• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.147-154
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• 2014

Consecutive pepper cultivation in plastic film houses may lead to salt accumulation because pepper is considered a heavy nutrient feeder. For this reason, appropriate methods of fertilizer application should be established. Thus, we investigated the effect of different intervals of side-dressing N and K fertilizer applications on soil and red pepper in a plastic film house. All the amounts of recommended compost and phosphorus fertilizer were applied as basal dressing. Cultivars of the pepper plant were Cheon-Ha-Dae-Se (CHDS) and NW-BiGaLim (NW-BGL). Nitrogen and potassium fertilizers were treated as side-dressing at different intervals, 22 times in every 10 days, 15 times in every 15 days, and 11 times in every 20 days. Soil pH decreased with decreasing the intervals of side-dressing applications, whereas electrical conductivity (EC) declined with the increasing fertilizer application intervals. In particular, EC value decreased by up to 75% with CHDS cultivar in the plot of 20 day-interval and with NW-BGL cultivar in the plot of 15 day-interval. The concentrations of available phosphorus in the soils increased with increasing the interval. The concentration of exchangeable $K^+$ increased but exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ decreased in all the plots, except in the control plot. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in leaves of the pepper plants were lowest in the control plot. Potassium concentrations in the pepper leaves were high in the control plot and in the plots of CHDS with 10 day-interval and NW-BGL with 15 day-interval. Red pepper productivity was high in the plots of 10- and 15 day-intervals for CHDS cultivar and 15- and 20 day-intervals for NW-BGL cultivar. Therefore, the 15 day-interval of side-dressing N and K applications was considered as an appropriate method for cultivating pepper plants and protecting soil in plastic film houses.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.57 no.5
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• pp.618-624
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• 2013

We demonstrated unique inter- and intra-plasmonic coupling effects in bimetallic Au@Ag core-shell NP arrays which are regularly or randomly arranged on self-assembled block copolymer (BCP) inverse micelle monolayers. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-stabilized Au@Ag core-shell NP arrays in regular or disordered configuration were incorporated and assembled on reconstructed PS-b-P4VP inverse micelle templates through two types of processes. The intensively enhanced LSPR coupling properties of individual and assembled Au@Ag NPs were evaluated by UV-visible spectroscopy in terms of the type of ligand stabilizer, coupling between Au and Ag, thickness of Ag shell, and type of array configuration. Finally, Au@Ag core-shell NP arrays were employed as active substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and a significantly enhanced signal enhancement was observed in accordance with the coupling intensity of Au@Ag NPs patterns.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.793-797
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• 2010

The investigations were conducted to improve the physical properties by analyzing physico-chemical properties on the different soil families of textures at 20 upland fields located in the parts of Gyengsangbuk-do area. Soil physico-chemical properties were analyzed for bulk density, hardness, porosity, moisture, pH, EC and organic mater by soil depth on the different soil families of textures. Bulk density distributions were higher than 1.2 Mg $m^{-3}$ in the optimum range. Hardness distributions were lower than 20 mm in the optimum range. Therefore, the physical properties of upland soil was deteriorated. Correlation coefficient of bulk density with hardness and organic mater were higher significantly, that was positive and negative, respectively. The soil hardness had the greatest distribution degree to the crop yield and bulk density and organic matter followed. Conclusively, To improve the physical properties of upland soil was more effective to fertilizing organic matter than other ways.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.186-197
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• 2022

The Daejanggakgibi Stele of Silleuksa Temple in Yeoju is a stone stele from the Goryeo Dynasty that is inscribed with various stories about the construction of Daejanggak, a place where Buddhist scriptures were kept. This stele has been maintained for a long time in a state in which discoloration of the body has occurred, and the inscription has been partially damaged due to dozens of cracks. Using non-destructive analysis methods for stone artifacts, material investigation, portable X-ray fluorescence analysis, and ultrasonic velocity analysis for the stele were performed. It was confirmed that the stele body was composed of light gray crystalline limestone, and the base stone, support stone, and cover stone were medium-grained biotite granite. Portable X-ray fluorescence analysis confirmed that iron(Fe) was an original coloring element of the stele surface. From the distribution pattern of the coloration, it can be inferred that iron-containing materials flew down from between the stele body and the cover stone. Thereafter, living organisms or organic contaminants attached to it so that yellow and black contaminants were formed. Ultrasonic diagnosis revealed that the physical property of both the front and back surfaces ranged from fresh rocks(FR) to completely weathered rocks(CW), and the average weathering index was grade 3(intermediate). However, the point where cracks developed intensively was judged to be the completely weathered stage(CW), and some cracks located in the upper and lower parts of the stele bear potentially very high risk. It is necessary to monitor the movement of these cracks and establish reinforcement measures for conservation in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.731-736
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• 2013

To improve their shelf-life, domestic peaches were treated with hot air($46^{\circ}C$) for 0~9 hour, and the spoilage rate, changes of physico-chemical and sensory properties were investigated. The control showed spoilage at day 4, and then 50% of control showed spoilage on day 6. However, 12.5% of samples treated with hot air($46^{\circ}C$) for 6 hr showed spoilage on day 4. After 6 days, the spoilage rates of peaches treated with hot air treated for 3~9 hr were 16.7, 25.0, and 25.0%, respectively. Weight change of control was higher than that of hot air-treated samples for 6 days storage. There were no differences in pH of samples among the treatments, but pH increased with storage time. Hardness of hot air-treated samples was higher than that of control in the initial stage of storage. And then hardness of control sample was decreased faster than that of the hot air-treated samples for 6 days of storage. No significant changes in lightness and redness of the samples were observed after hot air treatment. Changes in yellowness of control occurred faster than that of hot air-treated samples during storage. The sensory parameters including taste, flavor, color, texture and overall acceptance at initial period were not different among treatments. The scores for taste, flavor, texture and overall acceptance of control decreased faster than those of hot airtreated samples during storage.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2011

It was identified as a sharp eyespot (Rhizoctonia cerealis) that the isolates from abnormal symptoms in wheat that showed yellowing leaves, necrotic spot on stem base and dead tillers. These isolates have slower growth property and fewer mycelia than Rhizoctonia solani AG-1(1A) (KACC 40106). They showed binuclear cell, same media cultural and DNA characteristics to R. cerealis. They caused same symptoms on leaves and stem base appeared in artificial inoculation test, comparing to diseased wheat fields and also affect to maturing of kernels. They have optimal growth temperature and acidity on the artificial media as $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$ and pH 5~7, respectively. In the investigation of varietal resistance of Korean winter cereal crops to sharp eyespot, there was no resistant in wheat cultivars that all materials infected over 20% diseased ratio. 12 cultivars including 'Anbaekmil', however, considered to moderate resistance with 20 to 30% infection ratio. The others crops using in feeding, whole crop barley, oat, rye and triticale were resistant below 15% diseased degree except the rye that showed over 50% infection rate. It was the first evaluation to sharp eyespot resistance for the Korean feeding crop cultivars. Most tested Korean barley cultivars for malting and food were moderate and susceptible to the sharp eyespot. Only 3 hulled barley, 'Tapgolbori', 'Albori' and 'Seodunchalbori', showed resistance with less than 10% diseased ratio. All tested naked barley cultivars showed susceptible response to the disease.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.125-132
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• 1979

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of an organic fertilizer (Glutamic acid fermentation by product ameded with nitrogen) on the growth and yield of radish and chinese cabbage on a relatively fertile soil. Additional laboratory studies were also made to find out the influence of mentioned fertilizer on the phisical and chemical characteristic of soils. The results are summarized as following. 1. Effect of fertilizer on the growth and yield. a. On a relatively fertile soil with high organic matter content (3%), the organic fertilizer was not effective for the growth and yield of radish and yield of radish and chinese cabbage. b. The application of organic fertilizer increased the K contents in plants both in radish and chinese cabbage. It was observed that the high content of K in radish leave lowered the leaf/root ratio and the leaf/root ratio showed a positive correlation with root weight. 2. Effect on soil physical and chemical properties. a. The application of organic fertilizer resulted in the improvement of soil physical property by lowering bulk density and increasing porosity. b. It was found that application of organic fertilizer increased the water stable soil aggregates. c. The application of organic fertilizer did not result in the significant increase in soil organic matter. d. Soil pH was lowered by the application of organic matter. It was speculated that the oxidation of ammonical nitrogen in the fertilizer is responsible for the lowering of soil pH.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.503-519
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate ginger growth and its nutrient uptake depending on changes of soil properties as affected by applications of green manure crop and/or charcoal in continuous cropping system. The green manure crops applied were barley and hairy vetch, and charcoal was additionally treated in selected plots as a soil conditioner. Experimental plots were prepared as Plot 1 (control), Plot 2 (barley of 8kg $10a^{-1}$), Plot 3 (hairy vetch of 12kg $10a^{-1}$), Plot 4 (charcoal of 1,000kg $10a^{-1}$ and barley 8kg $10a^{-1}$), and Plot 5 (charcoal of 1,000kg $10a^{-1}$ and hairy vetch of 12kg $10a^{-1}$) with two different soil conditions (high clay content, HCC and low clay content, LCC). When comparing selected chemical properties of soils before and after cultivating ginger plant, soil pH decreased from 6.9~8.1 to 6.8~7.6, and electrical conductivity (EC) also declined from $0.45{\sim}1.25dSm^{-1}$ to $0.30{\sim}0.61dSm^{-1}$. However, the content of soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen (T-N) increased. Thus, the soil chemical properties were improved with the applications of green manures and charcoal. Also, macro- and micro-nutrient contents of ginger plants in the different plots were various between normal and diseased plants grown in soils with HCC and LCC. In particular, the concentration of manganese (Mn) was 3~4 folds higher in the diseased plant than in the normal plants. Ginger growth status and yield was relatively improved with the applications of green manures and charcoal as comparing with control plot. Especially in the Plot 4 with LCC, the ginger plant was not infected by root-rot disease.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.88-101
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• 2013

The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship's Ballast Water and Sediments was adopted at 2004 and then various BWMS (ballast water management system) have been developed. In this study, WET (whole effluent toxicity) test with algae (diatom) Skeletonema costatum as primary producer, invertebrate (rotifera) Brachionus plicatilis as 1st consumer and fish (olive flounder) Paralichthys olivaceus as predator, chemical analysis and ERA (environmental risk assessment) were conducted to assess the unacceptable effect on marine ecosystem by emitting the discharge water treated with AquaStar$^{TM}$ BWMS using electrolysis as main treatment equipment for removing the marine organisms in the ship's ballast water. The most sensitive test organism on discharge water treated with AquaStar$^{TM}$ BWMS was S. costatum that gave the NOEC value of 25.00%, LOEC value of 50.00% and 72hr-$EC_{50}$ value of 69.97% from WET test result for 20 psu salinity treated discharge water. NOEC and LOEC value of B. plicatilis and P. olivaceus exposed at 20 psu salinity treated discharge water were 50.00% and 100.00%, respectively. In the chemical analysis results, total number of substances produced by AquaStar$^{TM}$ BWMS was 18 which were bromate, 7 volatile halogenated organic compounds, 7 halogenated acetic acids, 3 halogenated acetonitriles and chloropicrin. Eighteen substances did not consider as persistence and bioaccumulative chemicals. Uncertainty of toxic property of 18 substances was high. PECs of 18 substances calculated by MAMPEC model were ranged from $4.58{\times}10^{-4}$ to $4.87{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, PNECs of them were ranged from $1.6{\times}10^{-2}$ to $3.2{\times}10^2{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$. And, the PEC/PNEC ratio of 18 substances did not exceed 1. Therefore, ERA for produced substances indicate that the discharge water treated with AquaStar$^{TM}$ BWMS does not pose unacceptable effect on marine life. And $EC_{50}$ value of S. costatum on discharge water treated by BWMS using the electrolysis had positive correlation with initial TRO concentration, concentration and kind & level of HAAs.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.165-172
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• 1996

Symbiotic effectiveness and significance of Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains in five serogroups which were consisted of three corresponding serotype strains, respectively, indigenous to Korean soils were evaluated in terms of utility of strain serogroup for symbiotic improvement on soybean plant. The nodulation by rhizobia of each serogroup on four soybean cultivars(Danweonkong, Kwangkyo, Pangsakong, and Eunhakong) was good in order of USDA 123 > YCK 150 > YCK 117 > YCK 141 > USDA 110 serogroup members. Shoot dry weight of soybean was relatively high with USDA 110 serogroup members as well as with YCK 141 serogroup members, whereas the effectiveness of USDA 123 serogroup members was the lowest among the serogroups examined. In particular, Pangsakong among soybeans inoculated with five-serogroup members was positively outstanding on nodulation and shoot dry weight of the plant. Overall, symbiotic parameters of serogroup members associated with soybean plant such as nodule number, nodule mass, $N_2$ase activity, and shoot dry weight showed significantly different responses at level of 1% probability among both rhizobial serogroups and soybean cultivars, respectively. The rate in symbiotic similarity of the members of each serogroup from F-test ($$P{\leq_-}0.05$$) was 100% for nodule No., 90% for $N_2$ase activity. and 80% for soybean shoot dry weight. Taken together, the results indicated that the serological grouping of B. japonicum could be strongly useful for improving the symbiotic effectiveness hetween soybean and Rhizobium.