• 공업화학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.356-361
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• 1996

반응성 첨가제로 HQ와 PGE를 합성시킨 HQ-PGE를 사용하여, DGEBA/MDA계의 경화반응이 일어날 때의 속도론을 DSC와 FT-IR을 이용하여 조사하였다. 그리고, Kissinger equation과 Arrhenius equation을 이용하여 활성화 에너지와 pre-exponential factor 값을 구하였다. 계의 활성화 에너지는 HQ-PGE가 첨가되었을 때 감소하였다. 합성 HQ-PGE가 5 phr 첨가되었을 때, DGEBA/MDA계의 활성화 에너지는 FT-IR로 측정하였을 때 7.8 kcal/mol, DSC로 측정하였을 때에 11.3 kcal/mol을 나타내었다. 이 값은 HQ-PGE가 첨가되지 않은 경우보다 각각 30%, 9% 감소된 값이었다. 이 결과들을 통해서 반응성 첨가제로 사용된 HQ-PGE는 본 계에서 촉매의 역할을 함을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.448-468
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• 1996

To maintain its functional integrity, bone is continuously remodelled by a process involving resorption by osteoeclasts and formation by osteoblasts, In order to respond to changes in the physical environment or to trauma with the relevant action, this process is strictly regulated by locally synthesized or systemic fators, Prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2$) is perhaps one of the best studied factors, having been known to affect bone cell function for several decades.$PGE_2$ has both anabolic and catabolic activities. Excess of $PGE_2$ has been implicated in a number of pathological states associated with bone loss in a number of chronic inflammatory conditions such as periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis. $PGE_2$ and other arachidonic acid metabolites have been shown to be potent stimulators of osteoclastic bone resorption in organ culture. The anabolic effects of $PGE_2$ were first noticed when an increase in periosteal woven bone formation was seen after the infusion of $PGE_2$ into infants in order to prevent closure of the ductus arteriosus. The cellular basis for the catabolic actions of $PGE_2$ has been well characterized. $PGE_2$increases osteoclast recruitment in bone marrow cell cultures. Also $PGE_2$ has a direct action on osteoclast serving to inhibit activity and can also indirectly activate osteoclast via other cells in the vicinity, presumably osteoblast. The cellular mechanisms for the anabolic actions of $PGE_2$ are not nearly so well understood. The purpose of this paper was to study the effects of $PGE_2$ and dibutyl(DB)cAMP on osteoblastic clone MC3T3El cells and on the generation of osteoclasts from their precursor cells. The effect of $PGE_2$ and DBcAMP on the induction of alkaline phoaphatase(AlP) was investigated in osteoblastic clone MC3T3El cells cultured in medium containing 0.4% fetal bovine serum. $PGE_2$ and DBcAMP stimulated ALP activity and MTT assay in the cells in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of lO-SOOng/ml. Cycloheximide, protein synthesis inhibitor, inhibited the stimulative effect of $PGE_2$ and DBcAMP on ALP activity in the cells. $PGE_2$also increased the intracellular cAMP content in a dose-dependent fashion with a maximal effect at 500ng/ml. The effect of $PGE_2$ on the generation of osteoclasts was investigated in a coculture system of mouse bone marrow cells with primary osteoblastic cells cultured in media containing 10% fetal bovine serum.After cultures, staining for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP)-marker enzyme of osteoclast was performed. The TRAP(+) multinucleated cells(MNCs), which have 3 or more nuclei, were counted. More TRAP(+) MNCs were formed in coculture system than in control group. $PGE_2(10^{-5}10^{-6}M)$ stimulated the formation of osteoclast cells from mouse bone marrow cells in culture. $PGE_2(10^{-6}M)$ stimulated the formation of osteoclast cells from mouse bone marrow cells in coculture of osteoblastic clone MC3T3E1 cells This results suggest that $PGE_2$ stimulates the differentiation of osteoblasts and generation of osteoclast, and are involved in bone formation, as well as in bone resorption.

• BMB Reports
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.184-187
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• 2000

Prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) plays an important role in the regulation of various gastric functions, and the growth-inhibitory activities on tumor cells are studied in vitro and in vivo. Although the mechanisms have attracted many researchers in the past decade, the molecular mechanisms of cell cycle arrest, or induction of apoptosis by $PGE_2$, is unclear. We investigated the effects of $PGE_2$ on the growth of the human gastric carcinoma cell line SNU1 and genes that are regulated by $PGE_2$ and isolated them using differential display RT-PCR (DD RT-PCR). FACS analysis suggested that SNU1 cells were arrested at the G1 phase by $PGE_2$ treatment. This growth inhibitory effect was in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Treatment of SNU1 cells with $10\;{\mu}g/ml$ $PGE_2$, followed by DD RT-PCR analysis, revealed differently expressed bands patterns from the control. Among the differently expressed clones, we found an unidentified cDNA clone (HGP-27) overexpressed in $PGE_2$-treated cells. The full-length cDNA of HGP-27 was isolated using RACE, which consisted of a 30-nt 5'-noncoding region, a 891-nt ORF encoding the 296 amino acid protein, and a 738-nt 3'-noncoding region including a poly(a) signal. This gene was localized on the short arm of chromosome number 11. Using the Motif Finder program, a myb-DNA binding repeat signature was detected on the ORF region. The COOH-terminal half was shown to have similarity with the $NH_3$-terminal domain of thioredoxin (Trx). This relation between HGP-27 and Trx implied a potential role for HGP-27 in modulating the DNA binding function of a transcription factor, myb.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.396-402
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• 2014

This study is designed to investigate cytoprotective effects of Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC on C6 glioma cell apoptosis by oxidative stress. Experimental C6 glioma cells were classified into four groups as follows: normal group, PGE group, chemical groups, PGE+chemical groups. Oxidative stress that caused by chemicals in the C6 glioma cell, check the impact to Chemical group was administered normal group. Apoptotic effect protecting in order to observe the chemical group was administered PGE. We to observe effects of PGE on SOD inhibition, total glutathione production in C6 glioma cells were administered PGE. In case of administration PGE, apoptosis induced by Paraquat was significantly decreased. In case of administration PGE, apoptosis induced by SNP was significantly decreased. In case of administration PGE, apoptosis induced by $H_2O_2$ was significantly decreased. In case of administration PGE, apoptosis induced by Rotenone was decreased, but the statistical significance was not. In case of administration PGE, SOD inhibition activities significantly decreased. In case of administration PGE, Total glutathione did not affect the content. These results suggest that PGE is able to treat a disease caused by oxidative stress and prevent a aging. These results suggest that PGE is a disease caused by oxidative stress and aging, the prevention and treatment of food shall be able to be applied.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.9-18
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• 1987

천연 우라늄의 주독성이 중금속독성인지 혹은 방사성장해독성인지를 알기 위하여 질산납과 질산우라늄을 투여하여 변동되는 혈중 BUN, Creatinine, C-AMP 및 $PGE_2$의 활성도를 측정 비교하였다. 질산우라늄 투여시 비호소계인 질산대사의 임상적 지표인 BUN 및 Creatinine값은 질산납 투여군에 비교하여 예민한 반응을 나타났으나 C-AMP의 활성도에는 의의있는 변화가 없었다. 한편 질산 우라늄의 농도 변화에 따른 $PGE_2$ 활성도의 변동은 질산납 투여와 달리 현저하게 증가 되는 것을 관찰하였다. 이 결과는 천연우라늄의 저준위 방출 방사선이 세포막에 반응하여 $PGE_2$농도에 변화를 주는 것으로 사료된다. 질산 우라늄의 투여로 증가된 혈중 $PGE_2$의 농도를 감퇴시킴에 있어 Glucagon, Aldosterone 및 Furosemide를 사용하였다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.375-381
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• 2005

A rapid and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of prostaglandin $E_{1}\;(PGE_{1})$ and prostaglandin $E_{1}$ ethyl ester $(PGE_{1}-EE)$ in hairless mouse skin homogenate. The sample treatment procedure involved deproteination and precipitation by acetonitrile. $PGE_{1}$ and $PGE_{1}-EE$ in supernatant were separated in a reversed-phase C18 column without being interfered by other components present in hairless mouse skin homogenate. 9-Anthracenecarboxylic acid was used as an internal standard. The retention times of $PGE_{1}$, 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid and $PGE_{1}-EE$ were, 4.5, 9.5 and 18.0 min, respectively. The assay showed linearity from 1 to $40\;{\mu}g/ml$ for both $PGE_{1}$ and $PGE_{1}-EE$. Precision expressed as RSD ranged from 2.3 to 14.1 % for $PGE_{1}$ and 1.6 to 11.0% for $PGE_{1}-EE$. Accuracy ranged from 100.5 to 119.6 % for $PGE_{1}$ and from 98.0 to 103.7% for $PGE_{1}-EE$. This method was employed successfully to follow the time course of concentrations of $PGE_{1}$ and $PGE_{1}-EE$ in hairless mouse skin homogenate for stability study.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2007

본 연구는 소 체외 수정란의 팽창 및 hatching시 prostaglandin $F_2{\alpha}(PGF_2{\alpha})$와 prostaglandin $E_2(PGF_2)$의 영향에 대하여 검토하였다. 체외 수정란의 체외 배양시 다음과 같이 (1) 0, 1, 10 및 100ng/ml $PGF_2{\alpha}$, (2) 0, 1, 10 및 100ng/ml $PGE_2$, (3) low $PGF_2{\alpha}$(1ng/ml : 1ng/ml), (4) low $PGF_2{\alpha}\;:\;high\;PGE_2(1ng/ml\;:\;10ng/ml)$, (5) high $PGF_2{\alpha}\;:\;low\;PGE_2$ (10ng/ml : 1ng/ml), (6) high $PGF_2{\alpha}$ : high $PGE_2$(10ng/ml : 10ng/ml)로 나누어 처리하였다. 그 결과, $PGF_2{\alpha}$ 및 $PGE_2$의 단독 처리가 소 체외 수정란의 배반포로의 발달에는 영향을 미치지는 않았다. 그러나 10ng/ml $PGE_2$(10.3%) 그리고 1ng/ml $PGF_2{\alpha}$ : 10ng/ml $PGE_2$(22.2%)를 처리한 수정란의 hatching율에 있어서는 대조군(4.3% and 12.7%)이나 다른 처리구에 비하여 유의적으로 높은 결과를 나타냈다(P<0.05). 한편 높은 농도의 $PGF_2{\alpha}$를 처리한 수정란의 경우 hatching율이 감소하였다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과는 $PGF_2{\alpha}$ 및 $PGE_2$의 첨가가 소 수정란의 hatching율과 관련이 있으며, 이것은 농도에 따라 서로 다른 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것으로 추측되었다.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1997

Recently prostaglandin $E_1(PGE_1)$ has been shown to ensure flap survival by producing vasodilation of the peripheral vessels and platelet disaggreation. However, direct observation and detailed quantitative studies of the effects of $PGE_1$ on the cutaneous microcirculation have not been reported. In the present study, we investigated cutaneous microcirculatory changes in the rabbit ear chamber(REC) with an intravital microscope following intravenous administration of $PGE_1$. The results obtained in this study indicate that $PGE_1$ administered intravenously at a rate of 200ng/kg/min might act directly on the vessels and cause dilatation of metarterioles and capillaries without affecting vasomotion and systemic blood pressure. Clinically in order to evaluate the effect of an intravenous administration of $PGE_1$ on the cutaneous microcirculation, cutaneous blood flow, skin temperature and transcutaneous $Po_2$ in the pedicle or free flap of operated patients were evaluated by the combination of several measurements following the administration of $PGE_1$. The present study suggests that improvement of cutaneous microcirculation by $PGE_1$ may enhance the survival rate of flap or replantation. Both vessel arterial ischemia and venous congestion are main factors of tissue necrosis in the flap surgery. Vasodilatory or antithrombotic agents have been used in salvage of flap necrosis. However, the therapeutic effects of those drugs are still not well elucidated. Recently prostaglandin $E_1(PGE_1)$ has been shown to ensure flap survival by producing vasodilatation of the peripheral vessels and platelet disaggregation[1-3]. Emerson and sykes[4] have obtained significant improvement in the flap survival in the rat using $PGI_2$. Suzuki et al.[5] have reported prolonged flap survival length by using $PGE_1$ in the rabbit and concluded that $PGE_1$ improved the microcircuration in the flap. However, direct observation and detailed quantitative studies of the effects of $PGE_1$ on the cutaneous microcirculation have not been reported. In the present study, we investigated microcirculatory changes in the rabbit ear chamber[6,7] with an intravital microscope following intravenous administration of $PGE_1$.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2017

Objectives : This study investigated the anti-oxidant activities and improving effect of Phellinus linteus and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Extract (PGE) on Atopic Dermatitis. Methods : 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2′-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical, Hydrogen peroxides scavenging activities and Superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activities were used for the measurement of anti-oxidant ability. Cytotoxicity of PGE in Raw 264.7 cell was evaluated by MTT assay. To evaluate the anti-atopic dermatitis effect of PGE, a total of 33 patients with atopic dermatitis were observed trans epidermal water loss, skin moisture content, modified SCORAD index of atopic dermatitis and pruritic degree after applying the PGE for 4 weeks. Results : PGE scavenged DPPH ($IC_{50}=25ppm$) effectively, ABTS and Hydrogenperoxides scavenged similar to BHA. As for the SOD-like activity, it had lower effect than ascorbic acid, but it comparable activities in 500ppm. There was no cytotoxicity at PGE at concentrations of 10,000ppm. In clinical research about PGE on patients with atopic dermatitis, skin condition was improved. After 4 weeks, the application of PGE increased skin moisture content from 19.43 to 31.22. Moreover, it reduced the skin temperature (from 32.5 to 31.9), skin pH (from 5.39 to 5.22), trans epidermal water loss (from 39.03 to 24.46) and pruritus score (from 6.07 to 3.87). In addition, the Modified SCORAD index decreased from 31.28 to 20.3. Conclusions : In conclusion, PGE possesses anti-oxidant and anti-atopic dermatitis activities, thus it could be potentially valuable as anti-atopic dermatitis material.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.149-153
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• 2017

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-mediated prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) plays a key role in development and progression of inflammatory responses and Porphyromonas gingivalis is a common endodontic pathogen. In this study, we investigated induction of COX-2 and $PGE_2$ by P. gingivalis in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). P. gingivalis increased expression of COX-2, but not that of COX-1. Increased levels of $PGE_2$ were released from P. gingivalis-infected HDPCs and this $PGE_2$ increase was blocked by celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor. P. gingivalis activated all three types of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). P. gingivalis-induced activation of nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ ($NF-{\kappa}B$) was demonstrated by the results of phosphorylation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 and degradation of inhibitor of ${\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ ($I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$). Pharmacological inhibition of each of the three types of MAPKs and $NF-{\kappa}B$ substantially attenuated P. gingivalis-induced $PGE_2$ production. These results suggest that P. gingivalis should promote endodontic inflammation by stimulating dental pulp cells to produce $PGE_2$.