• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제22권6호
• /
• pp.651-666
• /
• 2013

This study introduces a novel approach to the differentiation of two phenomena, Asian Dust and haze, which are extremely difficult to distinguish based solely on comparisons of PM10 concentration, through use of the Optical Particle Counter (OPC), which simultaneously generates PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentration. In the case of Asian Dust, PM10 concentration rose to the exclusion of PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentration. The relative ratios of PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentration versus PM10 concentration were below 40%, which is consistent with the conclusion that Asian Dust, as a prime example of the coarse-particle phenomenon, only impacts PM10 concentration, not PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentration. In contrast, PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentration simultaneously increased with haze. The relative ratios of PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentration versus PM10 concentration were generally above 70%. In this case, PM1.0 concentration varies because a haze event consists of secondary aerosol in the fine-mode, and the relative ratios of PM10 and PM2.5 concentration remain intact as these values already subsume PM1.0 concentration. The sequential shift of the peaks in PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentrations also serve to individually track the transport of coarse-mode versus fine-mode aerosols. The distinction in the relative ratios of PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentration versus PM10 concentration in an Asian Dust versus a haze event, when collected on a national or global scale using OPC monitoring networks, provides realistic information on outbreaks and transport of Asian Dust and haze.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.217-231
• /
• 2012

Hourly concentrations of $PM_1$, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$, were investigated at Gangneung city in the Korean east coast on 0000LST October 26~1800LST October 29, 2003. Before the intrusion of Yellow dust from Gobi Desert, $PM_{10}$($PM_{2.5}$, $PM_1$) concentration was generally low, more or less than 20 (10, 5) ${\mu}g/m^3$, and higher PM concentration was found at 0900LST at the beginning time of office hour and their maximum ones at 1700LST around its ending time. As correlation coefficient of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$($PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_1$, and $PM_{10}$ and $PM_1$) was very high with 0.90(0.99, 0.84), and fractional ratios of $(PM_{10}-PM_{2.5})/PM_{2.5}((PM_{2.5}-PM_1)/PM_1)$ were 1.37~3.39(0.23~0.54), respectively. It implied that local $PM_{10}$ concentration could be greatly affected by particulate matters of sizes larger than $2.5{\mu}m$, and $PM_{2.5}$ concentration could be by particulate matters of sizes smaller than $2.5{\mu}m$. During the dust intrusion, maximum concentration of $PM_{10}$($PM_{2.5}$, $PM_1$) reached 154.57(93.19, 76.05) ${\mu}g/m^3$ with 3.8(3.4, 14.1) times higher concentration than before the dust intrusion. As correlation coefficient of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$(vice verse, $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_1$) was almost perfect high with 0.98(1.00, 0.97) and fractional ratios of $(PM_{10}-PM_{2.5})/PM_{2.5}((PM_{2.5}-PM_1)/PM_1)$ were 0.48~1.25(0.16~0.37), local $PM_{10}$ concentration could be major affected by particulates smaller than both $2.5{\mu}m$ and $1{\mu}m$ (fine particulate), opposite to ones before the dust intrusion. After the ending of dust intrusion, as its coefficient of 0.23(0.81, - 0.36) was very low, except the case of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_1$ and $(PM_{10}-PM_{2.5})/PM_{2.5}((PM_{2.5}-PM_1)/PM_1)$ were 1.13~1.91(0.29~1.90), concentrations of coarse particulates larger than $2.5{\mu}m$ greatly contributed to $PM_{10}$ concentration, again. For a whole period, as the correlation coefficients of $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_1$ were very high with 0.94, 1.00 and 0.92, reliable regression equations among PM concentrations were suggested.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제17권6호
• /
• pp.633-645
• /
• 2008

In order to investigate the variations and corelation among $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5}\;and\;PM_1$ concentrations, the hourly concentrations of each particle sizes of 300nm to $20{\mu}m$ at a city, Gangneung in the eastern mountainous coast of Korean peninsula have been measured by GRIMM aerosol sampler-1107 from March 7 to 17, 2004. Before the influence of the Yellow Dust event from China toward the city, $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5}\;and\;PM_1$, concentrations near the ground of the city were very low less than $35.97{\mu}g/m^3,\;22.33{\mu}g/m^3\;and\;16.77{\mu}g/m^3$, with little variations. Under the partial influence of the dust transport from the China on March 9, they increased to $87.08{\mu}g/m^3,\;56.55{\mu}g/m^3\;and\;51.62{\mu}g/m^3$. $PM_{10}$ concentration was 1.5 times higher than $PM_{2.5}$ and 1.85 times higher than $PM_1$. Ratio of $(PM_{10}-PM_{2.5})/PM_{2.5}$ had a maximum value of 1.49 with an averaged 0.5 and one of $(PM_{2.5}-PM_1)/PM_1$ had a maximum value of 0.4 with an averaged 0.25. $PM_{10}\;and\;PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were largely influenced by particles smaller than $2.5{\mu}m\;and\;1{\mu}m$ particle sizes, respectively. During the dust event from the afternoon of March 10 until 1200 LST, March 14, $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5}\;and\;PM_1$ concentrations reached $343.53{\mu}g/m^3,\;105{\mu}g/m^3\;and\;60{\mu}g/m^3$, indicating the $PM_{10}$ concentration being 3.3 times higher than $PM_{2.5}$ and 5.97 times higher than $PM_1$. Ratio of $(PM_{10}-PM_{2.5})/PM_{2.5}$ had a maximum value of 7.82 with an averaged 3.5 and one of $(PM_{2.5}-PM_1)/PM_1$, had a maximum value of 2.8 with an averaged 1.5, showing $PM_{10}\;and\;PM_{2.5}$ concentrations largely influenced by particles greater than $2.5{\mu}m\;and\;1{\mu}m$ particle sizes, respectively. After the dust event, the most of PM concentrations became below $100{\mu}g/m^3$, except of 0900LST, March 15, showing the gradual decrease of their concentrations. Ratio of $(PM_{10}-PM_{2.5})/PM_{2.5}$ had a maximum value of 3.75 with an averaged 1.6 and one of $(PM_{2.5}-PM_1)/PM_1$ had a maximum value of 1.5 with an averaged 0.8, showing the $PM_{10}$ concentration largely influenced by corse particles than $2.5{\mu}m$ and the $PM_{2.5}$ by fine particles smaller than $1{\mu}m$, respectively. Before the dust event, correlation coefficients between $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5}\;and\;PM_1$, were 0.89, 0.99 and 0.82, respectively, and during the dust event, the coefficients were 0.71, 0.94 and 0.44. After the dust event, the coefficients were 0.90, 0.99 and 0.85. For whole period, the coefficients were 0.54, 0.95 and 0.28, respectively.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제32권8호
• /
• pp.739-746
• /
• 2010

본 연구의 목적은 1) 시료채취공간에서 ${\pm}10%$ 이내의 공기 유속을 가지는 챔버시스템을 제작하여, 2) 먼지(PM, particulate matter)측정을 위하여 사용되는 PM10과 PM2.5 시료채취기의 이론적 특성을 연구하고, 3) 실험을 통하여 본 연구에 사용된 먼지 시료채취기의 수행 특성을 평가하는데 있다. 챔버 내에서의 먼지 시료채취기의 수행능력을 측정하기 위하여 $20\;{\mu}m$의 공기역학중위입경과 2.0의 기하표준편차 특성을 가지는 옥수수전분을 분포하였다. 챔버 실험에 사용된 시료채취기는 미국 연방규정을 만족하는 각 1개의 APM PM10 및 APM PM2.5 시료채취기와 특수 제작된 3개의 소용량 시료채취기(2개 PM10과 1개의 PM2.5)를 사용하여 평균 공기 유속이 0.67 m/s와 2.15 m/s인 두 조건에서 각 1시간씩 3회 반복하여 총 6회의 실험을 실시하였다. 실험 결과, APM PM시료채취기를 기준 시료채취기로 사용하여 소용량 PM10과 PM2.5 시료채취기는 각 각 0.25와 0.39의 보정계수가 필요하며 이원 분산 분석을 통하여 두 개의 소용량 PM10 시료채취기의 평균 농도값 사이에는 유의적 차이가 있었다. 분리한계직경과 기울기(PM10: $10{\pm}0.5\;{\mu}m$와 $1.5{\pm}0.1$, PM2.5: $2.5{\pm}0.2\;{\mu}m$와 $1.3{\pm}0.03$)를 가지는 PM10과 PM2.5 시료채취기는 이론적으로 본 연구에 사용된 옥수수전분의 입자특성을 고려하여 86~114%와 64~152%의 먼지농도 범위를 채취하게 된다. 또한, 공기 중에 분포하는 입자의 공기역학중위입경이 해당 시료채취기의 분리한계직경보다 작을 때 시료채취기의 측정 질량농도는 이상적인 질량농도보다 크며, 반대의 경우 시료채취기는 작은 질량농도를 측정한다. 챔버 실험 결과, PM10과 PM2.5의 시료채취기는 각각 37~158%와 55~149% 범위를 가지며 이론적 계산농도보다 큰 범위의 질량 농도를 측정하였고 챔버 내 공기 유속이 2.15 m/s의 조건에서는 0.67 m/s와 비교하여 상대적으로 작은 먼지농도 범위를 가지며 이론적 계산농도와 유사한 먼지농도 범위가 측정되었다.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.19-35
• /
• 2007

본 연구는 돼지 난포란의 체외배양액과 배발달배양액에 성장인자인 EGF와 IGF-I을 각각 0, 1, 5 및 10 ng/ml 첨가배양함으로서 돼지 난포란의 체외성숙과 체외배발달에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 돼지 난포란을 체외성숙배양액인 NCSU-23 배양액에 EGF와 IGF-I을 각각 0, 1, 5 및 10 ng/ml 첨가배양하여 성숙을 유기한 다음, 체외수정을 실시한 결과, 모든 처리구에서 핵성숙률, 정자침투율, 웅성전핵형성률, 다정자 침입률 및 평균침입정자수에서 유의적인 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 2. 체외수정을 실시한 후, 배발달배양액인 NCSU-23에 7일간 배양한 결과, 배반포형성률은 EGF첨가군이 각각 $11.2{\pm}1.5%$, $15.0{\pm}0.8%$, $16.8{\pm}2.8%$ 및 $21.4{\pm}2.0%$로서 10 ng/ml의 첨가군이 유의적(P<0.05)으로 높은 결과를 나타냈으며, IGF-I첨가군도 $10.7{\pm}1.4%$, $12.8{\pm}2.0%$, $16.0{\pm}2.5%$ 및 $21.9{\pm}2.4%$로서 10 ng/ml의 첨가군이 유의적으로 높은 결과를 나타냈다. 또한, 총세포수에 있어서도 EGF첨가군이 $22.8{\pm}3.7$개, $25.7{\pm}5.5$개, $26.0{\pm}4.2$개 및 $35.1{\pm}4.7$개, IGF-I첨가군은 $21.5{\pm}3.7$개, $25.2{\pm}2.8$개, $26.2{\pm}2.9$개 및 $33.2{\pm}3.6$개로서 각각 10 ng/ml 첨가군이 유의적(P<0.05)으로 높은 결과를 나타냈다. 3. 돼지 난포란을 체외성숙 기본배양액인 함유된 NCSU-23 배양액에 44시간동안 체외성숙을 유기한 다음, 체외 수정용배양액인 mTBM에 정자와 같이 6시간동안 공배양함으로서 체외수정을 유기한 후, 배발달배양액인 NCSU-23에 EGF와 IGF-I을 각각 0, 1, 5 및 10 ng/ml 첨가하여 7일간 배양한 결과, 배반포기 도달률은 EGF첨가군에서 각각 $14.0{\pm}1.7$개, $16.2{\pm}1.4$개, $16.9{\pm}1.2$, $23.1{\pm}1.6$개로서 10 ng/ml 첨가군이 유의적으로 높은 결과를 나타냈고, IGF-I첨가군도 각각 $13.6{\pm}1.7$개, $15.7{\pm}4.5$개, $16.0{\pm}0.2$개 및 $25.0{\pm}0.8$개로 10 ng/ml군이 유의적(P<0.05)으로 높은 결과를 나타냈으며, 총세포수에 있어서는 EGF첨가군이 각각 $21.8{\pm}2.9$개, $25.2{\pm}2.8$개, $39.7{\pm}2.7$개 및 $46.2{\pm}3.6$개로 10 ng/ml첨가군이 유의적으로 높은 결과를 나타냈고, IGF-I첨가군도 $20.7{\pm}2.9$개, $26.2{\pm}2.9$개, $24.6{\pm}2.4$개 및 $46.1{\pm}3.5$개로 10 ng/ml 첨가군이 유의적(P<0.05)으로 높은 결과를 나타냈다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, EGF와 IGF-I은 돼지 난포란의 체외성숙과 배발달과정에 영향을 미치며 특히, 10 ng/ml의 농도에서 효과적인 것으로 조사되었다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
• /
• 제37권6_2호
• /
• pp.1793-1801
• /
• 2021

2015년 1월부터 2020년 6월까지 라이다를 이용하여 측정된 532와 1064 nm의 후방산란계수와 532 nm의 편광소멸도를 이용하여 532 nm의 후방산란계수를 PM₁₀, PM_2.5-10, PM_2.5에 해당하는 세 유형으로 구분하고 지상에서 측정된 질량 농도를 이용하여 각각의 질량소산효율을 산출하였다. 산출된 질량소산효율의 전체 평균값은 PM₁₀, PM_2.5-10, PM_2.5에서 각각 5.1±2.5, 1.7±3.7, 9.3±6.3 m²/g으로 PM_2.5가 가장 높은 값을 보였다. PM₁₀과 PM_2.5의 질량 농도가 낮을 때 평균 이상의 높은 질량소산효율이 산출되었으며 질량 농도가 높아질수록 질량소산효율이 감소되는 경향을 확인하였다. 황사의 혼합 정도에 따른 유형별로 질량소산효율을 산출하였을 때, PM_2.5-10는 황사의 영향으로 오염입자(pollution aerosol, PA)가 2.1±2.8 m²/g으로 오염입자가 주요한 혼합입자(pollution-dominated mixture, PDM), 황사가 주요한 혼합입자 (dust-dominated mixture, DDM), 순수황사 (pure dust, PD)의 1.1±1.8, 1.4±3.3, 1.1±1.5 m²/g보다 두 배 정도 높은 값을 보였다. 하지만, PM_2.5는 9.4±6.5, 9.0±5.8, 10.3±7.5, 9.1±9.0 m²/g으로 유형 구분 없이 비슷한 값을 보였다. PM₁₀의 질량소산효율은 PA, PDM, DDM, PD 에서 각각 5.6±2.9, 4.4±2.0, 3.6±2.9, 2.8±2.4 m²/g으로 황사의 비율이 감소할수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 동일한 질량 농도 또는 황사 혼합에 따른 동일한 유형을 보이더라도 PM_2.5/PM₁₀ 값이 낮아질수록 PM_2.5-10의 질량소산효율은 감소하고, PM_2.5의 질량소산효율은 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제23권5호
• /
• pp.819-827
• /
• 2014

This study analyzes the chemical composition of metallic elements and water-soluble ions in $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$. $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in Busan during 2010-2012 were $97.2{\pm}67.5$ and $67.5{\pm}32.8{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, and the mean $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ concentration ratio was 0.73. The contribution rate of water-soluble ions to $PM_{10}$ ranged from 29.0% to 58.6%(a mean of 38.6%) and that to $PM_{2.5}$ ranged from 33.9% to 58.4%(a mean of 43.1%). The contribution rate of sea salt to $PM_{10}$ was 13.9% for 2011 and 9.7% for 2012, while that to $PM_{2.5}$ was 17.4% for 2011 and 10.1% for 2012. $PM_{10}$ concentration during Asian dust events was $334.3{\mu}g/m^3$ and $113.3{\mu}g/m^3$ during non-Asian dust events, and the $PM_{10}$ concentration ratio of Asian Dust/Non Asian dust was 2.95. On the other hand, the $PM_{2.5}$ concentration in Asian dust was $157.4{\mu}g/m^3$ and $83.2{\mu}g/m^3$ in Non Asian dust, and the $PM_{2.5}$ concentration ratio of Asian Dust/Non Asian dust was 1.89, which was lower than that of $PM_{10}$.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
• /
• 제31권3호
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2018

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between fine dust(PM10.5, PM2.5) and the number of acute/chronic sinusitis patients. Methods : A simple regression analysis was performed based on the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 as independent variables and the number of acute/chronic sinusitis patients as dependent variables. Results : As a result of simple regression analysis, if PM10 increases by $1{\mu}g/m^3$, the number of acute sinusitis patients increases by 7,000.291(P<.001, 95%CI :4,951.983-9,048.600). If PM2.5 increases by $1{\mu}g/m^3$, the number of acute sinusitis patients increases by 17,524.476.(P<.001, 95%CI:9,728.725-25,320.228) In addition, PM10 increases by $1{\mu}g/m^3$, the number of acute sinusitis patients increases by 3,163.471 (P<.001, 95% CI:2,268.642-4,058.301). If PM2.5 increases by $1{\mu}g/m^3$, the number of chronic sinusitis patients increases by 8,651.644.(P<.001, 95%CI:5,115.697-12,187.592) Conclusions : Both PM10 and PM2.5 are correlated with changes in the number of sinusitis patients. PM2.5 has effect on the number of patients than PM10. PM10 is the highest correlation in their 50s, PM2.5 in their 60s and 70s.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제24권5호
• /
• pp.679-687
• /
• 2015

Atmospheric aerosol particles were investigated at GNTECH university in Jinju city. Samples were collected using the Nanosampler period from January to December 2014. The Nanosampler is a 6 stage cascade impactor(1 stage : > $10{\mu}m$, 2 stage : $2.5{\sim}10{\mu}m$, 3 stage : $1.0{\sim}2.5{\mu}m$, 4 stage : $0.5{\sim}10{\mu}m$, 5 stage : $0.1{\sim}0.5{\mu}m$, back-up : < $0.1{\mu}m$) with the stages having 50% cut-off ranging from 0.1 to $10{\mu}m$ in aerodynamic diameter. The mass size distribution of Atmospheric aerosol particles was unimodal with peak at $1.0{\sim}2.5{\mu}m$ or $0.5{\sim}1.0{\mu}m$. The annual average concentrations of TSP, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_1$, $PM_{0.5}$ and $PM_{0.1}$ were $44.0{\mu}g/m^3$, $40.3{\mu}g/m^3$, $31.4{\mu}g/m^3$, $18.0{\mu}g/m^3$, $8.0{\mu}g/m^3$, $3.0{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. On average $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_1$, $PM_{0.5}$ and $PM_{0.1}$ make up 0.91, 0.70, 0.41, 0.19 and 0.07 of TSP, respectively. The annual average of $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio was 0.77.

• 인간식물환경학회지
• /
• 제23권6호
• /
• pp.647-654
• /
• 2020

Background and objective: Particulate matter (PM) is one of the serious environmental problems and threatens human health. Plants can clean the air by removing PM from the atmosphere. This study was carried out to investigate the PM removal efficiency of 12 species of woody plants. Methods: Actinidia arguta, Dendropanax morbiferus, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Pittosporum tobira, Rhaphiolepis indica, Rhapis, Salix integra, Salix koreensis, Schisandra chinensis, Viburnum odoratissimum var. awabuki, and Vitis coignetiae were used as plant material. Six 15 cm (D) pots were placed in an acrylic chamber of 800 (D) × 800 (W) × 1000 (H) mm. The LED panel was used as a light source. The reduction of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 for 300 minutes after the injection of PM was automatically measured. Results: The leaf area and the amount of PM in the chamber showed a negative correlation. 12 species of plants were compared by dividing the plants into 3 groups according to their characteristics: vines, trees, and shrubs and small trees. In the vine plant group, the averages of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were 7.917%, 8.796%, and 30.275%, respectively. In the shrubs and small trees group, the average of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were 10.142%, 11.133%, and 36.448%, respectively. In the trees group, the average of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were 11.475%, 12.892%, and 40.421%, respectively. When the initial concentration was 100%, PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 of Viburnum odoratissimum var. awabuki with the largest leaf area were 5.6%, 6.3%, and 21.0% after 5 hours, respectively, the best results among 12 species of plants. Conclusion: The vine plant group was more effective in removing PM than the other two groups. In the tree groups, the fact that the leaf development was relatively inactive at a plant height of 30 cm was considered to have an effect on the removal of particulate matter.