• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
• /
• 제28권4호
• /
• pp.247-252
• /
• 2004

Human embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from the inner cell mass of the preimplantation embryo. Human ES cells have the capacity to differentiate into various types of cells in the body. Human ES cells are indefinite source of cells for cell therapy in various degenerative disorders including neuronal disorders. Directed differentiation of human ES cells is a prerequisite for their clinical application. The objective of this study is to develop the culture condition for the derivation of neural precursor cells from human ES cells. Neural precursor cells were derived from human ES cells in a stepwise culture condition. Neural precursor cells in the form of neural rosette structures developed into neurospheres when cultured in suspension. Suspension culture of neurospheres has been maintained over 4 months. Expressions of nestin, soxl, sox2, pax3 and pax6 transcripts were upregulated during differentiation into neural precursor cells by RT-PCR analysis. In contrast, expression of oct4 was dramatically downregulated in neural precursor cells. Immunocytochemical analyses of neural precursor cells demonstrated expression of nestin and SOX1. When induced to differentiate on an adhesive substrate, neuro-spheres were able to differentiate into three lineages of neural systems, including neurons, astrocytes and oligo-dendrocytes. Transcripts of sox1 and pax6 were downregulated during differentiation of neural precursor cells into neurons. In contrast, expression of map2ab was elevated in the differentiated cells, relative to those in neural precursor cells. Neurons derived from neural precursor cells expressed NCAM, Tuj1, MAP2ab, NeuN and NF200 in immunocytochemical analyses. Presence of astrocytes was confirmed by expression of GFAP immuno-cytochemically. Oligodendrocytes were also observed by positive immuno-reactivities against oligodendrocyte marker O1. Results of this study demonstrate that a stepwise culture condition is developed for the derivation of neural precursor cells from human ES cells.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제45권5호
• /
• pp.731-738
• /
• 2003

근육의 생화학적 특성을 단백질 수준에서 분석하기 위하여 3원교잡종 돼지 3개체를 선발하고, white muscle은 longissimus dorsi muscle을 red muscle은 soleus muslce을 분리하여 분석에 이용하였다. 각 근육조직은 수용성, 불수용성 단백질 및 총단백질로 분리하여 추출하였고, 이차원전기영동 분석을 위하여 17cm 길이의 immobilized pH gradient strip (Bio-Rad, 3-10NL)과 12% acrylamide gel을 이용하여 전개하였다. 각각의 gel은 coomassie stain과 silver stain을 통하여 가시화 하였고, PDQuest software을 통하여 단백질 발현양상을 분석하였다. 하나의 gel에서 평균 600개 이상의 단백질 spot을 관찰하였으며, 반복실험을 통하여 white muscle과 red muscle간에 발현의 차이를 보이는 5개의 단백질 spot을 확인할 수 있었다. 5개의 spot 중 4개의 단백질은 측정된 분자량과 pI값이 troponin I, T 및 myoglobin의 수치값과 유사한 것으로 확인되었다. 그러나, 1개의 spot은 오차범위 내에서 유사한 단백질을 확인할 수 없었다. 5개의 단백질 spot중 1개(spot 1)는 white muscle에서, 4개의 spot(spot 2～5)은 red muscle에서 높게 발현됨을 확인하였으며, 특히 spot 4의 경우 white muscle 보다 red muscle에서 평균 14.6배 높게 발현됨을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 근육의 생화학적 특성을 이해하는데 중요한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있으며, 앞으로 white muscle과 red muscle의 단백질 발현 분석을 통하여 단백질 수준에서의 생화학적 특성에 관한 연구가 충분히 진행되어야 할 것이다.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.27-49
• /
• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Yanghyuljanggeungunbo-tang(Yangxuezhuangjinjianbu-tang) and Cervi Cornu Parvum pharmaco-acupuncture in Spinal Cord Injury(SCI)-induced rats. Methods : The subjects were divided into 5 groups ; Normal, Control no treatment after SCI, Experimental I taken with Yanghyuljanggeungunbo-tang (Yangxuezhuangjinjianbu-tang) 500 mg/kg $0.5m{\ell}$ daily after inducing SCI. Experimental II taken with Cervi Cornu Parvum pharmaco-acupuncture at Taegye(KI3) and $Yangnungch{\acute{o}}n$(GB34) after inducing SCI and Experimental III taken with Yanghyuljanggeungunbo-tang(Yangxuezhuangjinjianbu-tang) 500 mg/kg $0.5m{\ell}$ and Cervi Cornu Parvum pharmaco-acupuncture at KI3 and GB34 to SCI-induced rats. After each operation, the present author observed the motor behavior recovery and nerve regeneration by analysis of the motor behavior tests, EMG, hematological(AST, ALT, WBC), histological and immunological changes. Rats were tested at modified Tarlov test at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th day, and Motor behavior test at 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st day. Results : Results are as follows. 1. All the experimental groups were improved compared with control group in the motor behavior tests including Tarlov test, Basso-Beattle-Bresnahan locomotor rating scale, modified inclined plane test, open field test, grid walk test and narrow beam test. Especially Experimental III was improved significantly among other groups. 2. In EMG test, H wave appeared weak only in Experimental III. And M wave was increased significantly in Experimental III. 3. All the experimental groups were significantly decreased compared with control group in serum AST, serum ALT and serum WBC tests. 4. significantly decreased in Tumor Necrosis Factor-${\alpha}$ test compared with the first day of SCI. 5. Muscle contraction and denaturation of all the experimental groups were inhibited in histological observations of gastrocnemius muscle. Especially, those of experimental III was more effective. 6. NGF and BDNF of spinal cord gray matter in all the experimental groups were increased compared with control group. Especially, those of experimental III was more effective. Conclusions : As above, it can be suggested that Yanghyuljanggeungunbo-tang(Yangxuezhuangjinjianbu-tang) and Cervi Cornu Parvum pharmaco-acupuncture may improve motor behavior, EMG, hematological, histological and immunological findings in Spinal Cord Injury(SCI)-induced rats. Especially, effects will be somewhat better in combination of these two treatments.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.335-342
• /
• 2005

The effects of ginsenosides Rg$_3$(R) , Rg$_3$(S) and Rg$_5$/Rk$_1$ (a mixture of Rg$_5$ and Rk$_1$ 1:1, w/w), which are components isolated from processed Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae), on memory dysfunction were examined in mice using a passive avoidance test. The ginsenosides Rg3(R), Rg3(S) or Rg$_5$/Rk$_1$, when orally administered for 4 days, significantly ameliorated the memory impairment induced by the single oral administration of ethanol. The memory impairment induced by the intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine was also significantly recovered by ginsenosides Rg3(S) and Rg$_5$/Rk$_1$. Among the three ginsenosides tested in this study, Rg$_5$/Rk$_1$ enhanced the memory function of mice most effectively in both the ethanol­and scopolamine-induced amnesia models. Moreover, the latency period of the Rg$_5$/Rk$_1$­treated mice was 1.2 times longer than that of the control (no amnesia) group in both models, implying that Rg$_5$/Rk$_1$ may also exert beneficial effects in the normal brain. We also evaluated the effects of these ginsenosides on the excitotoxic and oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell damage in primary cultured rat cortical cells. The excitotoxicity induced by glutamate or N­methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) was dramatically inhibited by the three ginsenosides. Rg$_3$(S) and Rg$_5$/Rk$_1$ exhibited a more potent inhibition of excitotoxicity than did Rg$_3$(R). In contrast, these ginsenosides were all ineffective against the H$_2$O$_2$- or xanthine/xanthine oxidase-induced oxidative neuronal damage. Taken together, these results indicate that ginsenosides Rg$_3$(S) and Rg$_5$/Rk$_1$ significantly reversed the memory dysfunction induced by ethanol or scopolamine, and their neuroprotective actions against excitotoxicity may be attributed to their memory enhancing effects.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.41-49
• /
• 2017

This study investigated the effects of teff flour on the properties of pound cakes. Five types of pound cakes were made by addition of 0% (Control), 5% (TF5), 10% (TF10), 15% (TF15), and 20% (TF20) of teff flour based on wheat flour. Specific gravity of pound cake batter showed no significant differences among samples as 0.54 (p<0.05). Baking loss was the highest in the control at 5.92% and the lowest in TF20 at 5.27%. Batter yield was the highest in TF20 at 94.73% and the lowest in control at 94.08%. Moisture content was the highest in TF20 at 23.68% and the lowest in control at 21.32%. pH showed no significant differences among samples at 7.61~7.65 (p<0.05). a-values of crumb significantly increased while L-values and b-values significantly decreased with added teff flour amounts. (p<0.05). ${\Delta}E$ values significantly increased with teff flour at 34.32~49.24 (p<0.05). Hardness was lowest in TF20 at $180.60g/cm^2$. Springiness was the lowest in TF20 at 85.37%. Cohesiveness showed no significant differences among samples (p<0.05). Chewiness was the lowest in TF20 at 172.17 g. Hardness more rapidly increased in control at $273.13{\sim}26,123.33g/cm^2$ than that of pound cakes with teff flour. Avrami exponent (n) was the highest in the control at 3.5987 and the lowest in TF20 at 1.2144. In sensory evaluation, flavor of TF20 was higher than that of the control at 4.43. Overall acceptability had a higher score in TF20 than in the control. It is considered that addition of 20% teff flour can improve the quality characteristics and retard retrogradation of pound cake.

• 농약과학회지
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.22-27
• /
• 2011

계면활성제인 4-alkylphenol polyethoxylate는 한국 등 여러 국가에서 매우 광범위하계 사용되어 왔으나 이들 화합물 및 분해산물이 최근 내분비계에 장애를 일으키는 환경호르몬 물질로 분류됨에 따라 농약 등의 첨가물로 사용가능한 nonylphenols(NPs)에 대한 잔류 연구가 매우 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 극미량 정밀 잔류분석기술이 필요한 nonylphenols에 대하여 분석용매 몇 정제용 카트리지 선정에 필요한 전처리기술에 대해 보고하고자 한다. 분석 결과에 따르면, HPLC등급의 용매이라 할지라도 $Et_2O$의 경우 100배 농축 용매에서 NPs가 검출되어 시료 분석 시 방해요인으로 작용하였으며, 이의 제거를 위해 $CaH_2$를 사용한 증류 후 사용법을 개발하였다. 또한, 시료정제용 카트리지는 silica gel 및 Florisil 제품군, 그리고 glass ware과 plastic ware로 나누어 카트리지 내 nonylphenols 잔류량을 분석한 결과 silica gel 제품군 glass ware 제품이 전처리 정제용으로 적합한 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제45회 하계 정기학술대회 초록집
• /
• pp.205-205
• /
• 2013

테라헤르쯔(terahertz: THz)파는 0.1~10 THz 의 범위로 적외선과 방송파 사이에 광대역 주파수 스펙트럼을 차지하고 있으며 직진성, 투과성, 그리고 낮은 에너지 (meV)를 가지고 있어 비 파괴적이고 무해한 장점을 지니고 있다. Ti:sapphire laser와 같은 femto-pulse source 등이 많은 발전이 되어 현재 많은 연구와 발전이 이루어지고 있다. femto-pulse source를 이용한 THz 응용에서는 높은 저항, 큰 전자 이동도, 그리고 아주 짧은 전하수명의 기판을 요구하는데 저온에서 성장한 (low-temperature grown : LT) GaAs는 격자 내에 Gallium 자리에 Arsenic이 치환 하면서 AsGa antisite가 발생하여 전하수명을 짧아지는 것을 응용하여 가장 많이 이용되고 있다. 현재 THz 응용분야에서 보다 작고 가격경쟁력이 있는 광통신을 이용한 THz photomixer등이 활발히 연구 하고 있다. 광섬유 내에서 손실과 분산이 최소값을 가지는 부분이 1.55 ${\mu}m$ 부근이고 In0.53Ga0.47As 기판을 이용하였을 때 여기에 완벽하게 만족하게 된다. 하지만 LT-InGaAs 의 경우 AsGa antisite로 인하여 carrier lifetime은 짧아지지만 높은 n-type 전하밀도를 가지게 된다. 이때 Be을 doping하여 전하밀도를 보상하여 높은 저항을 유지해야 하는데 Be의 활성화를 위해서는 열처리를 필요로 한다. 하지만 열처리를 하면 carrier lifetime이 길어지기 때문에 carrier lifetime과 저항을 적절히 조율해야 한다. 이는 물질자체의 특성이기 때문에 InGaAs는 GaAs보다 낮은 amplitude와 짧은 cut-off frequency를 가진다. 본 연구에서는 보다 높은 저항을 얻기 위하여 molecular beam epitaxy를 이용하여 semi-insulating InP:Fe 기판위에 격자 정합된 InGaAs:Be/InAlAs multi quantum well (MQW)를 온도별 ($250{\sim}400^{\circ}C$), 주기별 (50~150)로 성장을 하였고 이때 InGaAs layer의 Be doping level은 $2{\times}1018\;cm^{-3}$, Ex-situ annealing은 $550^{\circ}C$에서 10분으로 고정 하였다. THz 발생 실험에서는 InGaAs/InAlAs MQW은 4000 pA로 1,000 pA를 가지는 InGaAs epilayer보다 4배 높은 전류 신호를 얻을 수 있었고 모든 샘플이 2 THz에서 cut-off frequency를 가지고 있었다. THz 검출 실험에서는 LT-InGaAs:Be epilayer LT-InGaAs:Be/InAlAs, HT-InGaAs/InAlAs 샘플이 각각 180, 9000, 12000 pA의 전류신호를 가지고 있었고 모든 샘플이 2 THz에서 cut-off frequency를 가지고 있었다. HT-InGaAs/InAlAs MQW를 이용한 검출실험에서는 InGaAs layer가 defect free이지만 LT-InGaAs:Be/ InAlAs MQW 보다 높은 전류 신호를 얻을 수 있었다. 이는 InAlAs layer가 저항만 높이는 것뿐만 아니라 carrier trapping layer로써의 역할도 하는 것으로 사료된다.

• 의료법학
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.331-357
• /
• 2012

Obwohl die Preisbekanntmachung der individuellen Gesundheitsleistung(PiG), die im Jahr 2010 im Arztrecht neu eingef$\ddot{u}$hrt wird, zum Management der Gesundheitskosten sehr n$\ddot{u}$tzig werden soll, muss eine verfassungsrechtliche Rechtfertigungspr$\ddot{u}$fung von PiG zun$\ddot{a}$chst durchgef$\ddot{u}$hrt werden. Angesichts der staatlichen Regulierung und Lenkung auf die Wirtschaft des Art. 119 Abs. 2 KV besitzt die PiG zun$\ddot{a}$chst eine Verfassungsrechtfertigung. Nach der st$\ddot{a}$ndigen Rechtsprechung des koreanischen Verfassungsgerichts folgt das Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Verbraucher aus der Menschenw$\ddot{u}$rde von Art. 10 Abs. 1 Koreanische Verfassung(KV) und dem Recht auf Gl$\ddot{u}$ck von Art. 10 Abs. 2 KV. Demnach k$\ddot{o}$nnen Konsumenten den Einkauf der G$\ddot{u}$ter und Service, die Partei des Vertrags, Gesch$\ddot{a}$ftsbedingungen, usw. frei entscheiden. Indem der Preis der individuellen Gesundheitsleistung mithin bekanntgemacht wird, werden das Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Verbraucher sowie das Recht der Konsumenten sicherlich gew$\ddot{a}$hrleistet. Dar$\ddot{u}$ber hinaus steht die PiG im Einklang mit dem Recht auf Information, aber auch z$\ddot{a}$hlt sie nicht zu den Informationen der Nichtbekanntmachung vom Gesetz $\ddot{u}$ber die Bekanntmachung der Information(GBI). Nach der staatlichen Gesundheitspflicht des Art. 36 Abs. 3 KV kann die PiG eine Verfassungslegitim$\ddot{a}$t besitzen. Im Hinblick auf die Berufsfreiheit kann die PiG einen Eingriff in den Gesch$\ddot{a}$ftsaktivit$\ddot{a}$ten der Unternehmen bedeuten. Trotzdem ist die PiG als eine verfassungsrechtliche Legitimit$\ddot{a}$t zu qualifizieren. In der Konsequenz kann die PiG, die auf dem Selbstbestimmungsrecht, dem Recht auf Information, dem Gesundheitsrecht, der Regulierung und Lenkung auf die Wirtschaft von Art. 119 Abs. 2 KV, und dem Recht der Verbraucher beruht, als eine verfassungm${\ddot{a}}{\ss}$ige Politik gesch$\ddot{a}$tzt werden.

• Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia
• /
• 제2권4호
• /
• pp.228-237
• /
• 2016

Objective: There has been no prospective study that examined intramuscular injection of high-dose vitamin D in Korean adults. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of high-dose vitamin $D_3$ after intramuscular injection in Korean adults with vitamin D deficiency. Method: This study was a 24-week, prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. A total of 84 subjects ${\geq}19$ and <65 years of age were randomly allocated to either the vitamin $D_3$ or placebo group in a 2:1 ratio. After randomization, a single injection of plain vitamin $D_3$ 200,000 IU or placebo was intramuscularly administered. If serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations were <30 ng/mLon week 12 or thereafter, a repeat injection was administered. Results: After a single intramuscular injection of vitamin $D_3$ to adults with vitamin D deficiency, the proportion of subjects with serum 25(OH)D concentrations ${\geq}30ng/mL$ within 12 weeks was 46.4% in the vitamin $D_3$ group and 3.6% in the placebo group (p<0.0001). The proportion of subjects with serum 25(OH)D concentrations ${\geq}30ng/mL$ within 24 weeks was 73.2% in the vitamin $D_3$ group and 3.6% in the placebo group (p<0.0001). Mean change in serum 25(OH)D concentrations at weeks 12 and 24 after vitamin $D_3$ injection was $12.8{\pm}8.1$ and $21.5{\pm}8.1ng/mL$, respectively, in the vitamin $D_3$ group, with no significant changes in the placebo group. Serum parathyroid hormone concentrations showed a significant decrease in the vitamin $D_3$ group but no change in the placebo group. Conclusion: Intramuscular injection of vitamin $D_3$ 200,000 IU was superior to placebo in terms of its impact on serum 25(OH)D concentrations, and is considered to be safe and effective in Korean adults with vitamin D deficiency.

• 한국도시환경학회지
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.523-530
• /
• 2018

오존층의 파괴물질인 CFCs의 대체물로써 $SF_6$의 사용량이 늘어나면서 대기 중의 $SF_6$의 농도가 높아지고 있다. $SF_6$은 지구온난화가스중의 하나로써 대기 중에서 3,200년 이상 머무를 뿐만 아니라 온난화지수도 매우 높아 무려 22,800이나 된다. 그러나, 대기 중에서의 $SF_6$ 농도는 낮은 수준이어서 검출한계이하인 경우가 많다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 극미량 $SF_6$ 농도를 정확하게 분석하기 위해서 $GC-{\mu}ECD$를 이용한 12가지 분석방법을 실험적으로 고찰하였다. 극미량 $SF_6$ 농도를 가장 정확하게 분석할 수 있는 방법은 Carboxen-1000 물질을 사용한 흡착관과 저온농축 고온탈착 방식의 농축장치에 역추출방식의 분석법을 사용할 경우가 최상의 효율을 나타냈다.