• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.179-186
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• 2005

Particulate materials (PM) less than 10 ${\mu}m$ in diameter are of special interest in air pollution because they are respirable and responsible for the increasing mortality rate of lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases. These particles are often referred to as $PM_{10}$ and they are divided into a coarse fraction and a fine fraction which is also often referred to as $PM_{25}$. In this study, we monitored the TSP, $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5}$ concentration of ambient air collected in northern part of Seoul in early spring and measured the concentration of heavy metals; Cr, Mn, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb. All the heavy metals were found in the collected particles and the concentrations were variable in the $PM_{10},\;and\;PM_{2.5}$ respectively. The detected concentration ranges were Cr: $ND\~2,889ng/m^3,\;Mn:2.4\~257.9ng/m^3,\;Zn:ND\~353.7ng/m^3,\; As:ND\~22.3ng/m^3,\;Cd:0.1\~2.9ng/m^3,\;and\;Pb:ND\~392.2ng/m^3$ in fine particles. Heavy metal toxicity of the particles were also tested in $H_9C_2$ cell line derived from rat cardiomyocytes. As for the results of health risk assessment calculated by unit risk of IRIS, heavy metals in ambient air of Seoul metropolitan area were found to be responsible for the increase of total excess cancer risk. Among them, chromium (hexavalent) was found to be the most risky in fine particles of ambient air collected in the northern part of Seoul in early spring.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.437-448
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to present the source contribution of the fine particles ($PM_{2.5}$) in Chungju area using the CMB (chemical mass balance) method throughout the four seasons in Korea. The Chungju's annual average level of $PM_{2.5}$ was $48.2{\mu}g/m^3$, which exceeded two times higher than standard air quality. Among these particles, the soluble ionic compounds represent 54.2% of fine particle mass. Additionally, the OC concentration in Chungju stayed similar to other domestic cities, while the EC concentration decreased significantly compared to other domestic/international cities. The concentration of sulfur represented the highest composition (8%) among the fine particle compounds. According to the CMB results, the general trend of the $PM_{2.5}$ mass contributors was the following: secondary aerosols (50.5%: ammonium sulfate 26.5% and ammonium nitrate 24.0%) > gasoline vehicle (18.3%) > biomass burning (11.0%) > industrial boiler (6.0%) > diesel vehicles (4.4%). The contribution of the secondary aerosols was the main cause than others. This impact is assumed to be emitted from air pollutants of urban cities or neighbor countries such as China.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.263-273
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• 2003

P $M_{2.5}$ fine particles have been collected at the Cosan measurement station in Jeju Island, and the major water-soluble components have been analyzed in order to Investigate the aerosol compositions and pollution characteristics. The mean concentrations of the components were in the order of S $O_4$$^{2-}$> N $H_4$$^{+}$> N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ > N $a^{+}$> $K^{+}$>C $l^{[-10]}$ >C $a^2$$^{+}$>M $g^2$$^{+}$. The major components were S $O_4$$^{2-}$, N $H_4$$^{+}$ and N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ , whose compositions were 58％, 18％ and 10％ of the total ions, respectively. Most of the components showed higher concentrations in spring season, and especially $Ca^2$$^{+}$, N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ and S $O_4$$^{2-}$ concentrations were increased 2.8, 1.9 and 1.2 times higher than the annual mean concentrations. The most parts of S $O_4$$^{2-}$ and N $H_4$$^{+}$ were distributed in fine particles below 2.1 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ size, but the $Ca^2$$^{+}$, N $a^{+}$ and C $l^{[-10]}$ showed relatively higher concentrations in coarse particles. Based on the factor analysis, the P $M_{2.5}$ fine particles were considered to be largely influenced by anthropogenic sources, and followed by sea salt and soil sources. In the variations of concentrations as a function of wind direction, most components have shown higher concentrations notably as the northwesterly prevails.thwesterly prevails.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.439-450
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• 1997

Atmospheric fine particles $(PM_{2.5})$ were collected at the background sites, Kangwha, Taean, and Kosan and characterized to understand their behaviors at the sites. Daily samples of $PM_{2.5}$ mass were measured and ionic species, carbonaceous species, and gaseous species were analyzed. Four-day backward trajectory analysis was also carried out. The mean concentrations of anthropogenic species were highest at Kangwha among three sites, while contributions from sea salts wree highest at Taean during the measurement period due to higher wind speed at Taean. Major chemical components in fine particles were sulfate, organic carbon, nitrate, and ammoniu. Most of the non-sea-salt (nss) sulfates in $PM_{2.5}$ might be present as ammonium sulfates at these sites. Most air parcels arriving at Kangwha and Taean were from northern China. Therefore, both sites were thought to be affected by the same air parcel. At Kosan, during the measurement period, air parcels were from either northern China or sourthern China. The nss sulfate concentration in the air parcels from southern China was higher, while the nss calcium, nitrate, and ammonium concentrations were higher when the air parcels were from northern China.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.18-25
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• 2014

This study was performed to develop the source profiles for fine particles ($PM_{2.5}$) emitted from the meat cooking. The characterization of fine particles emitted from beef cooking showed comparably high level of carbon (75%) which mainly composed of OC (73%) and EC (2.3%). Also the level of $K^+$, $Cl^-$, K, Cl, and $Na^+$ has been diagnosed to be relatively high, mainly caused by the Korean spice with sodium component. The cooking of pork showed similar trend to the beef, resulting high level of OC, EC, $K^+$, $Cl^-$, K, Cl, and $Na^+$ as the major components of fine particles. The high proportions of metal's ingredient such as Zn and Pb have been spotted to be 0.463% and 0.386%, respectively. The higher ratio of OC has been collected for raw pork belly meat compared to seasoned meat in respond to presence of fat. The cooking of chicken and duck brought similar data that OC, $K^+$, K, $Cl^-$, Cl, EC, $NO_3{^-}$, and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ were main components of fine particles. The one notable feature is that Zn and Pb showed to be almost absent.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.475-485
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• 2021

This research investigated the characteristics of fine particles during cold front passage in Busan, on March 19, 2020. The cold front speed was 17.4 m/s (about 63k km/hr), moving from the northwest to the southeast, and with a width of about 64 km. The backward trajectory analysis showed that a southern sea air parcel flowed into Busan before the cold front passage, carrying continental materials from China transported into Busan after cold front passage. The PM₁₀ concentration in Busan showed a rapid increase after passing through the cold front, with PM_2.5 showing a high concentration during cold front passage. The PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio was 0.10 - 0.30. When the cold front passed, SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺ in PM_2.5 showed a rapid increase, with SO₄^2- showing the most significant increase. These results indicated that understanding the characteristics of fine particles during cold front passage in Busan could provide insight into establishing a strategy to control urban air quality.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제10권7호
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• pp.1642-1647
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• 2009

황사기간 중 천안시 대기 입자의 특성 변화를 파악하기 위해, Cascade Impactor를 장착한 High Volume Air Sampler를 이용하여 대기 시료를 채취하여, 대기 입자의 입경별 질량농도 및 이온, 금속 성분의 농도를 황사기간과 비황사기간에 비교 측정하였다. 황사기간 중 일평균 TSP, PM10, PM2.5 평균 농도가 각각 214.9, 160.3, 95.9${\mu}\;g/m^3$으로, 비황사기간에 비해 각각 평균 3.08, 2.58, 1.95배 증가하였으며, 최대 농도는 TSP, PM10, PM2.5가 각각 850.1, 534.4, 233.3${\mu}\;g/m^3$으로, 비황사기간에 비해 각각 12.19, 8.60, 4.76배까지 증가하였다. 황사기간 중 농도의 증가는 미세입자보다는 조대입자에서 현저하였으며, 미세입자와 조대입자 모두 수용성 이온성분의 증가는 미미한 반면, 토양의 주요 구성 성분인 Fe, Al, Ti의 증가가 뚜렷이 관측되어, 토양구성 금속성분이 황사기간 중 입자 농도 증가의 주요원인 물질임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.494-503
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• 2011

Fine particles ($PM_{2.5}$) were collected and analyzed from December 2005 through December 2009 in Chuncheon, Korea to investigate the long-term trend of $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations. Also $PM_{10}$ concentrations were collected from Environmental Monitoring System operated by Ministry of Environment. Average concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ were 30.5 and 58.2 ${\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. Both $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ were significantly affected by meteorological factors including wind speed, wind direction and precipitation. They generally decreased as wind speed increased (p=0.000), and increased when there was a prevailing westerly wind. Low concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ were observed during rainy days while high concentrations were shown when fog, mist and/or haze occurred.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.192-203
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• 2020

Objectives: The concentration distributions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenlys (dl-PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fine particles were investigated to provide basic data on POP behavior and composition analysis. Methods: The concentrations of PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, and PAHs by particle size were evaluated for TSP, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5. Also, fine dust component analysis and factor analysis were performed to identify the source of PCDD/Fs. Results: The particle size distribution was found to account for 24.3% of >10 ㎛, 14.5% of 2.5-10 ㎛, and 61.2% of <2.5 ㎛. The average contributions of coarse particles (>2.5 ㎛) and fine particles (<2.5 ㎛) were PCDD/Fs 67%, dl-PCBs 66%, benzo (a) pyrene 83% and PAHs 84%, and the contributions of fine particles (<2.5 ㎛) were higher than coarse particles (>2.5 ㎛). However, the contributions of coarse particles increased in April to September with higher temperatures, while those of fine particles increased in February to March with lower temperatures. Conclusions: Low chlorinated (4Cl-5Cl) PCDD/Fs were more adsorbed compared to coarse particles due to the influence of pollutant migration from particulate to gas phase according to temperature rise, whereas high chlorinated (6Cl-8Cl) PCDD/Fs were more adsorbed compared to fine particles. PCDD/Fs sources were assessed to be major sources of emissions, such as incineration facilities and/or open burning.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.251-252
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• 2003

Most particles capable of reaching the thoracic region of humans are in the size range below 10$\mu$m in diameter. Particles with a diameter smaller than 2.5 $\mu$m are deposited in large amounts in the alveolar region during mouth inhalation. The hazard caused by fine particles depends on their chemical composition and the site within the human respiratory system where they are deposited(Hinds, 1982). Therefore, the concentration of air borne fine particles is an important parameter for the evaluation of the degree of hazard in an atmospheric environment. (omitted)