• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.73-82
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• 1985

Each parching Anemarrhenae Rhizoma with 25% ethanol and normal saline has been used for anti-inflammatory, expectorant, antipyretic, sedative and diuretic, and so on. In order to investigate the differences of referential efficacy about each fractionated part of the aqueous extracts, pharmacological studies were carried out. The results of studies were summerized as follows : 1. By the administration of 25% ethanol treated preparation (F-I-1), the increase in urinary volume and $Na^+$ extraction was significantly recognized. 2. The excretion of electrolyte $Na^+$ by saline solution treated preparation (F-II-1) was significantly recognised in normal rats. 3. The increase of urinary volume and urinary $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ excretion by F-I-1 and n-butanol insoluble parts of F-I-1 (F-I-3) was significantly recognized in $HgCl_2-induced$ acute renal failure of rats. 4. The increase of plasma $Na^+$ by F-I-1 and urea nitrogen by F-I-1 and F-I-3 in acute renal failure of rats was significantly recognized. 5. The increase of urinary volume by F-I-1 and F-I-3 was recognised in mice.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.238-240
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• 2005

The enthalpies of transfer, ${\Delta}H_t{\Theta}$, of NaI from water to aqueous methanol, ethanol and isopropanol, iPrOH, systems are reported. These data have been analysed in terms of the new solvation theory. These data are considered in terms of the new developed solvation theory including variable ($\alpha$n + $\beta$N), the net effect of the solute on the solvent-solvent bonding, is positive if there is a net breaking or weakening of solvent-solvent bonds. The solvation parameters recovered from the analyses indicate that the net affect of NaI on solvent structure is a breaking of solvent-solvent bonds and that NaI is preferentially solvated by water in all aqueous alcohol systems considered. ($\alpha$n + $\beta$N) values increase with increasing in the size of the alcohol alkyl residue from methanol to iPrOH.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2005

In the heart, $Na^{+}-Ca^{2+}$ exchange (NCX) is the major $Ca^{2+}$ extrusion mechanism. NCX has been considered as a relaxation mechanism, as it reduces global $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ raised during activation. However, if NCX locates in the close proximity to the ryanodine receptor, then NCX would curtail $Ca^{2+}$ before its diffusion to global $Ca^{2+}_i$ This will result in a global $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ decrease especially during its ascending phase rather than descending phase. Therefore, NCX would decrease the myocardial contractility rather than inducing relaxation in the heart. This possibility was examined in this study by comparing NCX-induced extrusion of $Ca^{2+}$ after its release from SR in the presence and absence of global $Ca^{2+}_i$ transient in the isolated single rat ventricular myocytes by using patch-clamp technique in a whole-cell configuration. Global $Ca^{2+}_i$ transient was controlled by an internal dialysis with different concentrations of BAPTA added in the pipette. During stimulation with a ramp pulse from +100 mV to -100 mV for 200 ms, global $Ca^{2+}_i$ transient was suppressed only mildly, and completely at 1 mmol/L, and 10 mmol/L BAPTA, respectively. In these situations, ryanodine-sensitive inward NCX current was compared using $100{\mu}mol/L$ ryanodine, $Na^+$ depletion, 5 mmol/L $NaCl_2$ and $1{\mu}mol/L$ nifedipine. Surprisingly, the result showed that the ryanodine-sensitive inward NCX current was well preserved after 10 mmol/L BAPTA to 91 % of that obtained after 1 mmol/L BAPTA. From this result, it is concluded that most of the NCX-induced $Ca^{2+}$ extrusion occurs before the $Ca^{2+}$ diffuses to global $Ca^{2+})i$ in the rat ventricular myocyte.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.391-405
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• 2003

The Daebong gold-silver deposit consists of mesothermal massive quartz veins thar are filling the fractures along fault shear (NE, NW) Bones within banded or granitic gneiss of Precambrian Gyeonggi massif. Based on vein mineralogy, ore textures and paragenesis, ore mineralization of this deposits is composed of massive white quartz vein(stage I) which was formed in the same stage by multiple episodes of fracturing and healing, and transparent quartz vein(stage II) which is separated by a major faulting event. Stage I is divided into the 3 substages. Ore minerals of each substages are as follows: 1) early stage I=magnetite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, 2) middle stage I=pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, marcasite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena, electrum and 3) late stage I=pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena, electrum, argentite, respectively. Ore minerals of the stage II are composed of pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena and electrum. Systematic studies (petrography and microthermometry) of fluid inclusions in stage I and II quartz veins show fluids from contrasting physical-chemical conditions: 1) $H_2O-CO_2-CH_4-NaCl{\pm}N-2$ fluid(early stage I=homogenization temperature: 203∼3$88^{\circ}C$, pressure: 1082∼2092 bar, salinity: 0.6∼13.4 wt.%, middle stage I=homogenization temperature: 215∼28$0^{\circ}C$, salinity: 0.2∼2.8 wt.%) related to the stage I sulfide deposition, 2) $H_2O-NaCl{\pm}CO_2$ fluid (late stage I=homogenization temperature: 205∼2$88^{\circ}C$, pressure: 670 bar, salinity: 4.5∼6.7 wt.%, stage II=homogenization temperature: 201-3$58^{\circ}C$, salinity: 0.4-4.2 wt.%) related to the late stage I and II sulfide deposition. $H_2O-CO_2-CH_4-NaCl{\pm}N_2$ fluid of early stage I is evolved to $H_2O-NaCl{\pm}CO_2$ fluid represented by the $CO_2$ unmixing due to decrease in fluid pressure and is diluted and cooled by the mixing of deep circulated meteoric waters ($H_2O$-NaCl fluid) possibly related to uplift and unloading of the mineralizing suites. $H_2O-NaCl{\pm}CO_2$ fluid of stage II was hotter than that of late stage I and occurred partly unmixing, mainly dilution and cooling for sulfide deposition. Calculated sulfur isotope compositions ({\gamma}^{34}S_{H2S}$) of hydrothermal fluids (3.5∼7.9%o) indicate that ore sulfur was derived from mainly an igneous source and partly sulfur of host rock. Measured and calculated oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions ({\gamma}^{18}O_{H_2O}$, {\gamma}$D) of ore fluids (stage I: 1.1∼9.0$\textperthousand$, -92∼-86{\textperthansand}$, stage II: 0.3{\textperthansand}$, -93{\textperthansand}$) and ribbon-banded structure (graphitic lamination) indicate that mesothermal auriferous fluids of Daebong deposit were two different origin and their evolution. 1) Fluids of this deposit were likely mixtures of $H_2O$-rich, isotopically less evolved meteoric water and magmatic fluids and 2) were likely mixtures of $H_2O$-rich. isotopically heavier $\delta$D meteoric water and magmaticmetamorphic fluids.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 1988

In case of occuring the atomic energy accidents the proper medical treatments should be necessary. As the aim of the basic data for protective actions, the present studies were carried out to evaluate the decontamination of radioiodine by the administration of the antithyroid drugs (KI, NaI) and isotonic saline. Some recommended methods of decorporating radioiodine were investigated using 450, NIH-GP mice, each injected intraperitoneally with $1{\mu}Ci$ of $NaI^{131}$ as the internal contamination and treated with 2mg/0.2ml-saline of NaI and 2.6mg/0.2ml-saline of KI as the antithyroid drugs. Accordingly, effects of antithyroid drugs for internal contamination were: 1. Administration of NaI and KI caused to rapidly excrete internal radioiodine as the antithyroid drugs and decrease in whole body retention was reduced than in the saline group. 2. After internal contamination NaI and KI were to be administered for radioprotective effects as quickly as possible. 3. Decrease in body-retention made temporary shifts with enough fluids (water), however, as far as radioprotective effects is concerned, saline was not more significant than in the other group (NaI and KI). 4. Regarding to thyroid protective effects NaI, KI and saline were significant in effectively order.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.1147-1150
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• 2004

Hypericin (1,3,4,6,8,13-hexahydroxy-10,11-dimethylphenanthro[1,10,9,8-opqra]perylene-7,14-dione), an antidepressant which is also known to be a potent protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor was synthesized as a precursor for radioiodine labeling via two step reactions. Malignant glioma cells express higher PKC activity compared to untransformed glial cell. Here we report the synthesis and radioiodine labeling of hypericin as a potential brain tumor imaging radiopharmaceutical. The reference compound, 2-iodohypericin, and its radiolabelled analogues, 2-[$^{123}I$]iodohypericin and 2-[$^{124}I$]iodohypericin have been prepared by the reaction of hypericin with NaI or [$^{123}I$]NaI or [$^{124}I$]NaI. The labeling yield was 60-65% for each analogue and the optimal reaction time was 10 min. The purification and isolation of the labelled products were achieved by a reversed-phase HPLC.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1990

We studied two-photon-resonant three-photon ionization processes via 4D[channel #1] and 5S(channel #2] intermediate state of Na atom in a quartz ionization cell. For each channel. the bandwidth of ionization spectrum increased linearly with laser intensity and the ionization signal followed J3 dependence at low intensity. Compared with channel # 1 . ionization signal of channel #2 was enhanced by a factor of 20 - 25. The measured AC Stark shift factor of 3S - 4I) transition was $174\pm60MHz/MW/textrm{cm}^2$..

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.146-149
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• 2017

In this paper, we propose a wide-range radiation measurement system using GM Tube and NaI(TI) detector. The proposed system is designed as a small module optimized to control and count the detector signal of NaI(Tl) Detector and GM Tube. The radiation dose is measured in a wide-range 0.1uSv/h to 10mSv/h in conjunction with two detectors, and two detectors operate simultaneously at 10uSv/h to 100uSv/h, where the measurement interval overlaps. The radiation dose was selected using a wide-range radiation measurement algorithm that controls the on/off function of the detector in the appropriate interval for the overlapped radiation measurable interval. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed system, it has been confirmed that the measurement uncertainty of each section is measured as ${\pm}7.5%$ and it operates normally under ${\pm}15%$ of the international standard.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.741-748
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• 2021

In this study, we evaluated image quality by changing collimator length and detector thickness using the Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE) simulation tool. The gamma camera based on the Cadimium Zinc Telluride (CZT) and NaI detectors is modeled. In addition the images were acquired by setting 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 cm collimator length and 1, 3, 5, and 7 mm detector thickness using point source and phantom, which is designed by each diameter (4.45, 3.80, 3.15, 2.55 mm) with 447, 382, 317, and 256 Bq. The sensitivity (cps/MBq) for point source, and signal to noise ratio (SNR) and profile for phantom at the 4.45 mm by drwan the region of interests were used for quantitative analysis. Based on the results, the sensitivity according to collimator length is 2.3 ~ 48.6 cps/MBq for CZT detector, and 1.8 ~ 43.9 cps/MBq for NaI detector. The SNR using phantom is 3.6~9.8 for CZT detector, and 2.9~9.5 for NaI detector. As the collimator length is increased, the image resolution is also improved according to profile results based on the CZT and NaI detector. In addition, the senistivity for detector thickness is 0.04 ~ 0.12 cps/MBq for CZT detector, and 0.03 ~ 0.11 cps/MBq. The SNR using phnatom is 7.3~9.8 count for CZT detector, and 5.9~9.5 for NaI detector. As the detector thickness is increased, the image resolution is decreased according to profile results based on the CZT and NaI detector due to scatter ray. In conclusion, we need to set the geometric material such as detector and collimator to acuquire suitable image quality in nuclear medicine.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.11
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• pp.3759-3763
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• 2021

In this study, 3" × 3" NaI(Tl) detector, which is widely used in gamma spectroscopy, was modeled with FLUKA code, and calculations required to determine the detector's energy resolution were reported. Photon beams with isotropic distribution with 59, 81, 302, 356, 511, 662, 835, 1173, 1275, and 1332 keV energy were used as radiation sources. The photon pulse height distribution of the NaI(Tl) without influence of its energy resolution obtained with FLUKA code has been converted into a real NaI(Tl) response function, using the necessary conversion process. The photon pulse height distribution simulated in the conversion process was analyzed using the ROOT data analysis framework. The statistical errors of the simulated data were found in the range of 0.2-1.1%. When the results, obtained with FLUKA and ROOT, are compared with the literature data, it is seen that the results are in good agreement with them. Thus, the applicability of this procedure has been demonstrated for the other energy values mentioned.