• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.449-458
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• 2012

Using the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) retrieved aerosol optical thickness (AOT) along with ground measurements of PM2.5 mass concentration, we assessed local air quality over Dukjuk and Jeju island and estimated possibility of satellite derived PM2.5 during nine intensive observation periods in 15 October 2005 - 24 October 2007. Averaged PM2.5 mass concentrations showed relatively variable as $25.61{\pm}22.92{\mu}g/m^3$ at Dukjuk and $17.33{\pm}10.79{\mu}g/m^3$ at Jeju. The maximum values of $188.89{\mu}g/m^3$ (Dukjuk) and $50.46{\mu}g/m^3$ (Jeju) were recorded during Asian dust storm day. Similarly, the maximum values of MODIS AOT were found as 3.73 (Gosan) and 1.14 (Jeju). Averaged MODIS AOTs at Dukjuk ($0.79{\pm}0.81$) were larger than that at Jeju ($0.42{\pm}0.24$). An empirical relationship between MODIS AOT and PM2.5 mass was obtained and results show that there was a good correlation between satellite and ground based values with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.85 at Dukjuk. The result clearly demonstrates that satellite derived AOT is a good surrogate for monitoring PM air quality over study area. However, meteorological and other ancillary datasets are necessary to further apply satellite data for air quality research.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.767-778
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• 2017

This research investigates the characteristics of metallic and ionic elements in $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ on haze day and non-haze day in Busan. $PM_{10}$ concentration on haze day and non-haze day were 85.75 and $33.52{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, and $PM_{2.5}$ on haze day and non-haze day were 68.24 and $23.86{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. Contribution rate of total inorganic water-soluble ion to $PM_{10}$ mass on haze day and non haze day were 58.2% and 61.5%, respectively, and contribution rate of total water-soluble ion to $PM_{2.5}$ mass on haze day and non haze day were 58.7% and 64.7%, respectively. Also, contribution rate of secondary ion to $PM_{10}$ mass on haze day and non haze day were 52.1% and 47.5%, respectively, and contribution rate of secondary ion to $PM_{2.5}$ mass on haze day and non haze day were 54.4% and 53.6%, respectively. AC (anion equivalents)/CE (cation equivalents) ratio of $PM_{10}$ mass on haze day and non haze day were 1.09 and 1.0, respectively, and AC/CE ratios of $PM_{2.5}$ mass on haze day and non haze day were 1.12 and 1.04, respectively. Also, SOR (Sulfur Oxidation Ratio) of $PM_{10}$ mass on haze day and non haze day were 0.32 and 0.17, respectively, and SOR of $PM_{2.5}$ on haze day and non haze day were 0.30 and 0.15, respectively. Lastly, NOR (Nitrogen Oxidation Ratio) of $PM_{10}$ on haze day and non haze day were 0.17 and 0.08, respectively, and NOR of $PM_{2.5}$ on haze day and non haze day were 0.13 and 0.06, respectively.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.107-110
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• 2007

본 연구는 BPA 및 nicotine 첨가 농도와 배양 시간이 돼지 난자의 체외성숙에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. $0.02{\sim}10.0mM$ BPA와 $0.5{\sim}10.0mM$ nicotine이 첨가된 TCM-199배양액에서 $40{\sim}52$시간 난자를 배양했을 때 체외성 숙율을 조사하였다. BPA농도가 높을수록 체외성숙율이 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다. $0.05{\sim}10.0nM$ BPA를 첨가한 TCM-199 배양액에서 난자를 44시간 배양했을 때 체외성숙율은 각각 $40.0{\pm}4.1%,\;24.0{\pm}4.7%,\;10.0{\pm}5.3%,\;6.0{\pm}3.2%,\;0.0{\pm}0.0%$로서 첨가 농도가 증가할수록 낮은 체외성숙율을 나타냈다. 난자를 $0.5{\pm}10.0mM$ nicotine를 첨가한 TCM-199 배양액에서 44시간 배양했을 때 체외성숙율은 각각 $44.0{\pm}4.5%,\;24.0{\pm}4.2%,\;18.0{\pm}4.9%,\;8.0{\pm}2.2%,\;0.0{\pm}0.0%$로서 대조군$(52.0{\pm}4.5%)$에 비해 낮은 체외성숙율을 나타냈다. 난자를 0.5 nM BPA와 2.5 mM nicotine을 첨가한 TCM-199에서 $40{\sim}52$시간 배양했을 때 체외성숙율은 $8.3{\pm}2.1%{\sim}26.0{\pm}3.9%$ 및 $11.2{\pm}2.2%{\sim}28.6{\pm}3.9%$로서, 44시간 배양이 다른 배양시간보다 가장 높은 체외성숙율을 나타냈다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.329-330
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• 2001

대기오염물질은 입자상물질과 가스상물질로 구분되는데, 이 중 입자상물질은 시정을 감소시키고 인체 건강에 유해한 영향을 미친다. 일반적으로 입자크기가 큰 거대입자는 인체 호흡기관에서 대부분 차단되거나 다시 밖으로 나오게 되지만, 입자크기가 작은 미세입자의 경우 대부분 폐의 깊은 곳에 침착하여 인체에 매우 유해하다. 이러한 미세입자의 유해성 때문에 우리나라도 1995년부터 PM10에 대한 대기환경기준을 설정하여 그 양을 규제하고 있다. 최근에는 폐에 높은 침착률을 보이는 PM2.5에 대한 관심이 집중되고 있다. (중략)

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.241-248
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• 2000

In this study, we examined the number and motility of sperms, and also observed the changes in testes weight, and histological changes of several organs after 5 days of a continuous administration of dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) of per oral administration of a herb drug extracts, which were administerated altermate days, to elucidate the effects of the a herb drug extracts on reproductive toxicity of dioxin. 1. The sperm numbers of dioxin-administered groups were 90.7$\pm$3.6~l18.5$\pm$3.6$\times$10/suup 6/$m\ell$ and 67.3$\pm$4.1~88.2$\pm$3.3$\times$10$^{6}$ $m\ell$ for 10~20 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg and 30~40 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg dosages of dioxin-administerated groups, respectively. Each dioxin-administered group showed prominently lower value than that of control group's which was 119.3$\pm$3.4~120.2$\pm$4.7 $\times$ 10$^{6.}$$m\ell$. 2. The sperm motility of each dioxin-administered group's also showed lower value than that of control group's which was 93.6$\pm$3.8~94.9$\pm$3.4%. The sperm motility of each dioxin-administerated group were 77.0$\pm$4.7~89.5$\pm$3.6% and 66.5$\pm$3.3 ~79.9$\pm$3.8% for 10~20 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg and 30~40 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg dosages of dioxin-administerated groups, respectively. 3. The sperm numbers of each group, which was administered a herb drug extracts, were 77.4$\pm$3.2~90.9$\pm$3.4$\times$10$^{6}$ $m\ell$, 78.0$\pm$3.3~105.0$\pm$4.2$\times$10$^{6}$ $m\ell$, 76.2$\pm$2.8~84.4$\pm$3.5$\times$10$^{6}$ $m\ell$ and 75.4$\pm$3.3~80.2$\pm$3.3$\times$10$^{6}$ $m\ell$ for extracts of green leaf, red ginseng, Kugija and Oume-administered groups respectively. And the sperm motility of each group were 63.4$\pm$3.8~77.0$\pm$4.0%, 65.5$\pm$4.1~87.4$\pm$3.8%, 64.3$\pm$4.2~69.8$\pm$4.2%, 66.3$\pm$3.9~66.0$\pm$4.0% for extracts of green leaf, red ginseng, Kugija and Oume extracts-administered groups, respectively. 4. The number and motility of sperm of control group were 119.3$\pm$3.4~120.2$\pm$4.7$\times$10$^{6}$ $m\ell$ and 93.0$\pm$3.5~96.1$\pm$3.5%, respectively. Red ginseng extracts- administered group seemed to be recovered than my other groups, and the green leaf extracts-administered group was shown to be the next. The Kugija and Oume extracts-administered groups didn't show to be recovered much. 5. Most a herb drug extracts-administered group except the red ginseng-administered group displayed prominently lower values of testes weights than that of control group's which was 0.15$\pm$0.01~0.16$\pm$0.01g. The red ginseng extracts-administered group seemed to be recovered conspicuously. 6. After 5 days of a continuous administration of 30 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg dosage of dioxin followed by 3 weeks of per oral administration of green leaf, red ginseng, Kugija, or Oume extracts, histological findings showed that the liver, spleen, and testis of most a herb drug extracts-administered groups were damaged severely. By the way, the testes of red ginseng extracts-administered group seemed to recover compared to the other group's.ompared to the other group's.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.591-600
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• 2017

This study was carried out to elucidate the chemical compositions of water-soluble inorganic ions in $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ aerosols collected during summer and winter in downtown Jejusi city. The ratios of $NO_3^-$ to the total mass of ionic species in $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ aerosols largely increase in winter compared to summer, while $SO_4^{2-}$ ratios in both aerosols appear to follow the opposite trend. Moreover, concentrations of $Na^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Cl^-$ in $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5-10}$ aerosols are higher in winter than in summer. The nitrate concentrations in $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ aerosols increase with an identical increase in excess ammonium during winter, however, nitrate formation during summer is not important owing to ammonium-poor conditions.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.207-214
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate Influence on intra-limb coordination in individuals wearing knee brace during walking. Seven healthy male adults ($32.3{\pm}2.7$ years old, $175.2{\pm}3.8cm$, $76.2{\pm}8.7kg$) participated. They wore knee brace or didn't wear any knee brace and were asked to walk along a 10 m long walkway. Spatiotemporal parameters, angles of the lower limbs, and intra-limb continuous relative phase (CRP) were measured and calculated. No differences of spatiotemporal parameters were shown (all p > 0.05). There were no changes in the angle and its range of motion (ROM) in the hip for the subjects as wearing knee brace, while ROM ($65.5{\pm}3.7^{\circ}$ vs. $60.5{\pm}3.5^{\circ}$, p < 0.05) of the angle and maximum flexion angles (stance: $31.9{\pm}4.6$ vs. $25.6{\pm}5.5$, swing: $76.7{\pm}3.1$ vs. $68.9{\pm}3.4$, all p < 0.05) in the knee significantly decreased. No changes in ROM of angle in the ankle were shown, whereas maximum dorsiflexion decreased ($22.4{\pm}2.6$ vs. $19.2{\pm}2.1$, p < 0.05) and maximum plantarflexion increased ($9.5{\pm}3.0$ vs. $15.7{\pm}2.2$, p<0.05). There were no changes in most of CRP between joints. CRP between the hip and knee joints decreased ($93.0{\pm}7.8$ vs, $84.7{\pm}4.9$, p < 0.05). Most of CRP standard deviation increased (between the hip and ankle joint during swing: $25.1{\pm}6.7$ vs. $32.4{\pm}1.9$, between the knee and ankle joint during stance: $46.0{\pm}12.9$ vs. $80.1{\pm}31.1$, between the knee and ankle joint during swing: $34.5{\pm}4.1$ vs. $37.6{\pm}3.1$, all p < 0.05). These results indicated that wearing knee brace affected joint angle and intra-limb coordination, but less affected gait features.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.84-89
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• 1992

Concentrations of major minerals(Ca, p, Na, K, Mg) and trace elements (Fe, Zn) were measured in human milk samples collected from 19 selected, healthy lactating women at 2~5 days, and at 4, 8 and 12 weeks postpartum. Decreases in the contents of m) or minerals and trace elements were found with the increase of time postpartum. Mean Ca contents of 2~5 days, 4 week, 8 week and 12 week in human milk were 243.02$\pm$50.90ug/ml, 295.0$\pm$65.70ug/ml, 295.0$\pm$41.50ug/ml, 349.90$\pm$83.50ug/ml, respectively And mean P contents of 2~5 days, 4 week, 8 week and 12 week in human milk were 134.70$\pm$49.4ug/ml, 134.90$\pm$19.70ug/ml, 117.60$\pm$18.90ug/ml, 130.60$\pm$28.20ug/ml, respectively. Ca/P of them were 1.81, 2.19, 2.20, 2.68, respectively. Mean Mg contents of them were 22.30$\pm$5.60ug/ml, 25.70$\pm$3.70ug/ml, 25.10$\pm$3.60ug/ml, 32.10$\pm$4.50ug/ml, respectively. And mean Na contents of them were 171.20$\pm$90.50ug/ml, 158.70$\pm$47.00ug/ml, 104.50$\pm$24.70ug/ml, 115.90$\pm$12.50ug/ml, respectively. Mean K contents of them were 506.10$\pm$156.10ug/ml, 520.90$\pm$55.00ug/ml, 370.10$\pm$29.00ug/ml, 468.40$\pm$75.70ug/ml, respectively. Na/K of them were 0.34, 0.30, 0.28, 0.25, respectively. Mean Fe contents of them were 2.80$\pm$1.80ug/ml, 2.70$\pm$0.40ug/ml, 2.60$\pm$0.40ug/ml, 2.10$\pm$0.10ug/ml, respectively. And mean Zn contents of them were 3.70$\pm$1.60ug/ml, 2.78$\pm$9.70ug/ml, 2.70$\pm$0.70ug/ml, 2.30$\pm$0.20ug/ml, respectively, These determinations will provide the basic information on the variability of major minerals and trace elements as lactation proceeds and on the composition of components between term and preterm milk.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.33-48
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to characterize background mass concentration of $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5}$ and metallic composition from June 2004 to June 2005 in comparison with Seoul and Asan city. The results were as follows: 1. Annual mean of $PM_{10}$ concentrations in Seoul and Asan were $56.95({\pm}25.63){\mu}g/m^3,\;57.02({\pm}27.22){\mu}g/m^3$ respectly. 2. Annual mean of $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in Seoul and Asan were $46.97({\pm}40.36){\mu}g/m^3,\;42.16({\pm}21.79){\mu}g/m^3$ respectly. 3. The average $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio was 0.82 in Seoul and 0.74 in Asan city. 4. The concentration of $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5}$ were the highest in spring and the lowest in summer. Asan was higher than Seoul in spring and summer. 5. The results showed that average $PM_{10}$ composition order as Si>Fe>Pb>Zn>Mn in Seoul and Si>Fe>Zn>Pb>Mn in Asan. The concentration of metals in $PM_{10}$ of Seoul that Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn were high in spring and Zn was low in Fall. Fe, Mn were high in spring of Asan. 6. The results showed that average $PM_{2.5}$ composition order as Si>Pb>Fe>Zn>Mn in Seoul and Si>Fe>Pb>Zn>Cr in Asan. The concentration of metals in $PM_{2.5}$ of Seoul that Cr was high in spring. 7. The result showed that relation between Cr and Cu, Cu and Fe, Fe and Mn, Mn and Zn, Zn and Si in Seoul, Cr and Zn, Cu and Pb, Zn and Pb, Pb and Mn in Asan. The result showed that $PM_{10}$ concentration exceeding $50{\mu}g/m^3$(US-EPA Standard) and $PM_{2.5}$ concentration exceeding $15{\mu}g/m^3$(US-EPA Standard). In urban area, the monitoring of $PM_{2.5}$ permits the anthropogenic sources and the interference of natural sources with respect to $PM_{10}$ measurements.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.177-185
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• 2006

Purpose: Purpose of this study is to synthesize $^{99m}Tc$-labeled transferrin for injection imaging and to compare it with $^{67}Ga$-titrate for the detection of infectious foci. Materials and methods: Succinimidyl 6-hydrazino-nicotinate hydrochloride-chitosan-transferrin (Transferrin) was synthesized and radiolabeled with $^{99m}Tc$. Labeling efficiencies of $^{99m}Tc$-Transferrin were determined at 10 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr and 8 hr. Biodistribution and imaging studies with $^{99m}Tc$-Transferrin and $^{67}Ga$-citrate were performed in a rat abscess model induced with approximately $2{\times}10^8$ colony forming unit of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Results: Successful synthesis of Transferrin was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Labeling efficiency of $^{99m}Tc$-Transferrin was $96.2{\pm}0.7%,\;96.4{\pm}0.5%,\;96.6{\pm}1.0%,\;96.9{\pm}0.5%,\;97.0{\pm}0.7%\;and\;95.5{\pm}0.7%$ at 10 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr and 8 hr, respectively. The injected dose per tissue gram of $^{99m}Tc$-Transferrin was $0.18{\pm}0.01\;and\;0.18{\pm}0.01$ in the lesion and $0.05{\pm}0.01\;and\;0.04{\pm}0.01$ in the normal muscle, and lesion-to-normal muscle uptake ratio was $3.7{\pm}0.6\;and\;4.7{\pm}0.4$ at 30 min and 3 hr, respectively. On image, lesion-to-background ratio of $^{99m}Tc$-Transferrin was $2.18{\pm}0.03,\;2.56{\pm}0.11,\;3.08{\pm}0.18,\;3.77{\pm}0.17,\;4.70{\pm}0.45\;and\;5.59{\pm}0.40$ at 10 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr and 10 hr and those of $^{67}Ga$-citrate was $3.06{\pm}0.84,\;4.12{\pm}0.54\;and\;4.55{\pm}0.74 $ at 2 hr, 24 hr and 48 hr, respectively. Conclusion: Transferrin is successfully labeled with $^{99m}Tc$, and its labeling efficiency was higher than 95% and stable for 8 hours. $^{99m}Tc$-Transferrin scintigraphy showed higher image quality in shorter time compared to $^{67}Ga$-citrate image. $^{99m}Tc$-transferrin is supposed to be useful in the detection of the infectious foci.