• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.514-525
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• 2002

The analysis of heavy metals associated with both PM2.5 and PM10 fraction of aerosols was made from a northeast region of Seoul during the spring period of 2001. The mean concentrations of fine (PM2.5), coarse (PM10-PM2.5), and PM10 fraction were observed as 49.3${\pm}$29.2, 50.5${\pm}$35.0, and 95.5${\pm}$46.1 ${\mu}g$/m$^3$, respectively during this study period. According to the results of enrichment factor (EF) analysis between different particle fractions, major elements (including Fe, Ca, Na, and K) were found to exhibit EF values of less than 10. However, heavy metal components (like Zn and Pb) showed very high EF values. Comparison of fine/coarse (F/C) concentration ratio showed that Zn, Cr, Pb, and Ni have higher ratio values than others. The metallic composition of particles was also compared on both absolute and relative terms. The results of our analysis showed an evidence that the increase in the total metallic contents is prominent during the spring period due mostly to the Asian Dust event.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.495-506
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• 2020

This study investigated the nitrate formation process, and mass closure of Particulate Matter (PM) were calculated over the urbanized area of Jeju Island. The data for eight water-soluble inorganic ions and nineteen elements in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were used. The results show that the nitrate concentration increased as excess ammonium increased in ammonium-rich samples. Furthermore, nitrate formation was not as important in ammonium-poor samples as it was in previous studies. According to the sum of the measured species, approximately 45~53% of gravimetric mass of PM remained unidentified. To calculate the mass closure for both PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, PM chemical components were categorized into secondary inorganic aerosol, crustal matter, sea salt, trace matter and unidentified matter. The results by the mass reconstruction of PM components show that the portion of unidentified matter was decreased from 52.7% to 44.0% in PM_2.5 and from 45.1% to 29.1% in PM₁₀, despite the exclusion of organic matter and elemental carbon.

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.233-238
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• 1984

This experiment was conducted to investigate normal hematologic value of RBC, Hb, PCV, WBC, MCV, MCHC, thrombcyte, differential leukocyte count and diameter of RBC, with 10 males and 10 females of the 182 days- Korean Native Ogolgye designated the number

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.573-580
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• 2011

Litter production, nutrient concentration of each component of litterfall and amount of nutrients input to forest floor via litterfall were investigated for four years from May 2005 through April 2009 in Quercus variabilis forest at Mt. Worak National Park. Amount of litterfall in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 were 5.181, 5.372, 5.314, 5.361 ton $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively. Average amount of litterfall for four years was 5.307${\pm}$0.09 ton $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$. Average percentage of leaf litter, branch and bark, reproductive organ and the miscellaneous for four years were 67.5${\pm}$1.9, 13.3${\pm}$0.8, 10.1${\pm}$0.5 and 9.1${\pm}$1.2%, respectively. Average amount of N, P, K, Ca and Mg returned to forest floor via litterfall for four years in this Q. variabilis forest were 44.47${\pm}$6.70, 2.50${\pm}$0.25, 12.26${\pm}$0.30, 17.23${\pm}$2.32 and 9.56${\pm}$0.54 kg $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.221-229
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• 2000

Background: Thromboxane A2 and endothelin-1 are the potent vasoconstrictors affecting pulmonary pathophysiology in response to whole body inflammatin following CPB. Aprotinin, as an antiiflammatory agent, may decrease the release of such vasoactive substance from pulmonary tissues, preventing pulmonary hypertension after cardiopulmonary bypass. Material and Method: Ten mongrel dogs(Bwt. ac. 20kg) were subjected to cardioupulmonary bypass for 2 hours and postbypass pulmonary vascular resistance(0, 1, 2, 3 hours) were compared with prebypass level. The dogs were divided into 2 groups; control group(n-5) and aprotinin group(n=5). In the aprotinin group, aprotinin was administered as follows; 50,000 KIU/kg mixed in pump priming solution, 50,000 KIU/kg prebypass intravenous infusion over 30 minutes, 10,000 KIU/kg/hour postbypass continuous infusion. Prebypass and postbypass 0, 1, 2, 3 hour pulmonary vascular resistance were measured. At prebypass and postbypass 0, 90, 180 minutes, blood samples were obtained from pulmonary arterial and left atrial catherers for the assay of plasma thromboxane B2 a stable metabolite of thromboxane A2, and endothelin-1 concentrations. Result: The ratios of pustbypass over prebypass pulmonary vascular at postbypass 0, 1, 2, 3 hours were 1.28$\pm$0.20, 1.82$\pm$0.23, 1.90$\pm$0.19, 2.14$\pm$0.18 in control group, 1.58$\pm$0.18, 1.73$\pm$0.01, 1.66$\pm$0.10, 1.50$\pm$0.08 in aprotinin group ; the ratios gradually increased in control group while decreased or fluctuated after postbypass 1 hour in aprotinin group. There was statistically significant difference between control group and aprotinin group at postbypass 3 hours(P=0.014). Pulmonary arterial plasma concentration of thromboxane B2(pg/ml) at prebypass, postbypass 0, 90, 180 minutes were 346.4$\pm$61.9, 529.3$\pm$197.6, 578.3$\pm$255.8, 493.3$\pm$171.3 in control group, 323.8$\pm$118.0, 422.6$\pm$75.6, 412.3$\pm$59.9, 394.5$\pm$154.0 in aprotinin group. Left atrial concentrations were 339.3$\pm$89.2, 667.0$\pm$65.7, 731.2$\pm$192.7, 607.5$\pm$165.9 in control group, 330.0$\pm$111.2, 468.4$\pm$190.3, 425.4$\pm$193.6, 4.7.3$\pm$142.8 in aprotinin group. These results showed decrement of pulmonary thromboxane A2 generation in aprotinin group. Pulmonary arterial concentrations of endothelin-1(fmol/ml) at the same time sequence were 7.84$\pm$0.31, 13.2$\pm$0.51, 15.0$\pm$1.22, 16.3$\pm$1.73 in control group, 7.76$\pm$0.12, 15.3$\pm$0.71, 22.6$\pm$6.62, 14.9$\pm$1.11 in aprotinin group. Left atrial concentrations were 7.61$\pm$17.2, 57.1$\pm$28.4, 18.9$\pm$18.2, 31.5$\pm$20.5 in control group, 5.61$\pm$7.61, 37.0$\pm$26.2, 28.6$\pm$21.7, 37.8$\pm$30.6 in aprotinin group. These results showed that aprotinin had no effect on plasma endothelin-1 concentration after cardiopulmonary bypass. Conclusion: Administration of aprotinin during cardiopulmonary bypass could attenuate the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance after bypass. Inhibition of pulmonary thromboxane A2 generation was thought to be one of the mechanism of this effect. Aprotinin had no effect on postbypass endothelin-1 concentration.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.16 no.1_2
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• pp.17-20
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• 2000

Effect of predation of starfish Asterias amurensis and Asterina pectinifera under different water temperature in the recirculating seawater vessel was conducted at the invertebrate culture laboratory of Yosu National University from February 1 to February 25, 2000. The highest activity of Asterias amurensis and Asterina pectinifera according to water temperature was obtained at 14$\^{C}$ and 22$\^{C}$. The average individual numbers of Anadara broughtonii predated by Asterias amurensis and Asterina pectinifera were 2.20 and 1.60 at 6$\^{C}$ , 3.60 and 2.00 at 10$\^{C}$, 7.20 and 2.50 at 14$\^{C}$, 3.40 and 6.80 at 22$\^{C}$, 0.80 and 3.90 at 26$\^{C}$, respectively.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.121-125
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the general characteristics of semen such as semen volume, pH, sperm motility and sperm concentration of the semen collected from Shih Tzu dogs (age of 24 to 48 months, weight of 4 to 8 kg) by using the method of digital manipulation of the penis. The effect of preservation temperature and time on motility of fresh semen was also investigated in the present study. Semen was collected for 16 times from 4 male Shih Tzu dogs by multiple ejaculations (four times ejaculation per dog). The average of semen volume, semen pH, sperm motility and sperm concentration of the second fraction containing small volume of the initial third fraction per ejaculation were $2.11{\pm}0.31$ ml, $6.25{\pm}0.07$, $97.59{\pm}1.03%$ and $2.05{\pm}0.14{\times}10^8$ cells/ml, respectively. Average semen volume per ejaculate, semen pH, sperm motility and sperm concentration of the first fraction from the ejaculation were $1.12{\pm}0.15$ ml, $5.99{\pm}0.14$, $16.09{\pm}6.18%$ and $5.16{\pm}2.03{\times}10^5$ cells/ml, respectively. Those of second fraction were $2.07{\pm}0.29$ ml, $6.36{\pm}0.13$, $97.31{\pm}1.36%$ and $2.15{\pm}0.30{\times}10^8$ cells/ml, respectively. Those of third fraction were $2.60{\pm}0.29$ ml, $6.63{\pm}0.08$, $95.72{\pm}1.61%$ and $6.03{\pm}1.83{\times}10^7$ cells/ml, respectively. Sperm motility was significantly higher at $17^{\circ}C$ preservation temperature than at $5^{\circ}C$ or $36^{\circ}C$ during preservation period except 1 h preservation (P<0.05). When preservation temperature was $17^{\circ}C$, sperm motility was $96.69{\pm}1.49%$ at 1 h, $91.38{\pm}1.90%$ at 6 h, $88.38{\pm}2.34%$ at 12 h, $78.13{\pm}4.58%$ at 18 h, $58.44{\pm}8.57%$ at 24 h and $29.56{\pm}5.06%$ at 30 h, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.73-85
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• 2015

This study investigated the extent and magnitude of the woodland edge effects on users' thermal environments according to distance from woodland border. A series of experiments to measure air temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, MRT and UTCI were conducted over six days between July 31 and August 5, 2015, which corresponded with extremely hot weather, at the south-facing edge of Hadongsongrim(pure Pinus densiflora stands, tree age: $100{\pm}33yr$, tree height: $12.8{\pm}2.7m$, canopy closure: 75%, N $35^{\circ}03^{\prime}34.7^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, E $127^{\circ}44^{\prime}43.3^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, elevation 7~10m) and east-facing edge of Hamyangsangrim (Quercus serrata-Carpinus tschonoskii community, tree age: 102~125yr/58~123yr, tree height: tree layer $18.6{\pm}2.3m/subtree$ layer $5.9{\pm}3.2m/shrub$ layer $0.5{\pm}0.5m$, herbaceous layer coverage ratio 60%, canopy closure: 96%, N $35^{\circ}31^{\prime}28.1^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, E $127^{\circ}43^{\prime}09.8^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, elevation 170~180m) in rural villages of Hadong and Hamyang, Korea. The minus result value of depth means woodland's outside. The depth of edge influence(DEI) on the maximum air temperature, minimum relative humidity and wind speed at maximum air temperature time during the daytime(10:00~17:00) were detected to be $12.7{\pm}4.9$, $15.8{\pm}9.8$ and $23.8{\pm}26.2m$, respectively, in the mature evergreen conifer woodland of Hadongsongrim. These were detected to be $3.7{\pm}2.2$, $4.9{\pm}4.4$ and $2.6{\pm}7.8m$, respectively, in the deciduous broadleaf woodland of Hamyansangrim. The DEI on the maximum 10 minutes average MRT, UTCI from the three-dimensional environment absorbed by the human-biometeorological reference person during the daytime(10:00~17:00) were detected to be $7.1{\pm}1.7$ and $4.3{\pm}4.6m$, respectively, in the relatively sparse woodland of Hadongsongrim. These were detected to be $5.8{\pm}4.9$ and $3.5{\pm}4.1m$, respectively, in the dense and closed woodland of Hadongsongrim. Edge effects on the thermal environments of air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, MRT and UTCI in the sparse woodland of Hadongsongrim were less pronounced than those recorded in densed and closed woodland of Hamyansangrim. The gradient variation was less steep for maximum 10 minutes average UTCI with at least $4.3{\pm}4.6m$(Hadongsongrim) and $3.5{\pm}4.1m$(Hamyansangrim) being required to stabilize the UTCI at mature woodlands. Therefore it is suggested that the woodlands buffer widths based on the UTCI values should be 3.5~7.6 m(Hamyansangrim) and 4.3~8.9(Hadongsongrim) m on each side of mature woodlands for users' thermal comfort environments. The woodland edge structure should be multi-layered canopies and closed edge for the buffer effect of woodland edge on woodland users' thermal comfort.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.500-511
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• 2001

For the southeastern Korea aound the Yangsan fault we measured Q$_P^{-1}$ and Q$_S^{-1}$ simultaneously by using the extended coda-normalization method for seismograms registered at 9 stations deployed by KIGAM. We analyzed 707 seismograms of local earthquakes that occurred between December 1994 and February 2000. From seismograms, bandpass filtered traces were made by applying Butterworth filter with frequency-bands of 1${\sim}$2, 2${\sim}$4, 4${\sim}$8, 8${\sim}$16 and 16${\sim}$32 Hz. Estimated Q$_P^{-1}$ and Q$_S^{-1}$ values decrease from (7${\pm}$2)${\times}$10$^{-3}$ and (5${\pm}$4)${\times}$10$^{-4}$ at 1.5 Hz to (5${\pm}$4)${\times}$10$^{-3}$ and (5${\pm}$2)${\times}$10$^{-4}$ at 24 Hz, respectively. By fitting a power-law frequency dependent to estimated values over the whole stations, we obtained 0.009 (${\pm}$0.003)f$^{-1.05({\pm}0.14)$ for Q$_P^{-1}$ and 0.004 (${\pm}$0.001)f$^{-0.75({\pm}0.14)$) for Q$_S^{-1}$, where f is frequency in Hz.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.6_3
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• pp.1721-1732
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• 2020

Elementary school students spend a lot of time in a school and are more exposed to indoor air pollution. Also the students are physically growing and have a relatively high respiratory rate per unit weight compared to adults, so it is known that there is a high sensitivity to indoor air pollution. Therefore, indoor air quality in a school is becoming an important factor for the student's health. In this study, a correlation analysis using levels of indoor and outdoor Particulate Matter (PM) measured from five elementary schools in Seoul was performed to evaluate the effect of outdoor PM on indoor PM. PM ratio and indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio were also analyzed to investigate the actual condition of indoor air quality and effect of outdoor PM on indoor PM. As a result, the correlation between indoor and outdoor PM in elementary school was more significant in PM2.5 and PM1 than PM10. In the case of I/O ratio, the I/O ratio of PM10 was higher than that of 1 in four elementary schools except SD (BB:2.21, NS: 1.67, IS: 1.73, SI: 1.17). This indicates that the activity of students has a great effect on the concentration of indoor PM10.