. 11-Dodecyn-l-ol THP ether was then treated with n-BuLi in THF to give the lithium acetylide, which was alkylated with bromoethane to afford 11-tetradecyn-l-ol THP ether. Catalytic hydrogenation, deprotection, and acetylative gave (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate(2). The synthetic pheromone thus obtained was attractive to the males of the summer fruit tortrix in the field.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.185-192
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (indirect ELISA) based on a monoclonal antibody (MAb) that is specific to mackerel thermal stable-soluble protein (TSSP), that can be used for the rapid detection of mackerel in processed marine foods. Among the four MAbs (3A5-1, 2, 9, and 12) developed in previous studies, the 3A5-2 MAb that showed high specificity and sensitivity were selected and used to develop the indirect ELISA method. The detection range of the indirect ELISA was 0.02%-0.001% and the detection limit of 0.001% was shown. No cross-reaction to other marine products and food ingredients was observed by the indirect ELISA. Processed marine foods containing mackerel with ${\geq}0.3$ O.D. value at 405 nm were estimated as positive samples by the indirect ELISA. Therefore, the indirect ELISA can be used as a rapid and sensitive method to identify mackerel authenticity and adulteration in processed marine foods.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.149-156
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• 1998

Enoronmental problems caused by certain geologic conditions Include pollution of soil by heavy metal, acidization of souls , acid mine drainage, Pound-water pollution, and natural radioactivity, as well as zoo-logical hazards such as landslide and subsidence. The acrid mine drainage contains large amount of heavy metals nO, therefore. cause serious pollution onto the nearby drainage systems and soils. In spite of this prospective environmental danger, few studies have been done on the acid mine drainage derived from non-metallic ore deposits such as pyrophyllitefNapseok) deposits. The sudo-bearing pyrophyllite ores, alteration zones, and mine talllngs of pyrophylllte deposits produce acrid mine drainage by the okidation of weathering. Compared to the fresh host rocks, the ores and altered rocks of pyrophyllite deposits produce acidic solution which contain higher amount of heavy metals because of OeP lower buffering capacity to acrid solution. The pus of urine water and nearby stream water of pyrophyllite deposits are 2.1~3.7, which are strong- ly acidic and much lower than that (6.2~7.2) of upstream water and than that (6.8~7.6) of the stream water derived from the non-mineralized area. This study reveals that this acrid mine drainage can affect the downstream area which is 8km far from the pyrophyllite deposits, even though the drain Is diluted with abundant non-contaminated river water This suggmists that not only acid mine drainage but also the sulfide-bearing sediments originated from the pyrophyllite deposits move downstream and form acidic water through continuous oxidation reaction. The heavy metals such as Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Nl, Mn and Fe are enriched In the mine water of low pH, and their contents decrease as the pH of mine water Increases because of the Influx of fresh stream wainer. SoUs of the Pyrophyulte deposits are characterized by high contents of heavy metals. The stream sediments containing the yellowish brown precipitates formed by neutralization of acid mine drainage occur in all parts of the stream derived from the pyrophyllite deposits, and the sediments also contain high amounts of heavy metals. In summary, the acid mine drainage of the pyrophyllite deposits is located in the upstream part of Hoidong water reservoir in Pusan contains large amounts of heavy metals and flows into the Holdong water reservoir without any purification process. To protect the water of Holdong reservoir, the acid mine drainage should be treated with a proper purification process.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.245-252
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• 2016

Background: Ingestion of $^{210}Po$ laden seafood accounts for a substantial amount of the effective dose of $^{210}Po$. Among seafood items, mollusks, especially domestically produced oysters and mussels, are highly enriched in $^{210}Po$ and are consumed in large quantities in Korea. Materials and Methods: Oysters and mussels around the Korean coasts were collected from major farm areas in November 2013. Samples were spiked with an aliquot of $^{209}Po$ as a yield tracer, and they were digested with $6mol{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $HNO_3$ and $H_2O_2$. The $^{210}Po$ and $^{209}Po$ were spontaneously deposited onto a silver disc in an acidic solution of $0.5mol{\cdot}L^{-1}$ HCl and measured using an alpha spectrometer. The activity concentrations of $^{210}Pb$ and $^{210}Po$ were decay corrected to the sampling date, accounting for the possible in-growth and decay of $^{210}Po$. Results and Discussion: $^{210}Po$ activity concentrations in oysters were in a range from 41.3 to $206Bq{\cdot}(kg-ww)^{-1}$ and mussels in a range from 42.9 to $46.7Bq{\cdot}(kg-ww)^{-1}$. The $^{210}Po$ activity concentration of oysters in the turbid Western coast was higher than the Southern coast. The $^{210}Po$ activity concentration of the oysters was positively correlated ($R^2=0.89$) with those of the suspended particulate matter in the surface water. The calculated annual effective dose of $^{210}Po$ from oysters and mussels consumed by the Korean population was 21-104 and $5.01-5.46{\mu}Sv{\cdot}y^{-1}$. The combined effective dose due to the consumption of oysters and mussels appears to account for about $35{\pm}19%$ of that arising from seafood consumption in the Korean population. Conclusion: The annual effective dose of $^{210}Po$ for oysters in the Korean population was found to be higher than other countries. The total annual effective dose of $^{210}Po$ due to consumption of oysters and mussels consumed in Korea was found to be $76{\pm}42{\mu}Sv{\cdot}y^{-1}$, accounting for $28{\pm}16%$ of the total effective dose of $^{210}Po$ from food in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.55-62
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• 2021

In order to improve fuel economy and reduce CO2, HEV adopts ISG system as a standard. This ISG system increased the electric load that the battery had to bear, and the number of starting increased rapidly. AGM Lead Acid batteries have been developed and used, but the charging time is about three times longer as the electrolyte amount control during formation must be maintained at a higher level compared to conventional lead-acid batteries. In this study, we tried to shorten the charging time by increasing the charging efficiency through the optimization of the formation pattern. In order to optimize the Formation Pattern, 10 charging steps and 6 discharging steps were applied to 16 multi steps, and the charging current for each step was controlled, and the test was conducted under 4 conditions (21 hr, 24 hr, 27 hr, 30 hr). As a result of simultaneous application of multi-step and discharge step, it was verified that minimizing the current loss and eliminating the sudden polarization during charging contributes to the improvement of charging efficiency. As a result, it showed excellent results in reducing the charging time by about 30 % with improved charging efficiency compared to the previous one.