• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2011

Previous work demonstrated that an ethanol extract (HS0608) of a mixture of three medicinal plants of Curcuma longae radix, Phellinus linteus, and Scutellariae radix markedly inhibits $A{\beta}$ (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity. The present study was performed to further verify the neuroprotective effect of HS0608 on oxidative and ischemic cerebral injury using cultured rat cortical neurons and rats. Exposure of cultured cortical neurons to $100\;{\mu}M$ hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) induced neuronal apoptotic death. At $10-100{\mu}g/ml$, HS0608 inhibited neuronal death, elevation of intracellular calcium concentration ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$), and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by $H_2O_2$ in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons. In vivo, HS0608 prevented cerebral ischemic injury induced by 2-h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 24-h reperfusion. The ischemic infarct and edema were significantly reduced in rats that received HS0608 (200 mg/kg). These results suggest that the anti-oxidative properties of HS0608 may be responsible for its neuroprotective effect against focal cerebral ischemic injury and that HS0608 may have a therapeutic role in neurodegenerative diseases such as stroke.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.64-72
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• 1994

Recently, the acid precipitation, composed primarily of dilute $H_2$S $O_4$, HN $O_3$and originating from the burning of fossil fules, has become one of the major environmental problems. This study was carried out to investigate the chemical features of precipitation at Sobaek-san Meteorological Observation Station(mean sea level; 1,340m, 36$^{\circ}$56’N, 128$^{\circ}$27' E)from May 1991 to December 1993. The major Point in this study divided the whole wind directions into two parts. And, the two parts are the north- westerly wind case and south-easterly wind case. The concentration of anions and cations in precipitation were measured by ion chromatography(Dionex 4000i). The volumn weighted mean pH and conductivity values of the whole precipitation period were 5.26, 14.3$mutextrm{s}$/cm, respectively. The order and frequency rate of the major anions concentration in the north- westerly and south easterly wind case were S $O_4$$^{2-}$(49.3%) ＞ N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ (23.9%) ＞ C $l^{[-10]}$ (14.8%) ＞ $F^{[-10]}$ (12.0%) and S $O_4$$^{2-}$(61.1% ) ＞ N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ (21.5%) ＞ C $l^{[-10]}$ (13.5%) ＞ F/sip -/(4.0%), respectively. The order and frequency rate of the major cations concentration in the north-westerly and south- easterly wind case were $Ca^{2+}$(49.3%) > N $H_4$$^{+}$(24.2%) >N $a^{+}$(22.4%) ＞M $g^{2+}$(14.9%) > $K^{+}$(3.8%) and N $H_4$$^{+}$(4:3.8%) $Ca^{2+}$(28.6%) ＞ N $a^{+}$(16.8%) > $K^{+}$(6.3%) > $Mg^{2+}$(4.5%), respectively. The larger anions and cations concentration values than others were S $O_4$$^{2-}$, N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ and $Ca^{2+}$, N $H_4$$^{+}$, respectively. The correlation coefficient between pH value and ion concentrations for the north-westerly and south-easterly wind case was shown less than 0.5 except for Ca/.sup 2+/ in the statistical analysis SPSS. But the correlation coefficient for the all wind case between sulfate and cations was shown high correlation above 0.6.correlation above 0.6.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.11-27
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• 2014

Objectives This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Ephedra Sinica and Fibrosum Gypsum extract on obesity by using 3T3-L1 cells and high fat diet rats. Methods In vitro, Ephedra Sinica and Fibrosum Gypsum extract (50, 100, 200, $500{\mu}g/ml$) were added in 3T3-L1 cells. Cytotoxicity was measured by MTT assasy. Adipocyte differentiation was measured by Oil Red O staining, GPDH activity and $C/EBP{\alpha}$ protein expression. In vivo, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups : Normal diet group (Normal group), taken high fat diet and no treatment group (Control group), taken high fat diet and orally administered Ephedra Sinica and Fibrosum Gypsum extract daily (Group I: 50 mg/kg, Group II: 100 mg/kg, Group III : 200 mg/kg, oral). For 6 weeks of administration, body weight and the amount of food intake were measured once a week. After administration, blood analysis (AST, ALT, T-Bilirubin, BUN, RBC, Hb, HCT), serum lipid level (triglyceride, Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL), serum leptin level, epididymal adipose tissue weight and histological finding of liver were estimated. Results In vitro, The cytotoxicity was not significant. 3T3-L1 cell's differentiation was significantly decreased in Oil Red O staining, GPDH activity and $C/EBP{\alpha}$ protein expression. In vivo, Body weight and the amount of food intake, AST, ALT, Total cholesterol, TG, LDL, serum leptin, epididymal adipose tissue weight showed significant decrease in group I, group II and group III. There were no significant difference in T-bilirubin, BUN, RBC, Hb and HCT between all groups. HDL showed significant increase in group I, group II and group III. In histological finding of liver tissue, there were decreased adiposity and cytopathic effect in group I, group II and group III. Conclusions It is suggested that Ephedra Sinica and Fibrosum Gypsum extract can be used in the treatment of obesity.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.407-414
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• 1999

Distribution of biota and removal efficiency of organic matter in natural wetland systems were examined from June to October 1998. The aquatic macrophyte communities were consisted of 13 families and 22 species. The composition of occurrence species were as follows: Phragmites communis Trinius are 35%, Persicaria thunbergii Nakai are 19%, Typha angustifolia L. are 17%, Bidens tripartita L. are 16%, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. are 12% and others are l％. The fauna collected from 5 sites consisted of total 6 classes of macroinvertebrates. The composition of occurrence classes were as follows: Insecta are 76%, O1igochaeta are 19%, Gastrapoda are 4％ and others are 1%. These included 18 families, 7 orders of Insects. The larve and mosquito and midges were found in wetlands. Preventive strategies are needed for the suppression of mosquito at the stage of wetland planning and design. In wetland, removal efficiency of dissolved organic carbon is low because of primary production and the background level of DOC in the wetland discharge seems to be 5 mgC/1, but those of BOD was ca. 50%. Wetlands receiving water of low concentration can not work as purification field.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.30.1-30.10
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• 2017

Small-scale fish farmers in developing countries are faced with challenges owing to their limited information on aquaculture management. Nile tilapia farmers in Teso North Sub-County recorded lower yields than expected in 2009 despite having been provided with required inputs. Water quality was suspected to be the key factor responsible for the low yields. This study sought to assess the effects of earthen pond water physico-chemical parameters on the growth of Nile tilapia in six earthen fish ponds under semi-intensive culture system in Teso North Sub-County. The study was longitudinal in nature with pond water and fish being the units of analysis. Systematic sampling was used to select five ponds while a control pond was purposively selected based on its previously high harvest. Four ponds were fed by surface flow and two by underground water. Each pond was fertilized and stocked with 900 fry of averagely 1.4 g and 4.4 cm. Physico-chemical parameters were measured in-situ using a multi-parameter probe. Sixty fish samples were randomly obtained from each pond fortnightly for four months using a 10 mm mesh size and measured, weighed and returned into the pond. Mean range of physico-chemical parameters were: dissolved oxygen (DO) 4.86-10.53 mg/l, temperature $24-26^{\circ}C$, pH 6.1-8.3, conductivity $35-87{\mu}S/cm$ and ammonia 0.01-0.3 mg/l. Temperature (p = 0.012) and conductivity (p = 0.0001) levels varied significantly between ponds. Overall Specific Growth Rate ranged between 1.8% (0.1692 g/day) and 3.8% (1.9 g/day). Ammonia, DO and pH in the ponds were within the optimal levels for growth of tilapia, while temperature and conductivity were below optimal levels. As temperature and DO increased, growth rate of tilapia increased. However, increase in conductivity, pH and ammonia decreased fish growth rate. Temperature and DO ranging between 27 and $30^{\circ}C$ and 5-23 mg/l, respectively, and SGR of 3.8%/day and above are recommended for higher productivity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 2022

Arsenic (As) uptake and accumulation from agricultural soil to rice vary depending on the soil environmental conditions such as soil pH, redox potential, clay content, and organic matter (OM) content. Therefore, these factors are important in predicting changes in the uptake and accumulation of As in rice plants. Here, we studied the chemical properties of As-contaminated and/or rice straw compost (RSC)-treated soils, the growth responses of RSC-applied rice plants under As-contaminated soils, the changes in As content of soil, and the relationship between As uptake and accumulation from the RSC-treated soils to the rice organs under As-contaminated soils. Rice plants were cultivated in 30 mg kg^-1 As-contaminated soils under three RSC treatments: 0 (control), 12, and 24 Mg ha^-1. No significant differences were indicated in the chemical properties of pre-experimental (before transplanting rice seedling) soils, with the exception of EC, OM, and available P₂O₅. As the treatment of RSC under 30 mg kg^-1 As-contaminated soils increased, EC, OM, and available P₂O₅ increased proportionally in soil. Increased soil RSC under As-contaminated soils increased shoot dry weight of rice plants at harvesting stage. As content in roots increased proportionally with RSC content, whereas As content in shoots decreased under As-contaminated soil at all stages of rice plants. Nevertheless, As accumulation were significantly decreased in both roots and shoots of RSC-treated rice plants than those in the plants treated without RSC. These results indicate that the use of RSC can mitigate As phytotoxicity and reduce As accumulation in rice plants under As-contaminated soils. Therefore, RSC can potentially be applied to As-contaminated soil for safe crop and forage rice production.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 1990

The maximum nitrogen fixation activity of the associative, microaerobic and acid tolerant bacteria, Azospirillum amazonense Kp1 was obtained with 0.2Kpa of $O_{2}$ and showed a reversible inhibition by the higher concentrations. Ammonium treatment caused a gradual inhibition of the activity up to 350mM. The nitrogenase systems were purified by gradient chromatography on DEAE-52 cellulose, heat treatment and preparative PAGE. The MoFe protein showed molecular weight of 210,000 including two nonidentical subunits with apparent molecular weights of 55,000 and 50,000 and an isoelectricpoint of 5.2 and contained 2, 24 and 28 atoms of Mo, Fe and acid labile S per molecule. The Fe protein revealed molecular weight of 66,000 including two types of subunits with molecular weights of 35,000 and 31,000 and an isoelectric point of 4.6, and contained 4 atoms of Fe and 6 atoms of S per molecule. The maximum specific nitrogenase activity attained 2,200 and 1,700nM $C_2H_4mg^{-1} min^{-1}$, respectively for MoFe and Fe proteins at pH7 and $35^{\circ}C$. The activity was lost after 10 and 30 days under the cold room ($4^{\circ}C$) condition for Fe and MoFe proteins, respectively.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.377-383
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• 2006

The purpose of the present study was to examine the pharmacokinetic characteristics of arsenic hexaoxide($As_4O_6$), a novel anticancer compound, after i.v. bolus and oral administration in rats. We developed an ICP-Mass based method to analyze arsenic hexaoxide levels in plasma, bile, urine, feces, and tissue and validated the method. Arsenic hexaoxide rapidly disappeared from the plasma by 10 min($\alpha$ phase) after i.v. administration, which was followed by the late disappearance in the $\beta$ phase. The mean plasma half-lives($t_{1/2}$) of arsenic hexaoxide at the a and $\beta$ phase when administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg were 1.57 and 29.8 min, respectively. The maximum plasma concentration($C_{max}$) was 230 ng/mL, after oral administration of arsenic hexaoxide at a dose of 50 mg/kg. The bioavailability, which was calculated from the dose-adjusted ratio, of the oral administered arsenic hexaoxide was 1.61%. Of the various tissues tested, arsenic hexaoxide was mainly distributed in the spleen, lung, liver and kidney after oral administration. Arsenic hexaoxide levels in the spleen or lung at 24 hr after oral administration were higher than those of maximum plasma concentration($C_{max}$). The cumulative amounts of arsenic hexaoxide found in the urine by 48 hr after the administration of 50 mg/kg were 5-fold higher than those in the bile. However, the cumulative amounts in the feces were 10-fold higher compared with those of urine, suggesting that arsenic hexaoxide is mostly excreted in the feces. In conclusion, our observations indicated that arsenic hexaoxide was poorly absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract to the blood circulation and transferred to tissues such as the spleen and lung at 24 hr after oral administration. Moreover, the majority of arsenic hexaoxide appears to be excreted in the feces by 48 hr after oral administration.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.45-45
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• 2019

This experiment was carried out using artificial clay and LED in the plastic film house (irradiation time: 08:00~18:00/day). Seedlings (n = 63 per $3.3m^2$) of ginseng was planted on May 17, 2018. LED was combined with red and blue light in a 3:1 ratio and irradiated with different light intensity. The average air temperature from April to September was $12.3^{\circ}C$ $-26.0^{\circ}C$ and it was the the highest at $26.0^{\circ}C$ in August. The test area where fluorescent lamp was irradiated tended to be somewhat higher than the LED irradiation area. The chemical properties of the test soil are as follows. pH levels was 5.3~5.5, EC levels 0.45~0.52 dS/m and OM levels 33~37%. The total nitrogen content was 0.35~0.47% and the available $P_2O_5$ contents was 13.7~16.0 mg/kg, which was lower than the suitable level of 70~200 mg/kg. Exchangeable cations K and Mg contents were within acceptable ranges, but the Ca contents was $28{\sim}38cmol^+/kg$ levels higher than the permissible level ($2{\sim}6cmol^+/kg$). Germination of ginseng leaves took 8~9 days and the overall germination rate was 70~75%. The photometric characteristics of LED light intensity are as follows. The greater the light intensity, the higher the PAR (Photosynthetic Action Radiation) value, illuminance and solar irradiation. Photosynthetic rate was also increased with higher light intensity was investigated at $1.7{\sim}3.2{\mu}mol\;CO_2/m^2/s$. Leaf temperature ($23.7{\sim}24.8^{\circ}C$) by light intensity was the same trend. The growth of aerial parts (plant height etc.) were generally excellent when irradiated with 3 times the light intensity, the growth of the ginseng aerial parts were excellent as follows. The plant height was 42.6 cm, stem length was 25.2 cm, leaf length was 9.6 cm and stem diameter was 5.0 mm. The growth of underground part (root length etc.) was the same, and the root length was 24.4 cm, the tap root length was 6.0 cm, diameter of taproot was 18.2 mm and the fresh root weight was 17.2 g. There were no disease incidence such as Alternaria blight, Gray mold and Anthracnose. Disease of Damping off occurred 2.2~3.6% and incidence ratio of rusty root ginseng was 14.6~20.7%. Leaf discoloration rate was 13.7~48.9% and increased with increasing light intensity. Ginsenoside content of ginseng by light intensity is under analysis.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.138-145
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• 2009

Purpose : This study was aimed to evaluate the changes of immunologic parameters during hospitalization, and the relationship between IgG and other laboratory or clinical indices in patients with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN). Methods : We reviewed the medical charts of 36 children with APSGN who showed ASO titer>250 Todd U/L and C3<70 mg/dL. We evaluated the levels of IgG and other laboratory parameters including C3 and ASO at admission and at discharge (14 cases). Results : The mean age of APSGN patients was $7.5{\pm}2.6$ year of age, and male-to-female ratio was 2.3:1. At presentation, hypertension (systolic blood pressure>125 mmHg), gross hematuria, and weight gain were observed in 27.8% (10/36), 80.1% (29/36), and 80% (24/30) of the patients, respectively. The mean IgG level was $1,432{\pm}322$ mg/dL ($1,025{\pm}234$ mg/dL in control group, P<0.001), and C3 and ASO levels were $26.1{\pm}16.1$ mg/dL and $1,068{\pm}730$ Todd U, respectively. There were no correlation between IgG level and the levels of any of the parameters analyzed (ASO, C3, BUN, creatinine and white blood cell count), and the severity of the disease assessed by the weight-change during admission. The patients aged<6 years of age (10 cases) had less degree of the weight-change, compared to those of the patients aged>8 years of age (15 cases) (-0.6% vs. -5.7%, P=0.01). The IgG and ASO levels did not change, but C3 (P=0.001) and IgM (P=0.02) levels increased during admission. Conclusion : Increased IgG and ASO levels in APSGN did not change, but C3 level increased during admission. IgG level was not correlated with other laboratory parameters (ASO and C3) and the severity of the disease. Younger children seem to have less severe clinical course compare to older children. With our hypothetic pathogenesis of APSGN, further studies are needed to resolve the pathogenesis of the disease including the increase of IgG.