• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.401-405
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• 2020

Magnesium hydroxide sulfate hydrate (MHSH) whiskers were synthesized via a hydrothermal reaction by using MgO as the reactant as well as the acid solution. The effects of the H₂SO₄ amount and reaction time at the same temperature were studied. In general, MHSH whiskers were prepared using MgSO₄ in aqueous ammonia. In this work, to reduce the formation of impurities and increase the purity of MHSH, we employed a synthesis technique that did not require the addition of a basic solution. Furthermore, the pH value, which was controlled by the H₂SO₄ amount, acted as an important factor for the formation of high-purity MHSH. MgO was used as the raw material because it easily reacts in water and forms Mg⁺ and MgOH⁺ ions that bind with SO₄^2- ions to produce MHSH. Their morphologies and structures were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.373-382
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• 2003

Magnesium ion ($Mg^{2+}$) is a vasodilator, but little is known about its mechanism of action on vascular system. In vitro, extracellular magnesium sulfate ($MgSO_4$) produced relaxation in phenylephrine (PE) or high KCl-precontracted isolated rat thorocic aorta with (+E) or without (-E) endothelium in a concentration-dependent manner. The $MgSO_4$-induced relaxations were not affected by removal of the endothelium. Pretreatment of +E or -E aortic rings with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors ($20{\mu}M$ L-NNA, $100{\mu}M$ L-NAME, $1{\mu}M$ dexamethasone and $400{\mu}M$ aminoguanidine), cyclooxygenase inhibitor ($10{\mu}M$ indomethacin), guanylate cyclase inhibitors ($10{\mu}M$ ODQ and $30{\mu}M$ methylene blue) and $Ca^{2+}$ transport blocker ($10{\mu}M$ ryanodine) did not affect the relaxant effects of $MgSO_4$. $Ca^{2+}$ channel blockers ($0.3{\mu}M$ nifedipine and $0.5{\mu}M$ veropamil) completely decreased the relaxant effects of $MgSO_4$ in +E and -E aortic rings. However, in $Ca^{2+}$-free medium, $MgSO_4$-induced vasorelaxation was potentiated and this response was inhibited by nifedipine. Protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors ($1.0{\mu}M$ staurosporine, $0.5{\mu}M$ tamoxifen and $0.1{\mu}M$ H7) or PLC inhibitor ($100{\mu}M$ NCDC) markedly decreased the relaxant effects of $MgSO_4$ in +E and -E aortic rings. In vivo, infusion of $MgSO_4$ elicited significant decreases in arterial blood pressure. After intravenous injection of nifedipine ($150{\mu}g/kg$) and NCDC (3 mg/kg), infusion of $MgSO_4$ inhibited the $MgSO_4$-lowered blood pressure markedly. However, after introvenous injection of saponin (15 mg/kg), L-NNA (3 mg/kg), L-NAME (5 mg/kg), indomethacin (2 mg/kg), methylene blue (15 mg/kg) and aminoguanidine (10 mg/kg) failed to inhibit it. These results suggest that endothelial NQ-cGMP or prostaglandin pathway is not involved in vasorelaxant or hypotensive action of $Mg^{2+}$ and that these effects are due to the inhibitory action of $Mg^{2+}$ on the $Ca^{2+}$ channel or PLC-PKC pathway, and are due to the competitive influx of $Mg^{2+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$ through the $Ca^{2+}$ channel.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.7-15
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• 1981

A Japanese larch has been reforested very much in Korea, but it is not used as a wood resources for paper pulp by now. So this study is carried out to utilize the larchwood for paper pulp manufacture through the Asplund pulping process. The experiment on increasing in the brightness of the pulp is made through the addition of $MgSO_4$, $ZnSO_4$, $Al_2(SO_4)_3$, and KI as a cellulose stabilizer in chip treatment with caustic soda which is followed by high-temperature defibration and conventional peroxide bleaching (5% NaOH plus 2% additive salt per wood in cold pretreatment), or in high-consistency (30%) pulp bleaching of hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid (100% acitve oxygen per lignin) for conventional one. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The solution of 0.5% additive salts had different pH by the sort of bases that was pH 5.7 in $MgSO_4$, liquor, pH 4.9 for $ZnSO_4$, and pH 2.9 for $Al_2(SO_4)_3$, and in the precepitation of bases which ranged to pH 6-13 for $MgSO_4$, pH 5-12 for $ZnSO_4$, and pH 3-10 for $Al_2(SO_4)_3$. 2. The cellulose stabilizer affective in high-consistency peroxide bleaching was KI, $MgSO_4$, and $ZnSO_4$, but has made a little improvement in de lignification and brightness of pulp in comparison with no addition. 3. The higher alkalinity in the chip treatment has made the higher strength and brightness of larchwood Aspiund pulp instead of downing the pulp yield. And the effective compound for cellulose stabilizer in caustic soda pretreatment of chip was $ZnSO_4$, $Al_2(SO_4)_3$ and KI in order for the conventional peroxide bleaching after Asplund pulping. 4. Therefore, the more effective additives for cellulose stabilization in high-temperature defibration of larchwood suppose to be $ZnSO_4$, $Al_2(SO_4)_3$, and KI, while KI and $MgSO_4$ for peroxide bleaching.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.611-617
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• 1996

The effects of nutritional sources on growth of Pseudomonas sp. P2 were investigated in medium containing biphentyl as a carbon source. To determine characterization of Pseudomonas sp. P2, the incubation time was determined to 100 h of the log phase in the growth curve. The optimal compositions for the growth of Pseudomonas sp. P2 degrading polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were 1000 mg/L $NH_4NO_3$, 1000mg/L KH_2PO_4$, 100mg/L MgSO_4$.$7H_2O$, 30mg/L $CaCl_2$.$2H_2O$, 200mg/L NaCl, and 10mg/L $FeSO_4$.$7H_2O$. Pseudomonas sp. P2 showed the degradability of 59.3%, 57.6%, 51.4%, and 48.7% at 500mg/L, 1000mg/L, 1500mg/L, and 2000mg/L of the PCBs within insulating oil after 100 h incubation under the optimum conditions, respectively.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.500-506
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• 2014

This study investigated the effects of NaCl replacers (KCl, $CaSO_4$, and $MgSO_4$) on the quality and sensorial properties of pork patty. In the characteristics of spray-dried salt particles, KCl showed the largest particle size with low viscosity in solution. Meanwhile $CaSO_4$ treatment resulted in the smallest particle size and the highest viscosity (p<0.05). In comparison of the qualities of pork patties manufactured by varying level of Na replacers, $MgSO_4$ treatment exhibited low cooking loss comparing to control (p<0.05). Textural properties of KCl and $MgSO_4$ treatments showed similar pattern, i.e., low level of the replacers caused harder and less adhesive texture than those of control (p<0.05), whereas the hardness of these products was not different with control when the replacers were added more than 1.0%. The addition of $CaSO_4$ also manifested harder and less adhesive than control (p<0.05), but the textural properties of $CaSO_4$ treatment was not affected by level of Ca-salt. Eventually, sensorial properties indicated that KCl and $CaSO_4$ influenced negative effects on pork patties. In contrast, $MgSO_4$ showed better sensorial properties in juiciness intensity, tenderness intensity as well as overall acceptability than control, reflecting that $MgSO_4$ was an effective Na-replacer in meat product formulation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.479-482
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• 1991

The medical use of Acer mono MAX. and Betula costata T. sap has had the long history in Korea. So the mineral and sugar contents of these sap gathered in Mt. Jiri area at spring were analyzed to investigate the scientific base of folk remedies by using ion liquid chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. The values of chlorine and sulfate in Acer mono MAX. were 11.5 mg/l and 176.7 mg/l, and in Betula costata T. 26.5 mg/l and 162.4 mg/l, respectively. The values of potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium in Acer mono MAX. were 67.9 mg/l, 5.6 mg/l, 73.8 mg/l and 4.5 mg/l, and in Betula costata T. were 152.1 mg/l, 9.7 mg/l, 39.2 mg/l and 5.7 mg/l, respectively. The values of copper, zinc and manganese in Acer mono MAX. were 0.057 mg/l, 0.483 mg/l and 5.071 mg/l, and copper, zinc, mangances and iron in Betula costata T. were 0.038 mg/l, 1.584 mg/l, 4.354 mg/l and 2.511 mg/l, respectively. The values of sucrose in Acer mono MAX. were 27.29 mg/l, glucose and fructose in Betula costata T. were 0.97 g/l and 3.05 g/l, respectively.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.147-154
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• 2020

Background: Single inferior alveolar nerve block is ineffective in achieving adequate pulpal anesthesia in 30-80% of patients due to anatomical variations, local tissue pH, central sensitization, and several factors. Various supplementary techniques and combination of adjuvants with lignocaine are used to overcome these failures. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), one such adjuvant, acts at the N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor resulting in effective anesthesia. The aim of this prospective, randomized, double-blind, clinical controlled trial was to evaluate the onset, anesthetic efficacy, duration and post-operative analgesia of 2% lignocaine with and without the addition of MgSO₄ in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and apical periodontitis. Methods: Fourty-two patients were randomly divided into three groups: 2% lignocaine (group 1) and 2% lignocaine with MgSO₄ (75 mg) and (150 mg) in groups 2 and 3, respectively. Pre-operative vitals and Heft Parker-Visual Analogue Scale (HP-VAS) pain scores were recorded. The onset of anesthesia, anesthetic efficacy, and duration of anesthesia were evaluated post administration of the local anesthetic solution. The post-operative analgesia was examined at intervals of 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Results: Administration of 150 mg MgSO₄ hastens the onset of anesthesia (1.29 min) and produces better anesthetic efficacy (3.29 HP-VAS) compared to group 2 (2.07 min and 9.14 HP-VAS) and group 1 (3.29 min and 35.79 HP-VAS), respectively. The duration of anesthesia was significantly higher in group 3 (247.07 min) compared to that of groups 2 and 1 (190 min and 110.21 min) with P < 0.05. Conclusion: Combining 75 mg or 150 mg of MgSO₄ with lignocaine is more effective than 2% lignocaine and 75 mg of MgSO₄ is adequate for endodontic procedures.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1096-1101
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• 1997

Soy curd was prepared using imported soybean(U.S.grade A) and changes in quality were evaluated using different types and mixtures of coagulants(CaCl$_2$, CaSO$_4$, MgCl$_2$, MgSO$_4$, and glucono-$\delta$-lactone). Quality of soy curd was determined by rheological properties, yield, and color. Based upon the characteristics of each coagulant, mixtures of two coagulants were prepared in various ratios. The mixture of CaSO$_4$or MgCl$_2$with glucono-$\delta$-lactone(GDL), and that of CaSO$_4$or MgCl$_2$with MgSO$_4$resulted in soy curd of good quality in terms of rheological properties and yield.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.965-973
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• 2014

Three studies were conducted to investigate whether a chelated Cu can replace $CuSO_4$ as a growth promoter in pigs. In Exp. 1, a total of 240 piglets (Large White${\times}$Landrace, $7.36{\pm}0.10kg$) were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatments with 8 replicates and 10 piglets per pen. Treatments included a NRC control ($CuSO_4$, 6 mg/kg), two Cu supplementations from either $CuSO_4$ or $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ at 170 mg/kg. Pigs fed $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ were 6.0% heavier than pigs fed either the NRC control or 170 mg/kg $CuSO_4$ (p = 0.03) at the end of the experiment. During the 42 days of experimental period, pigs fed $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ gained 9.0% more (p = 0.01), tended to eat more feed (p = 0.09), and had better feed efficiency (p = 0.06) than those fed $CuSO_4$. Compared with the 6 mg/kg $CuSO_4$ NRC control, liver Cu was increased 2.7 times with 170 mg/kg $CuSO_4$ supplementation, and was further increased with $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ (4.5 times, p<0.05). In Exp. 2, a total of 616 crossbred piglets (PIC, $5.01{\pm}0.25kg$) were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatments with 7 replicates and 22 piglets per pen. Treatments included a NRC control (from $CuSO_4$), and three pharmaceutical levels of Cu (150 mg/kg) supplemented either from C$CuSO_4$, tri-basic copper chloride ($Cu_2[OH]_3C1$), or $Cu(HMTBa)_2$. Pigs fed $CuSO_4$ or $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ had better feed efficiency (p = 0.01) and tended to gain more (p = 0.08) compared with those fed the NRC control. Pigs fed $Cu_2[OH]_2C1$ were intermediate. Pigs fed $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ had the highest liver Cu, which was significantly higher than those fed ($Cu_2[OH]_3C1$) or the negative control (p = 0.01). In Exp. 3, a total of 1,048 pigs (PIC, $32.36{\pm}0.29kg$) were allotted to 6 treatments with 8 replicates per treatment and 20 to 22 pigs per pen. The treatments included a NRC control with 4 mg/kg Cu from $CuSO_4$, a positive control with 160 mg/kg Cu from $CuSO_4$, and incremental levels of $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ at 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg. During the overall experimental period of 100 days, no benefit from 160 mg/kg $CuSO_4$ was observed. Pigs fed $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ had increased ADG (linear and quadratic, $p{\leq}0.05$) and feed efficiency (linear and quadratic, $p{\leq}0.05$) up to 80 mg/kg and no further improvement was observed at 160 mg/kg for the whole experimental period. Pigs fed 80 mg/kg $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ weighed 1.8 kg more (p = 0.07) and were 2.3 kg heavier in carcass (p<0.01) compared with pigs fed 160 mg/kg $CuSO_4$. In addition, loin depth was increased with increased $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ supplementation with pigs fed 80 mg/kg $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ had the greatest loin depth (p<0.05). In summary, $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ can be used to replace high $CuSO_4$ as a growth promoter in nursery and grower-finisher pigs.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.769-775
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• 2010

Quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of spirulina with added tofu were investigated in the presence of different coagulants ($CaSO_4$, $MgCl_2$, Glucono delta lactone (GDL), vinegar). The yield of the spirulina tofu was the highest when coagulated with GDL. The pH of spirulina tofu with $MgCl_2$ was the highest compared to those of other coagulants. The tumidity of spirulina tofu was the highest with $MgCl_2$. In the color analysis of spirulina tofu, the L (lightness) value was the highest with $CaSO_4$, whereas a (redness) value was the highest with $MgCl_2$. C-phycocyanin contents were the highest with the $CaSO_4$. Phycoerythrin of spirulina tofu for vinegar was 0.194 mg/mL, and GDL content was 0.214 mg/mL. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of spirulina tofu was the highest with $MgCl_2$ $IC_{50}$ values of the DPPH radical scavenging activity of spirulina tofu with $MgCl_2$ was 89.2 mg/g, GDL 93.5 mg/mL, $CaSO_4$ 116.7 mg/mL, and vinegar 118.0 mg/mL. The texture analyses (TPA) results showed that hardness was in the order of vinegar>$MgCl_2$>GDL>$CaSO_4$. For the overall acceptability of the preference test, the spirulina tofu that was made using $MgCl_2$ coagulant had the highest score. Based on these results, it is suggested that $MgCl_2$ is the proper coagulant for the preparation of spirulina with added tofu.