• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.47-62
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• 1981

d-amphetamine이 사람에서 paranoid schizophrenia와 아주 유사한 model psychosis를 일으키며 또한 사람과 실험동물에서 실제 정신분열증에서 뚜렷이 관찰되는 behavioral perservation을 일으킬 수 있음이 관찰되었다. 이에 많은 학자들은 이러한 양상의 행동변화가 정신분열증의 원인 추구에 중요한 의미를 주는 뇌변화를 반영할지도 모른다는 생각에 많은 연구를 거듭하여 왔다. 지금까지는 주로 catecholamine기전에 대하여 집중적 연구가 수행되어져 왔으나 최근에는 d-amphetamine의 약리기전의 일부는 5-HT기전이 차지하고 있으며, 여러 행동변화에는 catecholaimin 보다 5-HT 가 더 중요하게 관계하고 있다는 주장이 나오고 있다. 또한 d-amphetamine은 시험관내에서 MAO 특히 신경전달물질 분해요소인 A type를 가역적으로 억제할 수 있음이 보고되어 많은 흥미를 끌어왔으나 생체내에서의 억제여부는 직접적으로 확인이 되고 있지 않다. 그러나 최근에 Braestrup(1977)과 El Hait(1978)등은 간접적인 방법으로 생체내에서도 억제시킬 수 있음을 보고하고 있다. 이에 저자는 d-amphetamine에 의해 야기되는 행동변화와 그 밑바탕을 이루는 생화학적 기전에 5-HT가 차지하는 역할을 알아보기 위해서 다음의 실험을 시행하였다. 첫째, d-amphetamine의 급성, 만성 투여가 5-HT의 5-HIAA 로의 turnover와 MAO활성도에 어떤 영향을 미치며, 더 나아가서 이 양자사이에 어느 정도 상관관계가 있는지를 알아보기 위해서 d-amphetamine을 투여한 후 시간 경과에 따라서 뇌내 5-HT, 5-HIAA, 5-HT turnover rate와 MAO 활성도를 측정하였다. 둘째, d-amphetamine, 5-HT 합성을 증가시키는 약물과 합성을 억제시키는 약물을 투여하고, 위의 생화학적 실험과 행동관찰을 병합 실시하여 비교분석하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) d-amphetamine (6 mg/kg)을 급성투여시, 뇌내 5-HT함량이 투여 1시간 후에 최고로(대조치의 123%, p<0.001) 증가되다가 이후 감소하며, 5-HIAA 함량은 처음 15분부터 감소하기 시작하다가 30분에 최저로 떨어지며(대조치의 78%, p<0.005) 이후 증가하여 24시간째는 약간 대조치 이상으로 회복되었다. 미토콘드리아 MAO활성도는 1시간째에 최저로 떨어지다가(대조치의 89%, p<0.05)이후 회복하기 시작하여 24시간째에 약간 대조치 이상으로 회복되었다. 5-HT의 turnover rate는 MAO활성도 변화와 거의 같은 변화를 보였다. 2) 만성투여시 (하루 2번, 14일간 투여)는 5-HT 함량, 5-HIAA 함량, MAO 활성도 및 5-HT turnover rate 모두가 중등도로 감소되었다. (각각 대조치의 87%, 69%, 80%, 79%). 3) MAO 활성도와 5-HT turnover rate 사이에는 높은 상관관계가 있었다. (r=0.866, p<0.001, N=94). 4) MAO 활성도의 역동학 실험에서는 대조치에 비해 투여군에서 Km 값은 의미가 있는 증가가 있었으나 $V_{max}$값은 큰 변동이 없었다. 5) d-amphetamine을 급성 투여할때는 sleeping과 lying components는 상당한 감소를 보인 반면, locomotor activity 는 1시간까지는 상당한 증가를 보였으며 용량이 적을수록 더 큰 증가가 있었다. 반면 stereotypy는 1시간까지 용량이 증가할수록 더 큰 증가가 나타나서 locomotor activity에서 stereotypy 의 증가로 이행을 나타내었다. 만성 투여시는 locomotor activity는 점차적인 감소를 보였으나 stereotypy는 점차적인 증가가 나타나서 14일쯤에는 평형에 도달하였다. 6) PCPA 단독 투여군(400 mg/kg, 3번)에 있어서는 5-HT와 5-HIAA 함량의 상당한 감소가 나타났으나 MAO 활성도와 행동에는 큰 변화를 나타내지 않았다. PCPA전 처치군에 있어서도 5-HT와 5-HIAA 함량은 마찬가지로 상당한 감소를 나타내었으나 gnawing, sniffing과 locomotor activity는 더 증가를, stereotyped head weaving, forepaw treading과 hindlimb abduction은 상당한 감소를 나타내었다. 7) L-tryptophan(100 mg/kg)단독 투여시는 5-HT 함량은 약간 증가를 나타내었으나 5-HIAA 함량은 상당한 증가를 보였다. MAO활성도나 행동은 큰 변화없었다. L-tryptophan 전처치군에 있어서는 5-HT 함량은 더 큰 증가를 보였으나, 5-HIaa 함량은 MAO 활성도는 별 변화없었으며 stereotypedlateral head waving, forepaw treading 과 hindlimb abduction은 증가를, locomotor activity, gnawing과 sniffing components는 감소를 나타내었다. 8) d-amphetamine 단독투여, 혹은 L-tryptophan 전처치, PCPA 전처치후 측정한 5-HT 함량과 stereotyped head weaving, forepaw treading, hinilimb abduction components 사이에는 높은 상관관계가 있었다(r=0.789, p<0.001). 반면 5-HT 함량과 locomotor activity, stereotyped gnawing과 sniffing components 사이에는 약한 음성의 상관관계가 있었다. (r=0.554, p <0.005). 이상의 결과로 미루어 볼때 5-HT의 5-HIAA 로의 turnover rate 는 주로 MAO 활성도에 의해서 조절되며 5-HT 기전이 d-amphetamine에 의해서 야기된 여러 행동변화 중 상당한 부분에서 중요한 역할을 하리라고 생각된다.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of additives on the quality of alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) silage at the forage experimental field, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon in 1996. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of different additives(control, formic acid, molasses, inoculant A and inoculant B). Crude protein(CP) and Nitrogen free extract(NFE) content of alfalfa silage with additives were higher compared with those obtained control, but Crude ash(CA) and Crude fiber(CF) content of control(11.5 and 39.6%) were higher than those of additive treated plots. ADF and NDF contents of control silage were the highest as 36.2 and 48.6%, respectively, and increased by 4% compared with those obtained before ensiling. The acidity(pH) of control was the highest(5.45), but the lowest in inoculant A(4.32). Inoculant teratment significantly reduced acidity of silage compared with control. DM content of control silage was the lowest but DM loss of control silage was higher than that of additive treated silage. Ammonia-N content was the highest at formic acid treatment and level of Lactobacillus was decreased at control and formic acid treated silage. Total organic acid and lactic acid content of inoculant A and inoculant B were higher than those of other treated plots. The results of this study indicate that the treatment of LAB(Lactic acid bacteria) could be recommended as producing high quality of alfalfa silage.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.539-544
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• 2005

Purpose : The aim of this study was to investigate the pathophysiologic role of serum E-selectin, vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)-induced cell adhesion mollecule in Kawasaki disease(KD) and to look for the evidence of direct relationship between the plasma levels of soluble E-selectin and the incidence of coronary artery lesion(CAL). Methods : Changes in plasma levels of sE-selectin(n=98) over time were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) in 23 patients with acute KD and 25 age-matched febrile children. Results : Compared with control values, the peak levels of plasma sE-selectin were significantly elevated($mean{\pm}S.E$. : $22.89{\pm}12.53ng/mL$ vs $10.65{\pm}3.42ng/mL$, P=0.01) in KD. 5 patients with CAL, plasma sE-selectin levels before treatment were higher than in 18 patients without CAL($mean{\pm}S.E$. : $39.43{\pm}15.08ng/mL$ and $19.00{\pm}8.32ng/mL$, respectively; P=0.01). Plasma sE-selectin declined rapidly in the majority of KD patients regardless of the presence of CAL. Plasma sE-selectin levels after treatment and convalesent period were similar in KD patients with and without CAL. The plasma levels sE-selectin were correlated with those of white blood cell count(r=0.299, P<0.05), CRP(r=0.430, P<0.05), serum albumin(r=-0.483, P<0.05), serum protein(r=-0.502, P<0.05) and hemoglobin(r=-0.372, P<0.05) not with those of ESR, platelet, or duration of fever. There were significant differences in the initial level of serum sE-selectin between KD with and without CAL($mean{\pm}S.E$. : $39.44{\pm}15.08ng/mL$ vs. $19.00{\pm}17.18ng/mL$) in multivariated linear tests. Conclusion : Plasma sE-selectin levels were significantly higher in KD than in other febrile illness. Higher plamsa levels of sE-selectin may have potential as a predictor of CAL in patients with KD.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.611-622
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• 2006

Fatty acid compositions and physicochemical properties of feta cheese made from bovine milk were studied. Nutritional compositions of feta cheese were fat 22.79%, protein 10.57% with moisture content of 59.87%. The log cfu/g of lactic acid bacteria in bovine feta cheese decreased from 10.25 to 7.95 and pH also changed from pH 6.22 to pH 5.55 during storage at 4℃ for 14 d aging. The color of feta cheese turned into more whitish (L-value, 100.1) with a red (a-value, 4.6) and gray (b-value,－4.1) color after 14day's aging. For the texture profile analysis of bovine feta cheese, resilience was increased significantly (p<0.01) throughout the aging periods and adhesiveness was rapidly increased right after progressing of aging at both temperatures, but no difference was found between the aging periods. Hardness, fracturability, gumminess and chewiness were gradually increased at 0℃, but no statistical significances were found. Springiness and cohesiveness were not changed at both temperatures. In organoleptic evaluations, organoleptic intensities in sweetness, milky taste and saltiness were significantly enhanced over those of the control cheese at the level of p<0.01, and masticatory texture at p<0.05 with the progress of aging to 14d. Organoleptic preferences were significantly (p<0.01) enhanced except smell, color, mouth feel, and masticatory texture with the aging. In the fatty acid compositions of feta cheese analyzed by gas chromatography, the content of SFA (52.61%) was slight higher than that of USFA (47.39%) composed with MUFA (28.98%) and PUFA (18.41%). Among the nutritionally important fatty acids; ω6 (9.27%) and ω3 (0.55%) fatty acids, CLA (0.12%), arachidonic acid (0.19%) and DHA (0.12%) were also found in bovine feta cheese.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.521-532
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• 2006

An in vitro study was conducted to examine the effect of addition level of carbohydrates on fermentation characteristics, and bio-hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids by mixed rumen bacteria when incubated with soybean oil or flaxseed oil. Four levels(0%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9%, w/v) of the mixed carbohydrates(glucose, cellobiose, soluble starch, 1:1:1, in weight basis) and oil sources(soybean or flaxseed oil, 60mg in 150ml culture solution) were added to the mixed solution of strained rumen fluid with artificial saliva(1:4, v/v), and incubated anaerobically for 12 hours at 39℃. pH and ammonia-N concentration were lower by increasing the substrate levels at all incubation periods(P<0.05～P<0.001). The propionate proportion increased(P<0.001), but acetic acid and butyric acid decreased(P<0.001) with the substrate level at 6 and 12 h incubations. Oil sources did not influence the proportions of individual VFA. At the end of incubation, the proportions of C18:0(P<0.01), C18:1(P<0.001) and trans-11C-18:1(P<0.01) were reduced but those of C18:2(P<0.001) and C18:3(P<0.01) were enhanced by the addition of flaxseed oil compared to addition of soybean oil. The proportions of C18:0 and total CLA were reduced(P<0.01) but those of trans-11-C18: (P<0.05) and C18:2(P<0.01) were increased with the substrate level when incubated with soybean oil or flaxseed oil. There were interactions(P<0.05) in the proportions of C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3(P<0.01) between oil source and substrate level. The proportions of cis-9, trans-11-CLA and trans-10, cis-12-CLA tended to reduce with substrate level, although there was no significant difference between treatments.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.17
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• pp.21-29
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• 1999

This study was carried out to determine the promising method for the production of mother bulbs using garlic bulbs at the experimental field of Ange high school, Eusung in Korea from 1996 to 1998. The bulbs and bulbils were taken from a local cultivar 'Eusung' garlic. The growth of bulbil and yield potential were compared with different harvesting times and cultivation methods of bulbil. The harvesting time of bulbils which were capable of producing the mother bulbs was ranged from 15 days to 30 days after the emergence of flower stalks. The best results based on the yield and number of bulbs were obtained from the bulbils sampled at the just before garlic harvesting, 30 days after flower-stalk emergence. The mulching with transparent polyethylene(PE) film in bulbil cultivation was more effective for the plant growth and bulb formation than that with black PE film. The PE mulching from 30 days after seeding of bulbils to 30 days (late-April) before bulb harvesting was the moot effective for the increase of bulb yield. In the cultivation of garlic bulbils, application of lime (150 kg/10a) and compost (3,000 kg/10a) without any chemical fertilizers produced more bulbs in comparison with the standard level of fertilizer (N - $P_2O_5$ - $K_2O$ - compost - lime = 24.8 - 8.0 - 19.2 - 3,000 - 150 kg/10a). It was determined that the involucre seeding and assemble seeding of bulbils was effective and labour-saving methods for the production of mother bulbs from garlic bulbils. Input of labour force for the involucre seeding was decreased up to 61% as compared with the conventional drill seeding of bulbils. Mean yield from the cultivation of bulbil-derived single cloves was remarkably increased up to 95% in comparison with that of the common cloves. The larger size of single clove produced more yields, and the optimum planting density of single clove was $20{\times}10cm$. The cloves differentiated directly from bulbil showed to have higher yield potential than that from common cloves.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.94-100
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• 1999

The aim of this retrospective study was to determine whether a nephron sparing surgery might be feasible in patients with a small solid renal tumor. Materials and methods: Between 1988 and 1999, 21 patients with a radiologically detectable small solid renal tumor underwent enucleoresection, wedge resection and polar segmental nephrectomy. The mean age of the 11 men and 10 women in this study was 43 years (range 14 to 68). According to the preoperative radiological diagnosis, 15 among the 21 patients were considered to have renal cell carcinoma, 4 were considered to have angiomyolipoma, and in the remaining 2 patients, radiological differentiation of renal tumors was difficult. Among 15 patients considered to have renal cell carcinoma, 14 were found to have renal cell carcinoma and the remaining one patient was diagnosed as having oncocytoma on pathologic examination. Radiological determination of angiomyolipoma in four patients was confirmed to be correct on pathological examination. The 2 patients whose radiological diagnose was difficult were found to have cavernous hemangioma and angiomyolipoma. One patient with renal cell carcinoma developed arteriocaliceal fistula, the only immediate complication in this series and underwent nephrectomy on postoperative 10th day. The mean follow up duration for the 14 patients with renal cell carcinoma was 18.6 months (range:1-103). There was no other tumor involvement in the resection margins following the nephron sparing surgery. These results suggest that nephron sparing surgery provides an effective treatment for patients with a single, small, unilateral, localized renal tumor. Longer follow-up is suggested for more definite verification of the role of nephron sparing surgery.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.145-156
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• 2004

Objectives : Internet addiction is a newly appeared addictive phenomenon that is defined as 'difficulty in real life due to internet over-use', 'excessive time spent on the internet or replacement of genuine real relationships with superficial virtual ones' or 'weakness in self-control about internet use and if discontinued, fallen in psychological confusion and anergic state'. This study was aimed to compare the internet addiction rate, demographic factors, computer using patterns, anxiety, depression, and internet self-efficacy and outcome expectancy between Korean middle and high school students in three areas - Seoul, Cheonan, and Rural areas - that were different in economic, cultural, and geographic state. Methods : Subjects are consisted of middle and high school students in Seoul, Chunan, and Rural areas(N=1718). Self-rating questionnaire included demographic data, Korean Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Korean Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS), questions for internet-using pattern, Korean version of Internet Addiction Scale invented by K. S. Young, Internet Self-efficacy and Out-come Expectancy Scale. Results: In this study, prevalence of internet addiction was 2.9%. There was no significant difference found in prevalence of internet addiction among three areas. In all subjects, there were significant differences in anxiety, depression, internet self-efficacy and outcome expectancy, leisure style, places of internet use, internet connecting method, and insight on internee addiction. But, in addicted group, there was no significant difference among three areas. Conclusion: This study suggested that the difference in economic, cultural, and geographic state was not related to prevalence of internet addiction. Although there were significant differences in anxiety, depression, self-efficacy associated with internee use, leisure style, places of internet use, internet connecting method, insight on internet addiction among three areas, there were no significant difference in addicted group among three areas. So, we concluded that the difference in economic, cultural, and geographic state did not influence the prevalence of internet addiction, and despite the difference in economic, cultural, and geographic state, people in three areas were equally influenced by internet addiction.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.503-517
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• 2020

Purpose: This study examined the yearly trend of milk consumption and the nutritional status of subjects aged 6-18 years using the 2007-2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Methods: Milk and dairy products were classified into plain milk, flavored milk, and dairy products (ice cream, milkshakes, cheese, and yogurt, etc.). This study compared the milk and dairy products intakes, some nutrients intakes and percent of dietary reference intakes for Koreans in the milk intake and non-milk intake groups. Results: Plain milk intake decreased with year (male, p = 0.0199; female, p < 0.0001; elementary school, p = 0.0013; high school, p = 0.0061), whereas flavored milk and dairy products intake in these subjects increased with year. In all subjects, 49.9% of subjects did not drink milk at all. The intakes of energy, protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, and riboflavin in the milk intake group were significantly higher than those in the non-milk intake group, even after adjusting for covariates (p < 0.05). The odds ratio of the prevalence of nutritional deficiency in the non-milk intake group was 3.2 times higher than that of the milk intake group (p < 0.001), even after adjusting for covariates. The odds ratio for the prevalence of excess intake of the energy/fat was not significant with milk intake. Conclusion: The prevalence of milk intake decreased every year in the subjects. Calcium deficiency and nutritional deficiency were very high in the non-milk intake group. Efforts should be made to improve the calcium status in children and adolescents by strengthening nutrition education about the importance of milk intake.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2017

EtOAc fractions of Magnolia obovata (M. obovata) Bark extracts were studied for the potential ingredient as a safe and effective whitening cosmetic material. The concentration of active substances honokiol was determined by HPLC. In vitro, the fractions reduced the extracellular and intracellular melanin contents in B16F10 cells in dose dependently and inhibited extracellular melanin secretion ($IC_{50}=11.05{\mu}g/mL$). The $12.5{\mu}g/mL$ treatment of maximum concentration effectively inhibited up to about 60% to the amount of extracullular melanin. Also, the $12.5{\mu}g/mL$ treatment of maximum concentration effectively inhibited up to about 59% to the amount of intracullular melanin ($IC_{50}=10.85{\mu}g/mL$). The $IC_{50}$ value of ${\alpha}-arbutin$ used as a positive control was $59.99{\mu}g/mL$. So, EtOAc fractions of M. obovata Bark extracts showed whitening effect when compared with the non-treatment group. In case of in vivo study, Cosmetic cream with EtOAc fractions of M. obovata Bark extracts was approved by Ethics committee of KDRI (IRB number: KDRI-IRB-1537). As a result in progress for skin sensitization as well as assessment of skin irritation through repeated patch test, skin allergens was identified as non sensitizing agents. Also, cosmetic cream with EtOAc fractions of M. obovata Bark extracts showed significant topical whitening effect and reliable skin safety when compared with the non-treatment group. In conclusion, EtOAc fractions of M. obovata Bark extracts may be a useful cosmetic ingredient for effective skin whitening.