• 환경영향평가
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.323-333
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• 2010

$PM_{10}$ mass were measured in Gwaebeopdong (inland) and Dongsamdong (seashore) of Busan in summer and fall, 2007 and the 24-hour averaged samples were analyzed to investigate temporal and spatial variability of metallic elements and water-soluble ions in $PM_{10}$. Overall average concentrations of $PM_{10}$ mass during the study period were 72.7 ${\mu}g/M^3$ and 64.3 ${\mu}g/M^3$ in Gwaebeopdong and Dongsamdong, respectively. As for metal elements, averaged concentrations of crustal components, Ca, Fe, K, Mn, and Ti, in Gwaebeopdong exhibited enhancement relative to Dongsamdong. Non-crustal elements, Pb and Cu, displayed elevated levels in Gwaebeopdong while Ni and Zn were observed to be high in Dongsamdong. Averaged nitrate concentration in Gwaebeopdong (6.36 ${\mu}g/M^3$) was greater than in Dongsamdong(5.68 ${\mu}g/M^3$) and both areas had higher level of nitrate in summer than in fall. Averaged sulfate concentrations in Dongsamdong (25.4%) exhibited elevated level relative to Gwaebeopdong (19.4%). Overall average contribution of water-soluble ions to $PM_{10}$ in Dongsamdong (47.5%) was higher than in Gwaebeopdong (37.8%). The average mass fractions of secondary ions in $PM_{10}$ were elevated in Dongsamdong (37.1%) as compared to Gwaebeopdong (31.4%). Equivalent ratio of [${SO_4}^{2-}/NO_3{^-}$] was seen to be lower in Gwaebeopdong (1.39) than that in Dongsamdong (1.79) and consistently higher in summer than in fall for both areas.

• 대기
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.221-228
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• 2010

Aerosol particles with different size-cuts ($PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, and $PM_{1.0}$) were collected at Gosan Superstation on Jeju Island from August 2007 to June 2008. Mean concentrations of $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{1.0}$ were $29.28{\mu}gm^{-3}$, $17.83{\mu}gm^{-3}$, and $14.30{\mu}gm^{-3}$, respectively. Soluble ions comprised 45.7%, 53.9%, and 60.3% of the total mass of $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, and $PM_{1.0}$, respectively. While sulfate was the most dominant species of fine mode ($PM_{1.0}$), nitrate was enriched in coarse mode ($PM_{1.0-10}$). When the concentrations of coarse mode particles were greatly increased, nitrate tended to be enhanced in coarse mode with high calcium but low sulfate concentrations. During the high $PM_{1.0}$ events, however, nitrate was increased with sulfate at fine mode. Particularly, nitrate concentrations were substantially enhanced during high particle episodes, leading high ratios of nitrate to sulfate in air under northwest wind during wintertime. On the other hand, the levels of nitrate were lower than those of sulfate at average particle concentrations. The backward air mass trajectories indicated that nitrate concentrations were elevated in air arriving Gosan passing through Santung peninsula or near South Korea.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2010년도 추계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.199.2-199.2
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• 2010

Biodiesels are well-known as alternative fuels. also we know that biodiesels increase NOx and reduce PM(Particulate Matter) by previous many studies. But PM in most these studies was considered about the mass. In this study, We have performed experimental test for PM and exhaust emission by mixed ratio of biodiesel in heavy duty diesel engine. PM was investigated by The nano particle number and the mass. The mass of PM was evaluated by using the standard gravimetric method, The number of PM was evaluated by using the EEPS(Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer), on the ESC(European Steady Cycle) mode. Sampled gas through dilutor was directly extracted from tail pipe and EEPS measured diluted exhaust gas. Biodiesel is made up of used cooking oil. Diesel as base fuel was sold on market and contains 2% biodiesel. The mass of PM was reduced 10% and the nano particle number was increased 5%. The particle number less than 40nm was increased, but the particle number more than 40nm is decreased.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.279-290
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• 1995

Recently in Korea, due to the significant drop of lead and bromine levels as a marker of autoemission source in the urban areas, the conventional application of receptor methods has many difficulties to properly apportion mass contribution of some sources. It is then needed to urgently develop alternative source profiles and identify new emission markers. Thus, the study has extensively examined the results obtained from using PAHs and elemental data for receptor modeling and has provided an opportunity to identify alternative source compositions and to determine a proper number of the ambient emission sources in Seoul area. The purpose of the study is to identify the sources of PM-10 and to estimate their mass contributions in Seoul area. Thus, a receptor model, target transformation factor analysis(TTFA) has been massively applied. The TTFA offers the possibility of determining the number of sources and their mass contributions. The input data used in this study are composed of two separate sets: fine (d$_{p}$ < 2.5.mu.m) and coarse (2.5.mu.m < d$_{p}$ < 10.mu.m) mode aerosol samples. Each sample was simultaneously collected by a PM-10 dichotomous sampler during the daytime(8 AM to 8 PM) and the nighttime(8 PM to 8 AM) from February to October 1993 on the Sungdong-Gu, Seoul. All the samples were analyzed to determine the levels of 10 inorganic elements by an XRF system as well as 14 PAHs by a HPLC. However, only 8 inorganic elements and 7 PAHs were used for the various statistical analysis.sis.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.449-458
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 덕적도와 제주도에서 2005년 10월 15일부터 2007년 10월 24일 까지 9차례에 걸친 집중 관측기간 동안 포집된 PM2.5의 질량 농도 자료와 Moderate-resoultion Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 인공위성 관측자료로 분석된 대기 에어러솔 광학두께(AOT; Aerosol Optical Thickness) 자료로부터 지역 대기 중 미세 입자의 농도 변화 특성 및 대기질 감시를 위한 인공위성 자료의 활용 가능성을 분석하였다. 전체 관측 기간 중 PM2.5의 일 평균 농도는 덕적도에서는 $25.61{\pm}22.92{\mu}g/m^3$, 제주도에서는 $17.33{\pm}10.79{\mu}g/m^3$으로 변화가 크게 나타났으며, 황사가 발생한 2006년 4월 8일에는 덕적도와 제주도에서 각각 최대값 $188.89{\mu}g/m^3$과 $50.46{\mu}g/m^3$를 기록하였다. 또한 두 지역의 MODIS AOT 값은 $0.79{\pm}0.81$(덕적도), $0.42{\pm}0.24$(제주도)였으며, AOT의 최대값은 PM2.5와 마찬가지로 황사현상이 발생한 2007년 4월 8일에 3.73(덕적도), 1.14(제주도)로 나타났다. 그리고 지상에서 관측된 PM2.5 농도의 공간 분포 양상을 파악하기 위하여 MODIS AOT와 PM2.5의 상관관계 분석결과, 덕적도는 0.85, 고산은 0.06으로서 비교적 에어러솔의 영향을 많이 받는 덕적도가 고산보다 높은 상관계수 값을 나타내었다. 이러한 상관관계를 근거로 하여 도출된 1차 선형회귀 방정식으로부터 MODIS AOT값을 PM2.5로 환산한 결과는 인공위성 자료로부터 대기환경 감시를 가능케 하는 수단이 될 수 있어 유용할 것이다.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.87-95
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• 2017

Radon ($Rn^{222}$) is a radioactive gas and is found at high concentrations underground. Investigations were done in many years specifically on public transportations such as in the subway stations, concourses and platforms for these are located underground areas. This study correlates the $Rn^{222}$ concentrations with the Particulate Matter (PM) concentration for the gas could be attached or trapped inside these particles. It was done on the opening subway tunnel of Miasageori Station going to Mia Station (Line 4) last August 2016. Based on the result, the $Rn^{222}$ were more influenced on the mass ratio (%) of PM present in the air instead of its mass concentration (${\mu}g/m^3$). As the $PM_{10}$ mass ratio increases ($42.32{\pm}1.03%$) during morning rush-hours, radon starts to increase up to $0.97{\pm}0.03pCi/L$. But during the afternoon $Rn^{222}$ concentrations decreased while the composition were stable at $22.96{\pm}3.0%$, $39.04{\pm}0.6%$ and $38.01{\pm}0.3%$ in $PM_1$, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ respectively. It was then assumed that it could be the composition of the morning hours of the station were influencing the concentration of the radon.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제63권2호
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• pp.161-168
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• 2020

식물 종마다 잎에 미세먼지(PM)를 흡착하는 정도가 서로 다르며 잎을 통해 PM을 흡수할 수 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. PM에 포함된 중금속은 인체 및 식물에 영향을 미칠 수 있으며 입자 크기에 따라 미치는 영향이 다를 수 있다. 따라서 충북대학교 내 도로변에 위치한 회양목 (Buxus koreana), 주목 (Taxus cuspidate), 철쭉 (Rhododendron yedoense), 이팝나무 (Chionanthus retusa)와 같은 가로수 잎에 축적된 PM을 입자 크기(PM_>10 및 PM_2.5-10)에 따라 분획 및 정량화하였다. 잎에 축적된 크기 별 PM의 금속 농도는 유도 결합 플라스마 질량 분석법(ICP-MS)으로 분석하였다. 나무 잎 표면에 축적된 PM_>10의 질량은 6.11-32.7 ㎍/㎠, PM_2.5-10의 질량은 0-14.8 ㎍/㎠이었다. 잎 표면에 홈이 있고 털을 갖고 있는 철쭉이 작은 PM 입자를 잘 유지하고 있었으며 광택이 있는 잎 표면을 가진 주목과 회양목은 많은 PM을 축적하고 있었다. PM은 Al, Ca, Mg, Fe와 같은 지각 구성 원소와 Cu, Pb, Zn와 같은 중금속을 포함하고 있었다. 지각 구성 원소의 농도는 PM_>10 입자에서 더 높았고, 중금속 농도는 PM_2.5-10 입자에서 상대적으로 더 높았다. 잎에 흡수된 Mn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn과 PM_2.5-10의 중금속 농도는 유의한 상관관계를 보여 나무 잎을 통해 PM이 흡수될 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2009

In this study, the continuous monitoring of the concentration of PM-10 atmospheric particulate matter using beta ray attenuation method was compared with gravimetric method from September, 2006 to August, 2007. On the effects of the PM-10 concentration and mass difference by relative humidity and precipitation were considered. The result showed that the measurement error between beta ray method and gravimetric method are within -3~6% in average, which means PM-10 concentration data with beta ray method are relatively comparable. The current study also shows that the high PM-10 concentration events are mainly due to haze, Asian dust, and high relative humidity and the PM-10 mass concentration is closely related with relative humidity and precipitation events. Based on daily mean data, the PM-10 increases as relative humidity increases up to 70~80%, then decreases over 80% due to the precipitation. However, the distinct measurement discrepancy was not shown between beta ray method and gravimetric method based on current results. Consequently, this study shows that the collocated measurement in different instrument is essential in order to quantify the accuracy of PM-10. Furthermore, the more comprehensive and spatially distributed comparison is needed and this is remained for future study.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제20권4호통권58호
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• pp.9-20
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• 2005

The purpose of the study was characteristics of secondary pollutants of $PM_{10}$ collected in pocheon between August 2002 and June 2003. The ambient concentrations of $PM_{10}$ mass, 9 water-soluble anions and cations, and 13 bulk composition trace elements were determined from filter samples collected by $PM_{10}$ high volume air sampler(UV-15H, Graseby-Anderson Co., USA). During this period average $PM_{10}$ mass concentration was $83.8{\mu}g/m^3(49.8{\mu}g/m^3\~111.6{\mu}g/m^3)$ in Pocheon. Mechanism for transformation of secondary pollutants by soluble ion components is divided into two categories; $NaNO_3$ type by the reaction of sea salt and $HNO_3$ in the atmosphere, and nitrate salt or phosphate salt type such as $(NH_4)_2SO_4,\;NH_4NaSO_4,\;and\;(NH_4)_2SO_4(2NH_4O_3)$.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.103-112
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• 2000

Elemental carbon(EC) and organic carbon(OC) in fine particles (PM2.5) were collected from October 1995 through August 1996 in the Chongju area. The annual mean concentrations of EC and OC were 4.44 and 4.99 $\mu\textrm{g}$/m3 respectively. EC showed seasonal variation (p<0.01) The magnitude of the seasonal mean EC concen-tration progresses in the following manner : fall>winter>spring>summer. However OC was not statistically seasonal difference(p=0.20) The annual average OC/EC ratio was 1.12 suggesting that organic carbon measured may by emitted directly in particulate form(primary aerosol) The contribution of EC to PM2.5 mass follows a general pattern in which fall(14.6%) > winter (9.8%) >spring(7.8%) =summer(7.8%) and the contribution of OC to the PM2.5 mass varies in order fall(13.8%) >winter(11.3%) >spring(10.5%) >summer (9.4%) Total carbona-ceous particles(EC and OC) accounted for 17-28% of the PM2.5 mass.