• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.77-84
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• 2000

Eight-week old perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Reveille) plants were exposed to different NO3-concentrations or osmotic stress with NaCI. Previously labeled "N was chased during 14 days of non-labeled'NO3 feeding in order to investigate NO3 metabolism in relation to osmoregulation. The short termmeasurement of osmotic potential showed that the extemal concentration of Nos- had not great effect on theosmotic potential, but that osmotic adjustment was observed in NaCl-treated plants. Total uptake of NO 3 - waslargely increased by increasing supply level of NO3 while it was depressed by exposing to osmotic stress.Nitrate reduction increased to more than 29% by increasing extemal NO,- concentration from 1 mM to 10mM. When osmotically stressed with NaCI, nitrate reduction was depressed to about 37% as compared to thecontrol. The decrease in translocation of reduced N into leaves was also observed in NaCl exposed plants. Inthe medium exposed to 10 mM NO,., osmotic contribution of nitrate to cumulative osmotic potential wasdecreased, and it was osmotically compensated with soluble carbohydrate. When osmotically stressed withNaC1, the contribution of chloride was much higher than that of nitrate. The present data indicate that N03-in plant tissues, factually affected by the assimilation of this ion, plays an active role in osmotic regulation incorrelation with other osmotica such carbohydrate and chloride.(Key words : Nitrate metabolism, Osmotic stress, Nitrate supply level, Osmoregulation)ate supply level, Osmoregulation)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.11-16
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• 2006

It appraises that use an indoor noise standard, a NC value which is a noise appraisal, a dB(A) value, a N value in foreign country because it doesn't yet ready an appraisal standard in domestic. Also, It appraises that the supply and drainage noise which could change water supply pressure, $4kg/cm^2,\;3kg/cm^2,\;2kg/cm^2,\;1.5kg/cm^2,\;1kg/cm^2$, bring about a noise and inquires how does noise level indicates according to each instruments. In case of a water supply pressure standard, $3kg/cm^2$, a C-605is $3{\sim}5dB(A)$ lower than another instruments in directly overhead stories. It appears that all of them is similar to level in directly under level except c-407(2)Analyzed the NC value, c-605is the lowest level, NC-50, of a water supply pressure, $4.0kg/cm^2$, c-407 is the highest level, NC-55.(3) In case of N value, which is one of water supply methods in Japan, it is the lowest level, N-55, of a water supply pressure, $4.0kg/cm^2$ same as NC value and C-407is the highest level, N-60.(4) In case of water supply that is likely to noise level, It appears 6dB(A) level gap each instruments, and C-605 is the lowest level, 63.9dB(A).

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.54-61
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• 1994

This study was carried out to investigate the degree of contamination in private-drinking water supply (PDWS) and simple-piped water supply (SPWS), and to compare of water quality between them for 3 years from 1990 to 1992. The results of the study were as follows: 1. Private-drinking water supply (PDWS) (1) Field-Site (ㄱ) The items which were very significantly over the criteria (p<0.01), were temp., pH, NO-N, standard plate count (S.P.C.) and Coliform. (ㄴ) No. of households which were over the criteria, were 11.2~51.7% in temp., pH, NH$_3$-N and NO$_2$-N, and 83.1~93.3% in NO-N, S.P.C. and Coliform. (2) Moutain-Site (ㄱ) The items which were over the criteria, were NO$_2$-N (p<0.05), S.P.C. (p<0.01) and Coliform (p<0.01). (ㄴ) No. of households which were over the criteria, were 33.6 ~ 75.6% in NO$_2$-N, S.P.C. and Coliform. (3) No. of households which were fit to the criteria of all items, were 9.0% in field-site and 14.1% in mountain-site. 2. Simple-piped water supply (SPWS) (1) The items which were very significantly over the critera (p<0.01), were standard plate count (S.P.C.) and Coliform. (2) The water qualities of adjacent and remote samples were better than those of source samples. (3) Residual chloride was not detected in any sample. In conclusion, rural community requires to be continually performed the policy of safety drinking water supply, and to be devised an epoch-making counterplan for the level-up of simple-piped water supply (SPWS), espically on the method of disinfection.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.196-200
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• 1993

A full understanding of the interdependence of leaf nitrate (($No_3$￣) metabolism and symbiotic nitrogen($N_2$) fixation in legume crops is needed to help maximize the use of both N sources as well as to improve forage quality through the inhibition of leaf nitrate accumulation. The present work examines the effects of added nitrate, the level of which are 0,2,4,8 and 12mM, on the nodule formation and leaf nitrate utilization and on the possibility of inducing nitrate-toxicity to livestocks in two alfalfa varieties, ' Vernal ' of grazing type and ' Victoria ' of hay type. Higher level of exogeneous nitrate resulted in the increased above-ground dry weight. Nodulation was inhibited severely when more than 8mM NO$_3$￣ was supplied to alfalfa plants, and leaf nitrate reductase reached a maximunm at 4mM nitrate supply. The $V_{max}$of nitrate reductase in leaves of Vernal was similar to that of Victoria, whereas the $K_m$ of Vernal was higher than that of Victoria. High accumulation of leaf nitrate, $4{\times}10^{-5}$ g/g leaf fresh weight, was shown at 12mM nitrate supply, which was thought to be not enough to induce nitrate-toxicity to livestocks.icity to livestocks.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.146-168
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• 1993

The study was conducted to project supply and demand of the nurses till year 2010 based on analysis of supply and demand of nurses up to year 1991. Results of the study will provide invaluable information for nurses manpower planning as well as overall health manpower planning for the 21th century. It is projected that nurses will be oversupplied based on the current prductivity which is undesirable situation if the quality of care is considered, and undersupplied based on the the medical law as well as optimal productivity. Thus, it is desirable to increase active supply of nurses. One of the ways of increasing active supply would be increasing the size of training and education. But, considering low employment rate of nurses which is about 59% better way of solving problems related to nurses shortage would be improvement in nurses' employment rate. According to simulation study done as part of this study, if nurses' employment rate goes up to 80%, there is no need for increasing the size of training to meet the demand at the level of medical law.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2002

To investigate the short-term effects of N-supply form ( $NO_3\;^-$ or $NH_4\;^+$ ) and their level (0.2, 1.0 and 6.0 mM) on N assimilation and C metabolism were examined in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). The increase in shoot fresh for $NH_4\;^+$-fed plants much less than $NO_3\;^-$ fed ones. Nitrate concentration in $NO_3\;^-$ -fed plants tended to increase with increasing the supply level, while that of $NH_4\;^+$-fed plants was nearly stable. Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) responded much quickly, showing a proportional increase within 24 h of feeding. NRA in $NO_3\;^-$ -fed plants at 72 h increased by 13.7, 40.3 and 84.0% in 0.2, 1.0 and 6.0 mM $NO_3\;^-$ -fed, but it was not changed in$NH_4\;^+$-fed plants regardless of the supply level. After 72 h of treatment the sugar accumulation in the plants supplied with 0.2 and 1.0 mM -$NH_4\;^+$fed was remarked. After 72 h of feeding, fructan hydrolysis was observed in all levels fur $NH_4\;^+$-fed plants, but only in 6.0 mM for $NO_3\;^-$ -fed plants.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.442-449
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• 2016

The goal of this study is to provide basic data to establish a foundation for the provision of safe drinkable water. The raw water of natural mineral water was analyzed to determine the quantities of anions (F^-, Cl^-, NO_3-N^-, and SO₄^2- ) and cations (Ca²⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, and Na⁺) during the former and latter half of 2016. Analysis of the current quality of the raw water of natural mineral water among domestic manufacturers showed average anions contents of 0.46mg/L of fluorine, 8mg/L of chlorine ion, 1.5mg/L of nitrate nitrogen, and 12mg/L of sulfate ion. While the fluorine content was greater than the water quality criterion of 2.0mg/L at four points, the fluorine level was overall stable. The average cations contents included 21.3mg/L of calcium, 1.0mg/L of potassium, 3.4mg/L of magnesium, and 9.6mg/L of sodium. The chemical characteristics were compared among the major ions, and the results are presented in a piper diagram. The content ratio of cations was in the order of Ca²⁺> Na⁺>Mg²⁺>K⁺, whereas that of anions was in the order of SO₄^2->Cl^->NO_3-N^->F^-. While the cations were slightly scattered, the anions were generally concentrated except for at a few points. The Ca-Na-HCO₃ type was dominant overall in water sources from diorite, gneiss, and granite, while the Na-Mg-Ca-HCO₃-Cl type was dominant in basalt sources. Mineral water manufacturers source their water under various conditions, including in-hole casing, excavation depth, and contact state of bedrock; even within the same rocky area, some differences in the water quality type can occur. When the depth of the water source was taken into account, the mean anions contents of F^-, Cl^-, NO_3-N^-, and SO₄^2- were similar, with no significant differences according to depth. Of the cations, K⁺ and Na⁺ showed no significant differences across all the tubular wells, whereas Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ decreased in content with depth.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.7
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• pp.403-412
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• 2020

The main purpose of this paper is to explore how green supply chain management (GSCM) and its evaluative factors have affected green supply chain management practice and performance in industrial zone. This study proposes a structural equation model of the relationships among four factors: internal awareness (IA); suppliers' pressure (SP); customers' awareness (CA); and regulations pressure (RP) and their effect on GSCM practice (PA) and GSCM performance (PE). We used a survey questionnaire to elicit perceptions/opinions about GSCM from three level of managers of 322 companies in Bac Ninh Province's industrial zones, Vietnam. PLS-SEM 3.0 software was applied to analyze and verify the gathered data, and the proposed hypothesis model. The results of path analysis show that internal awareness and customers' awareness are positively related to the GSCM practice and GSCM performance. However, suppliers' pressure and regulations pressure just impacted on GSCM practice. As a result, the testing of the relationship between GSCM practice and GSCM performance has been verified and supported. The findings of this study can help manager of companies in industrial zone understand the structure of GSCM, associate with the green supply chain management practice and green supply chain management performance, and be successful in green management organizations.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 2008

Nitric oxide (NO) affects the growth and development of plants and also affects plant responses to various stresses. Because NO induces root differentiation, we examined whether or not it is involved in increased ROS generation. Treatments with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor, 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO), a specific NO scavenger, and $N{\omega}-nitro-{\text\tiny{L}}-arginine$ methyl ester hydrochloride (${\text\tiny{L}}-NAME$), an NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, revealed that NO is involved in the adventitious root growth of mountain ginseng. Supply of an NO donor, SNP, activates NADPH oxidase activity, resulting in increased generation of $O_2{^{{\cdot}-}}$, which subsequently induces growth of adventitious roots. Moreover, treatment with diphenyliodonium chloride (DPI), an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, individually or with SNP, inhibited root growth, NADPH oxidase activity, and $O_2{^{{\cdot}-}}$ anion generation. Supply of the NO donor, SNP, did not induce any notable isoforms of enzymes; it did, however, increase the activity of pre-existing bands of NADPH oxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes induced by SNP supply seems to be responsible for a low level of $H_2O_2$ in the adventitious roots of mountain ginseng. It was therefore concluded that NO-induced generation of $O_2{^{{\cdot}-}}$ by NADPH oxidase seems to have a role in adventitious root growth of mountain ginseng. The possible mechanism of NO involvement in $O_2{^{{\cdot}-}}$ generation through NADPH oxidase and subsequent root growth is discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.141-151
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• 2005

Under the assumption that the three-level factors are quantitative, the linear effects are taken more attention than the quadratic effects of the interaction terms. Webb (1971) presented some small incomplete factorial designs that are mixed two- and three-level designs with 20 or fewer runs. The designs provided the estimating linear-by-linear components of interactions between the three-level factors; moreover, they could also offer estimation of interactions that interest the experiments. Webb used ad hoc methods to find these plans; hence, there was still no unified structure to those experiments. In this paper, we develop the methods to construct the $2^{n}3^3$ and $2^{1}3^3$ designs. The designs constructed by these methods not only supply orthogonal estimates of all the main effects but also permit estimation of all the two-factor interactions not involving the quadratic effects. Furthermore, the designs we find are nearly orthogonal.