• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.97-104
• /
• 2010

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disorder caused by the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus. According to the recent classification, GERD can elicit esophageal and extraesophageal syndromes. Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is defined as laryngeal symptoms with laryngeal inflammation caused by the acid reflux. The prevalence of GERD and LPR is increasing during the past decades in Korea and management of GERD and LPR is a challenging issue in clinical practice. Proton pump inhibitor is the most effective drug in the treatment of GERD. Most patients with LPR are given a 2-month trial of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), however, there is still little evidence on the diagnosis or the treatment of LPR. During the last years concern have been raised regarding the risk of averse events related to long-term use of PPI. We review the recent update on medical treatment of GERD/LPR.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.80-87
• /
• 1987

To get a better insight into the exxistence and the role of a Na-Ca exchange mechanism in smooth muscle, the effect of Na substitution with sucrose on tension development, cellular Ca uptake and $^{45}Ca$ efflux was investigated using isolated cat ileal longitudinal muscle strips. Experimental results were summarized as follows;1) Exposure of the cat ileal longitudinal muscle to Na-free solution induced a contraction, and the magnitude of the contraction increased after incubation of the muscle strips with ouabain ($2{\times10^{-}5}$M) for 1hr. 2) Cellular Ca uptake in Na-free solution increased with an increase in Na content of the Na-loading media, and a linear relationship existed between tissue Na content and cellular Ca uptake for 10 min 3) After tissues were equilibrated in PSS containing $^{45}Ca$ for 2hr, cellular Ca uptake decreased with rising the external Na concentration. 4)Removal of medium Na or inhibition of the Na-K pump decreased the rate of $^{45}Ca$ efflux. These results strongly suggested that Na substitution increases cellular Ca uptake and decreases the rate of $^{45}Ca$ efflux via a Na-Ca exchange mechanism.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
• /
• 2017.05a
• /
• pp.1160-1164
• /
• 2017

In this research, a high altitude simulating test facility is designed using vacuum pump system composed of roots pumps and screw pumps. Air flow rate and chamber pressure are 1 kg/s and 2500 Pa, respectively. To design the test facility, experimental tests using certain pump combinations are performed for air injection of the order of hundreds of g/s. From the tests, it is found that 11 roots pumps and 33 screw pumps are required for the considered test facility. Test results are compared with theoretically estimated values. However, intake capacity theoretically estimated is found to be 20 percent larger than test results. This is thought because of higher pressure difference of roots pump for test conditions. Therefore, if more screw pumps are added for the considered pump system, it would be possible to lower the vacuum level of test chamber.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.21 no.6
• /
• pp.707-711
• /
• 1998

The (Na,K)ATPase is responsible for generating the ionic gradients and membrane potentials by the exchange of intracellular $Na^+$ for $K^+$. It has been recentl y shown that (Na,K)ATPase is involved in the exocytic pathway of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), although it is not known that bFGF is secreted to the outside of cell through direct interaction with (Na,K) ATPase. To understand the role for (Na,K)ATPase in the secretary pathway of bFGF, we have sought to identify the cytoplasmic domains of the alpha1 isoform of (Na,K)ATPase interacting with bFGF by yeast two-hybrid system. We have also investigated the interaction between the alpha2 isoform of (Na,K)ATPase and bFGF to find out whether the interaction is isoform-specific. We found that none of the cytoplasmic domains of (Na,K)ATPase isoforms interacted with bFGF. The result suggests that the interaction between bFGF and (Na,K)ATPase might be indirect, thus requiring other proteins which are involved in the formation of protein complexes for the interaction, although we cannot exclude the possibility that the interaction requires the element of the whole alpha subunit structure that was not present in the isolated alpha subunit cytoplasmic domains.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.95-101
• /
• 2000

This study was investigated to the reaction of alumina sintering with alkaline. The soluble $NaAlO_2$ was made after the commercial ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ was calcinated with NaOH. The reaction of alumina was carried out to be based on the effects of calcination temperature, time, and the mixing ratio of ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3/NaOH$. The alumina was calcined over $500^{\circ}C$ with NaOH powder after it was sieved with 170/270 mesh. The calcined alumina with NaOH powder was dissolved into $25^{\circ}C$ distilled water and filtrated, and HCI was added to adapt pH 6.5~7.5. The residue was separated with vacuum pump for filtration after it was adapted to proper pH, and aluminum compound was precipitated with $Al(OH)_3$. The investigation was carried out with the variables; the calcination temperature($500-900^{\circ}C$), the calcination time (30~90 min), and the concentration of HCI when leaching(0.5~3.0N) respectively. In this investigation, the main product of ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ and NaOH was $NaAlO_2$ and the maximum conversion ratio was 91.4% under the optimum conditions as followed ; the ratio of NaOH/${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ was 1.5 and the calcination conditions were $800^{\circ}C$ and 90 min.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.10-14
• /
• 2009

Objective of this study was to examine the effects of grouts and temperature change on microorganisms in geothermal heat pump. Groundwater samples were obtained from wells in the heat pump system during installation (Oriental medicine hospital) and in the heat pump system under operation (Business incubation center). Grouts are the volclay sodium bentonite. Real-time PCR was used to evaluate total bacterial number and 16S rDNA. The results showed that total bacterial number of groundwater in the heat pump operation was greater than that of non-operation case, which indicates a temperature effect on the bacterial culture. In addition, high concentration of grout showed an elevated bacteria number. In the mean time, a long-term field monitoring is essentially required to confirm the effects of the grouts and the temperature changes.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.305-311
• /
• 1993

$Na^+,K^+$-ATPase activity, $Na^+$-dependent phosphorylation, and $[^3H]$ ouabain binding in sarcolemma prepared from 4 week old spontaneously hypertensive rat(SHR) ventricles were compared to the same parameters in sarcolemma from age matched nomotensive Wister-Kyoto (WKY) rat ventricles to examine whether the reduced myocardial $Na^+$-pump activity in SHR is an inherited enzymatic defect or a second phenomenon due to sustained hypertension. The total body weights, ventricular weights, and blood pressures were the same for SHR and WKY. No significant differences in sarcolemmal protein content and protein recovery were noted between the two groups. Sarcolemma isolated from SHR ventricles showed significantly less $Na^+,K^+$-ATPase activity ande number of phosphorylation sites when compared to sarcolemma from the WKY ventricles. Equilibrium binding of $[^3H]$ouabain and the tumover number of myocardial $Na^+,K^+$-ATPase, however, were the same for both groups. These reults indicate that the low affinity $(\alpha,\;or\;\alpha^1)\;\alpha$ isoform is the same in ventricles of SHR and WKY. The reduced amount of isoform of the $Na^+,K^+$-ATPase inprehypetensive SHR ventricles may play some role in the development of hypertension.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.15 no.5
• /
• pp.1080-1086
• /
• 2005

Membranes prepared from Vibrio natriegens oxidized both NADH and deamino-NADH as substrates. The maximum activity of the membrane-bound NADH oxidase was obtained at about pH 8.5 in the presence of 0.2 M NaCl, whereas that of the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase was obtained at about pH 7.5 in the presence of 0.2 M NaCl. Electron transfer from NADH or deamino-NADH to ubiquinone-l or oxygen generated a considerable membrane potential (${\Delta}{\psi}$), which occurred even in the presence of $20{\mu}M$ carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). However, the ${\Delta}{\psi}$ was completely collapsed by the combined addition of $10{\mu}M$ CCCP and $20{\mu}M$ monensin. On the other hand, the activity of the NADH oxidase and the ${\Delta}{\psi}$ generated by the NADH oxidase system were inhibited by about $90\%$ with $10{\mu}M$ HQNO, whereas the activity of the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase and the ${\Delta}{\psi}$ generated at the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase segment were inhibited by about $60\%$. Interestingly, the activity of the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase and the ${\Delta}{\psi}$ generated at the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase segment were resistant to the respiratory chain inhibitors such as rotenone, capsaicin, and $AgNO_3$, and the activity of the NADH oxidase and the ${\Delta}{\psi}$ generated by the NADH oxidase system were very sensitive only to $AgNO_3$. It was concluded, therefore, that V. natriegens cells possess a $AgNO_3$-resistant respiratory $Na^+$ pump that is different from the $AgNO_3$-sensitive respiratory $Na^+$ pump of a marine bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus.

• Proceedings of the Korean Biophysical Society Conference
• /
• 2003.06a
• /
• pp.19-19
• /
• 2003

We have developed a cardiac cell model (Kyoto Model) for the sinoatrial node and ventricle, which is composed of a common set of kinetic equations of membrane ionic currents, Ca$\^$2+/dynamics of sarcoplasmic reticulum and contractile protein. To expand this model by including metabolic pathways, the intracellular ATP metabolism, which is pivotal in cardiac excitation - contraction coupling, was incorporated. ATP consumption by the sarcolemmal Na$\^$+/ pump and the Ca pump in the sarcoplasmic reticulum were calculated with stoichiometry of 3Na:2K:1ATP and 2Ca:1ATP, respectively. ATP consumption by contraction was estimated according to experimental data. Dependence of contraction on ATP and inorganic phosphate was modeled, based on data of skinned cardiac fiber. in production by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was modified from Korzeniewski '||'&'||' Zoladz (2001), and creatine kinase and adenylate kinase reactions were incorporated. ATP dependence of ATP-sensitive K channel and L type Ca channel were also included.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
• /
• 1994.04a
• /
• pp.300-300
• /
• 1994

$Na^{+}$,$K^{+}$-ATPase activity, $Na^{+}$-dependent phosphorylalion, and [$^3$〕ouabain binding in sarcolemma prepared from 4 week old spontaneously hypertensive rat(SHR) ventricles were compared to the same parameters in sarcolemma from age matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto(WKY) rat ventricles to examine whether the reduced myocardial $Na^{+}$-pump activity in SHR is an inherited enzymatic defect or a second phenomenon due to sustained hypertension. The total body weights, ventricular weights, and blood pressures were the same for SHR and WKY. No significant differences in sarcolemmal protein content and protein recovery were noted between the two pups. Sarcolemma isolated from SHR ventricles showed sigificantly less $Na^{+}$,$K^{+}$-ATPase activity and number of phosphorylation sites when compared to snrcolemma 1mm the WKY ventricles. Equilibrium binding of [$^3H$〕ouabain and the turnovcr number of myocardial $Na^{+}$,$K^{+}$-ATPast however, wee the same for both groups. These results. indicate that the low affinity(${\alpha}$, or ${\alpha}_1$) isoform for ouabain is reduced in SHR compared to WKY but that the high affinity(${\alpha}$+, or ${\alpha}_2$) isoform is the same in ventricles of SHR and WKY. The reduced amount of at isoform of the $Na^{+}$,$K^{+}$-ATPasc in prehypertensive SHR ventricles may play some pole in the development of hypertension.