• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.533-539
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• 2007

The research was conducted to simulate and interpret the change of $PM_{10}$ profile by Asian dust using the CALPUFF modeling system for the period April 6 through 18, 2001. The results, which are represented a daily variation of $PM_{10}$ concentration before and after Asian dust, was located between a minimum concentration of $50{\mu}g/m^3$ and a maximum concentration of $100{\mu}g/m^3$, Most concentration peaks in the $PM_{10}$ profile were shown within a level below 500 m and had a pattern that rapidly increased up the peak and decreased after the peak to 1000 m. Even though the shapes of the vertical profile during Asian dust days were similar to non-Asian dust days, no rapid change vertically was observed. In particular, the vertical profile on 1200 LST and 1800 LST was noticeably shifted to the higher concentrations, which means $PM_{10}$ in the atmosphere was changed into a vertically and horizontally heterogeneous form under the Asian dust event. Finally, it is con-firmed that the simulation result from CALPUFF might schematically sketched atmospheric $PM_{10}$ profiles and their change by Asian dust throughout the comparison with profiles of aerosol extinction coefficients, which were acquired from Lidar measurement at KGAWO.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1041-1047
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• 1992

The consecutive 35 patients underwent isolated aortic valve replacement with the low-profile model of the Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenograft valve from 1984 to 1991. Operative mortality was 2.9%, and early survivors were followed up for a total 136.1 patient-years[Mean$\pm$SD, 4.00$\pm$2.14 years]. The linearized late mortality was 2.204% /pt-yr. Three patients required rereplacement of the valve with overall valve failure rate of 2.204% /pt-yr: two for endocarditis and one for paravalvular leak. There was no case of primary tissue failure. The linearized annual rates of complication were: thromboembolism 0.735% /pt-yr, bleeding 0.735%pt-yr, and endocarditis 2.204% /pt-yr. The actuarial survival at 8 years of follow-up was 90.4$\pm$5.3%, and the probabilities of freedom from thromboembolism and from rereplacement were 95.6$\pm$4.4% and 88.2$\pm$6.7% at 8 years respectively. Although the low profile Ionescu-Shiley pericardial valve provided favorable clinical performance comparable with the standard model up to 8 years, it needs prolonged follow-up to assess the pattern of its durability.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.241-250
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to estimate air quality trends in the study area by surveying monthly and seasonal concentration trends. To do this, the mass concentration of $PM_{10}$ samples and the metals, ions, and total carbon in the $PM_{10}$ were analyzed. The mean concentration of $PM_{10}$ was $33.9{\mu}g/m^3$. The composition of $PM_{10}$ was 39.2% ionic species, 5.1% metallic species, and 26.6% carbonic species (EC and OC). Ionic species, especially sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate, were the most abundant in the $PM_{10}$ and had a high correlation coefficient with $PM_{10}$. Seasonal variation of $PM_{10}$ showed a similar pattern to those of ionic and metallic species. with high concentration during the winter and spring seasons. $PM_{10}$ showed high correlation with the ionic species $NO_3{^-}$ and $NH_4{^+}$. In addition, $NH_4{^+}$ was highly correlated with $SO{_4}^{2-}$ and $NO_3{^-}$. We obtained four factors through factor analysis and determined the pollution sources using the United States Environmental Protection Agency(U.S. EPA) pollution profile. The first factor accounted for 51.1% of $PM_{10}$ from complex sources, that is, soil, motor vehicles, and secondary particles: the second factor indicated marine sources; the third factor, industry-related sources; and the last factor, heating-related sources. However, the pollution profile used in this study may be somewhat different from the actual situation in Korea because it was from US EPA. Therefore, to more accurately estimate the pollutants present, it is necessary to create a pollution profile for Korea.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.119-138
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• 1998

Recently measurements of atmospheric trace gases from satellite are vigorous. So the development of its data processing algorithm is important. In this study, retrievalof vertical ozone profile from the atmospheric transmittance measured by satellite solar occultation method and its sensitivity to temperature and pressure are investigated. The measured transmittance from satellite is assumed to be given by the limb path transmittance simulated using annual averaged Umkehr data for Seoul. The limb path transmittance between wavelengths $9.89{\mu}m$ and $10.2{\mu}m$ is simulated with respect to tangent heights using the ozone data of HALOE SIDS(Hallogen Occultation Experiment Simulated Instrument Data Set) as an initial profile. Other input data such as pressure and temperature are also from HALOE SIDS. Vertical ozone profile is correctly retrieved from the measured transmittance by onion-peeling method from 50km to 11km tangent heights with the vertical resolution of 3km. The bias error of $\pm0.001$ in measured transmittance, the forced error of $\pm3K$ in each layer temperature, and the forced $\pm3%$ error in each layer pressure are assumed for sensitivity tests. These errors are based on the ADEOS/ILAS error limitation. The error in ozone amount ranges from -6.5% to +6.9% due to transmittance error, from -9.5% to +10.5% due to temperature error, and from -5.1% to +5.4% due to pressure error, respectively. The present study suggests that accurate vertical ozone profile can be retrieved from satellite solar occultation method. Accuracy of vertical temperature profile is especially important in the retrieval of vertical ozone profile.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8629-8631
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• 2016

Background: Primary idiopathic myelofibrosis (PMF) is a clonal Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by extramedullary hematopoiesis and marrow fibrosis. It is an uncommon hematopoietic malignancy which primarily affects elderly individuals. The rational of this study was to determine its clinico-epidemiological profile along with risk stratification in Pakistani patients. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective cross sectional study, 20 patients with idiopathic myelofibrosis were enrolled from January 2011 to December 2014. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 22. Results: The mean age was $57.9{\pm}16.5years$ with 70% of patients aged above 50. The male to female ratio was 3:1. Overall only 10% of patients were asymptomatic and the remainder presented with constitutional symptoms. In symptomatic patients, major complaints were weakness (80%), weight loss (75%), abdominal discomfort (60%), night sweats (13%), pruritus (5%) and cardiovascular accidents (5%). Physical examination revealed splenomegaly as a predominant finding detected in 17 patients (85%) with the mean splenic span of $22.2{\pm}2.04cm$. The mean hemoglobin was $9.16{\pm}2.52g/dl$ with the mean MCV of $88.2{\pm}19.7fl$. The total leukocyte count of $17.6{\pm}19.2{\times}10^9/l$ and platelets count were $346.5{\pm}321.9{\times}10^9/l$. Serum lactate dehydrogenase, serum creatinine and uric acid were $731.0{\pm}154.1$, $0.82{\pm}0.22$ and $4.76{\pm}1.33$ respectively. According to risk stratification, 35% were in high risk, 40% in intermediate risk and 25% in low risk groups. Conclusions: The majority of PMF patients were male and presented with constitutional symptoms in our setting. Risk stratification revealed predominance of advanced disease in our series.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1531-1533
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• 2016

Background: Polycythaemia rubra vera (PV) is a Philadelphia chromosome negative myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by increased red cell production, independent of the mechanisms that regulate normal erythropoiesis. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinico-epidemiological profile of Pakistani patients with PV. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective cross sectional study, 26 patients with PV were enrolled from January 2010 to December 2014. They were diagnosed based on WHO criteria. Results: The mean age was $53.4{\pm}9.31years$ (range 36-72) and the male to female ratio was 2:1. Overall 30.7% of patients were asymptomatic. In symptomatic patients, major complaints were headache (30.8%), abdominal discomfort (23.1%), blurred vision (15.3%), pruritus (11.5%) and vascular incidents (11.5%). Physical examination revealed plethoric face and splenomegaly as predominant findings, detected in 34.6% and 30.7%, respectively, with the mean splenic span of $15.9{\pm}2.04cm$. The mean hemoglobin was $18.1{\pm}1.9g/dl$ with the mean hematocrit of $55.6{\pm}8.3%$. The mean total leukocyte count was $12.8{\pm}7.1{\times}10^9/l$ and the platelet count $511{\pm}341.9{\times}10^9/l$. Mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate was $3.5{\pm}1.22mm/hr$. Serum lactate dehydrogenase, serum creatinine and uric acid were $552.7{\pm}309.2$, $0.8{\pm}0.17$ and $6.60{\pm}1.89$ respectively. Conclusions: PV in Pakistani patients, unlike in the West, is seen in a moderately young population. The disease is frequently seen in male gender and primarily patients present with symptoms related to hyperviscosity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.348-352
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• 2003

An investigation was made into the protein profile of colostrum/milk of ten Murrah buffaloes and of their ten buffalo calves during their first week of neonatal life to study the materno-neonatal transfer of immunoglobulins (Ig). Calves were pail fed 3.5 liter of colostrum and/or milk per calf/day exclusively from their dam. First blood sample from newborn calves was collected before colostrum feeding on the day of birth (day zero) and the sampling continued daily for seven days after colostrum/milk feeding. Colostrum/milk Ig and IgG values were $4.82{\pm}2.60$, $2.19{\pm}1.90$, $1.12{\pm}0.82$, $0.69{\pm}0.44$, $0.59{\pm}0.31$, $0.47{\pm}0.20$, $0.40{\pm}0.22$, $0.40{\pm}0.25$ and $3.58{\pm}1.90$, $1.08{\pm}0.92$, $0.52{\pm}0.40$, $0.31{\pm}0.20$, $0.27{\pm}0.14$, $0.22{\pm}0.08$, $0.18{\pm}0.09$, $0.14{\pm}0.08$ respectively during 0-7 days post partum. The concentration of total colostrum/milk proteins, Ig, IgG and albumin were highest within 12 h post-partum. Thereafter, the concentrations followed a declining trend which may be attributed to the reduced transfer of proteins from the maternal blood, declining synthesis by the mammary glands and/or depletion of stored proteins. The concentrations of plasma Ig and IgG before colostrum feeding on day zero were $0.42{\pm}0.09$ and $0.08{\pm}0.03$ respectively. The levels of plasma Ig were $1.90{\pm}0.37$, $1.80{\pm}0.31$, $1.80{\pm}0.26$, $1.81{\pm}0.28$, $1.78{\pm}0.31$, $1.79{\pm}0.21$, $1.80{\pm}0.32$ and of IgG were $1.57{\pm}0.41$, $1.30{\pm}0.29$, $1.31{\pm}0.21$, $1.27{\pm}0.18$, $1.23{\pm}0.21$, $1.23{\pm}0.16$, $1.26{\pm}0.21$ on days 1-7 after birth after colostrum/milk feeding. The concentrations of total plasma proteins, Ig, IgG were lowest before colostrum feeding and increased significantly (p<0.05) after colostrum feeding in buffalo neonates. The results suggest that the highest amounts of colostral Ig and IgG were available on the day of parturition and thus the calves should receive colostrum as early after birth as possible. Colostrum Ig and IgG concentrations were not correlated to plasma Ig and IgG concentrations in the post-suckle buffalo calves and therefore, colostrum Ig and IgG concentrations were probably not the principle determinants of calf post-suckle plasma Ig and IgG concentrations.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.101-106
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• 2000

Menopausal women experience urogenitory and vasomotor symptoms with increased risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases, which can be reduced by hormone replacement therapy. However unopposed estrogen therapy has been associated with an increased risk of endometrial hypeiplasia or cancer. The objectives of this study were to compare effects of continuous vs. sequential hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on lipid profile, bone mineral density and menopausal symptoms of postmenopausal women and to assess how they perceive the menopause and HRT culturally. In this retrospective study, women in menopause longer than 6 months, normal in the mam-mogram and Papanicolaou smear, cholesterol level lower than 190 mg/dL or triglyceride level lower 4han 500 mg/dL were treated with Srogen (conjugated equine estrogen 0.625 mg tablet) and Provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate 2.5 mg tablet) for continuous treatment(CT) or Cycloprogynova (Estradiol valerate 2 mg and Norgestrel 0.5 mg complex tablet) for sequential treatment(ST). They were evaluated for lipid profile, bone mineral density, menopausal symptoms, side effects and their perception of menopause and HRT. As results, total sixty-seven patients out of ninety-four enrollees were included in final analysis (33 in continuous therapy, 34 in sequential therapy). There were significant decrease in total cholesterol ($15.04\pm3.17$, p=0.0001), LDL ($19.72\pm3.27$, p=0.0001), and increase in HDL ($5.89\pm1.63$, p=0.0001). Bone minora) density increased significantly with HRT ($0.02\pm0.11$, p=0.0001). But, there were no significant differences in change of lipid profile between continuous and sequential therapy: Total cholesterol, $13.12\pm4.7\;vs.\;16.91\pm4.3;\;LDL\;20.53\pm4.1\;vs.\;18.93\pm5.12:HDL\;7.15\pm2.3\;vs.\;4.67\pm2.2,\;p>0.05$. Incidences of flush reduced from $75\%\;(CT)\;to\;3.13\%\;and\;71.88\%\;(ST)\;to\;9.35\%$. The change of endometrium and breast were found 3 (CT) and 5 (ST) women, respectively. Most of women recognized that HRT is necessary $(70\%)$ for postmenopausal period but did not understand well the cardiovascular protective effect. In conclusion, hormone replacement therapy was effective in improving lipid profile, bone mineral density and menopausal symptoms in both continuous and sequential treatments with similar efficacy.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1626-1632
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• 2008

Among patients who are receiving treatments at an oriental medical hospital for various symptoms and diseases, patients whose main disease is accompanied by metabolic syndrome with abnormal liver function. This research was performed in order to observe the progression of changes in the liver function and serum lipid profile after the oriental medical treatments to patients who have been receiving oriental medical treatment for various other diseases and have been diagnosed as having metabolic syndrome at their first visit to the hospital based on NCEP ATP III diagnosis criteria and WHO Asia Pacific region criteria. Total number of subject patients were 39cases(mean age:55.58${\pm}$2.09 years) which had 20 male and 19 female. For the references for hepatic enzyme levels and blood lipid profile were measured in before treatment and four times after treatments(every 2.31${\pm}$06.17 weeks). Serum AST was 48.86${\pm}$7.46 IU/L before oriental medical treatment. After the treatment, 40.63${\pm}$4.69, 43.12${\pm}$5.46, 37.82${\pm}$4.52 IU/L were measured where although the level decreased to the normal level compared to pre-treatment, the value was not significant statistically(P>0.05). ALT was 66.26${\pm}$11.01 IU/L before oriental medical treatment. After the treatment 62.10${\pm}$8.20, 61.10${\pm}$8.76, 43.79${\pm}$5.68 were measured where although the level decreased, abnormally high level was maintained. The last result was significant statistically(P<0.05) compared to pre-treatment. ALP was 193.06${\pm}$14.20 IU/L before oriental medical treatment. After the treatment, 176.80${\pm}$6.48, 177.46${\pm}$11.81, 162.41${\pm}$9.06 where although compared to pre-treatment the last result was significant statistically(P<0.05), the change was within the normal range. ${\gamma}$-GGT was 87.83${\pm}$12.59 IU/L before oriental medical treatment. After the treatment, progressively near normal level was achieved with 118.73${\pm}$46.45, 85.03${\pm}$17.12, 70.64${\pm}$10.93 and the last result was statistically significant compared to pre-treatment (P<0.05). Blood triglyceride was 217.63${\pm}$32.18 mg/dL before oriental medical treatment. After treatment 215.09${\pm}$22.18, 189.93${\pm}$22.44, 191.22${\pm}$18.51 where abnormal values continued even after treatment although results was not statistically significant compared to pre-treatment(P>0.05). Total-cholesterol was 197.28${\pm}$9.24 mg/dL before oriental medical treatment, after treatment 201.55${\pm}$11.13, 186.87${\pm}$8.77 and 186.68${\pm}$7.61 were measured that results were not statistically significant compared to pre-treatment(P>0.05). HDL-cholesterol was 41.88${\pm}$2.38 mg/dL before oriental medical treatment, after treatment 48.75${\pm}$4.22, 44.10${\pm}$1.91, 48.00${\pm}$2.06 the results were not statistically significant compared to pre-treatment(P>0.05). LDL-cholesterol was 111.66${\pm}$13.08 mg/dL before oriental medical treatment, after treatment 109.94${\pm}$10.18, 101.79${\pm}$8.63, 104.00${\pm}$6.98 the results were not statistically significant compared to pre-treatment(P>0.05). With such results, even if common oriental medical treatments were given to metabolic syndrome patients with abnormal liver function, the liver function was confirmed not to be aggravated, and the concentration of lipids in the blood was confirmed not to be affected in most patients.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.413-422
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to estimate the trends of air quality in the study area by analyzing monthly and seasonal concentration trends obtained from sampled data. To this aim, the mass concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ in the air were analyzed, as well as those of metals, ions, and total carbon within the $PM_{2.5}$. The mean concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ was $22.7{\mu}g/m^3$. The mass composition of $PM_{2.5}$ was as follows: 31.1% of ionic species, 2.2% of metallic species, and 26.7% of carbonic species (EC and OC). Ionic species, especially sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate, were the most abundant in the $PM_{2.5}$ and exhibited a high correlation coefficient with the mass concentration of $PM_{2.5}$. Seasonal variations of $PM_{2.5}$ showed a similar pattern to those of ionic and metallic species, with high concentrations during winter and spring. $PM_{2.5}$ also had a high correlation with the ionic species $NO_3{^-}$ and $NH_4{^+}$. In addition, $NH_4{^+}$ was highly correlated with $NO_3{^-}$. Through factor analysis, we identified four controlling factors, and determined the pollution sources using the United States Environmental Protection Agency(U.S. EPA) pollution profile. The first factor, accounting for 19.1% of $PM_{2.5}$ was attributed to motor vehicles and heating-related sources: the second factor indicated industry-related sources and secondary particles, and the other factors indicated soil, industry-related and marine sources. However, the pollution profile used in this study may be somewhat different from the actual situation in Korea, since it was obtained from US EPA. Therefore, to more accurately estimate the pollutants present in the air, a pollution profile for Korea should be produced.