• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three herb supplementations on blood metabolites, hormones, antioxidant activity, immunoglobulin (Ig) G concentration, and ruminal fermentation in steers. Four Holstein steers in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design received four herb treatments. The treatments consisted of the steers' regular diets with addition of: 1) nothing (control), 2) peppermint, 3) clove, and 4) lemongrass at 5% of the diet (DM basis). Clove supplementation increased the plasma concentration of cholesterol by about 10% (from 79 to 87 mg/dl). Peppermint and lemongrass feeding resulted in an increase in the concentrations of plasma urea nitrogen (from 5.9 to 6.9 and 6.4 mg/dl, respectively). The three herb treatments had no effect on other metabolites and hormones. Steers receiving clove supplementation showed a higher plasma antioxidant activity. The three herb treatments caused lower concentrations of IgG in the blood. Peppermint and lemongrass feedings increased, and clove feeding decreased ruminal concentrations of ammonia. There were no significant differences in VFA concentrations among herbal treatments, except for the decrease in propionate concentration in steers receiving clove treatment. This study suggested that clove feeding changed cholesterol metabolism and increased antioxidant activity in plasma, and feeding of three herbs affected immunity system and ruminal fermentation in steers.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.544-548
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• 1997

Effects of four kinds of phosphate complex on the water holding capacity(W.H.C) and protein solubility of yellow-corvenia(Pseudosciance manchurica) and hair tail(Trichurus lepturns) meat paste were investigated. The formulations of four kinds of phosphate complex employed to this experiment were made by mixing several phosphates such as sodium polyphosphate, sodium pyro-phosphate, sodium acid pyro-phosphate, potassium pyro-phosphate, sodium tetra meta-phosphate, sodium ultra meta-phosphate and sodium hexa meta-phosphate, and monoglyceride at different mixture ratios. Among the four kinds of phosphate complex, phosphate B complex which was formulated by mixing sodium poly-phosphate 50%, sodium pyro-phosphate 20%, sodium tetra meta-phosphate 20%, sodium acid pyrophosphate 5% and sodium ultra meta-phosphate 5% was most effective on enhancing the W.H.C and protein solubility of yellow corvenia meat paste, and in case of hair tail meat paste, phosphate C complex which was formulated by mixing sodium poly-phosphate 40%, sodium pyro-phosphate 30%, potassium pyro-phosphate 15%, sodium tetra meta-phosphate 10%, and sodium hexa meta-phosphate 5% was more effective than other phosphate complex, and their optimum addition level was 0.4% respectively in weight of fish meat paste. Texture characteristics such as hardness, cohesiveness, and springiness value of Kamaboko(fish meat paste product) were evaluated as best when 0.3% of phosphate B complex was added. The optimum cooking condition of Kamaboko to get good texture was heating for 45 minutes at 85$^{\circ}C$.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2013

Lipid oxidation and antioxidants changes in perilla oil emulsion added with chlorophyll were studied during storage in the dark or under 1,700 lux light at $25^{\circ}C$ for 48 h. The emulsion was consisted of perilla oil (33.12 g), 5% acetic acid (66.23 g), egg yolk powder (0.5 g), and xanthan gum (0.15 g), and Chlorophyll b was added to the emulsion at 0, 2.5 and 4 mg/kg. The lipid oxidation was evaluated by headspace oxygen consumption and hydroperoxide formation, and tocopherols and polyphenols were monitored by HPLC and spectrophotometry at 725 nm, respectively. The lipid oxidation of the perilla oil emulsion in the dark was not significant regardless of the addition of chlorophyll. Light increased and accelerated the lipid oxidation of the emulsion, and increased addition level of chlorophyll under light increased it further. However, there was no significant change in fatty acid composition in any case. Contents of tocopherols and polyphenols in the emulsion were not significantly changed during storage in the dark regardless of chlorophyll addition, indicating their little degradation. Tocopherols and polyphenols in the emulsion were significantly degraded during storage of the emulsion under light, and the degradation rate of polyphenols was increased with addition level of chlorophyll. The lipid oxidation of the perilla oil emulsion was inversely related with the residual amounts of tocopherols and polyphenols, with more dependent on the retention of polyphenols than that of tocopherols.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.1576-1582
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of administration of calcium supplementary food containing fermented product of Bacillus subtilis SE4 highly producing poly-$\gamma$-glutamic acid on the growthparameters of adolescent male rats. Four-week old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed for 4 weeks and assigned to the following 4 groups: two groups administered orally with new calcium supplementary food (such as 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) containing fermented product of B. subtilis SE4, one group administered with conventional calcium supplementary food product (150 mg/kg) and one saline group as control. Daily weight gain and daily food intake in the two new food product groups were higher than those of conventional food product group and control group. Especially, the content of serum IGF-I in the two new food product groups were significantly higher than those in conventional food product group and in control group (p<0.05). In addition, length and weight of longitudinal bone in the two new food product groups were longer and heavier than those of conventional food product group and control group. Therefore, the addition of fermented food product of B. subtilis SE4 into the conventional calcium supplementary food increased all the parameters examined for the growth of the adolescent male rats.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.20-35
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• 2023

Chemical preservatives have a good effect on antibacterial activity, but many side effects on the human body have been reported. Recently, the development of natural preservatives that are harmless to the human body and have preservative functions and self-efficacy is active. In addition, in order to increase the absorption rate of natural products by the human body, the method of fermentation using strains is also increasing. Therefore, this study selected varieties that are harmless to the human body and have good antibacterial activity. 1. The yield of origin, thickness and solvent was investigated. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi was made in China and received a yield of 21.88% from 50% ethyl alcohol extract. Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge was made in Korea and received a yield of 25.62% from 50% ethyl alcohol extract. Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai was made in China and received a yield of 6.50% from 70% ethyl alcohol extract. 2. The solid fermentation with the S. baicalensis and S. miltiorrhiza with B. Subtilis yield gained 24.40%, 39.30%, and D. crassirhizoma obtained 11.10% yield when fermented with L. casei. 3. After the liquid fermentation, a clear zone of 9mm was identified for the S. aureus strain in the S. baicalensis, and the antibacterial activity was not confirmed in S. miltiorrhiza and D. crassirhizoma. 4. When the S. baicalensis was fermented with L. Casei, it showed high antibacterial activity in C. albicans and S. aureus. S. miltiorrhiza showed antibacterial activity in S. aureus when it was solid with S. cerevisiae. When the spectators were solid with L. casei and S. cerevisiae, antibacterial activity was high in E. coli and S. aureus. Overall, the antibacterial activity after fermentation was much higher than when fermented. 5. The change in active ingredients was baicalin 101.57, baicalein 28.26, and wogonin 5.33mg/g in the S. baicalensis that did not ferment solid. When solid fermentation with S. cerevisiae, the content of baicalinin with baicalin 94.31, baicalein 30.41, and wogonin 3.57mg/g was found to have increased. S. miltiorrhiza that was not fermented, salvianolic acid A was 1.82mg/g, and when fermented with S. cerevisiae, it increased to 5.70mg/g. The active ingredients of the spectators were flavaspidic acid AP, flavaspidic acid PB, flavaspidic acid AB, and flavaspidic acid BB.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.377-383
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• 1999

The anti-asthmatic activities of the extract of Lonicera japonica (BuOH fraction) and its mode of action were investigated using several in vitro and in vivo models. Lonicera japonica was extracted with 30% ethanol (v/v) and successively partitioned into BuOH. The BuOH fraction reduced antigen-induced contraction of isolated trachea from sensitized guinea pigs in a concentration-dependent manner. The BuOH fraction also inhibited histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells induced by antigen or calcium ionophore A23187 ($IC_{50}=0.26$ and 0.32mg/ml, respectively). Eosinophil infiltration into bronchoalveolar lavage fluids induced by aeroallergen challenge in passively sensitized guinea pigs was inhibited by the BuOH fraction at a dose of 800mg/kg (51.7%). In addition, the BuOH fraction inhibited leukotriene $B_4$ prodution in rat basophilic leukemia cells ($IC_{50}=0.42\;mg/ml$) as well as phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) isolated from rat brain ($IC_{50}=0.015\;mg/ml$). All results from this study strongly suggest that the BuOH fraction of Lonicera japonica may be useful in the treatment of asthma and its mode of action may be related with inhibition of both 5-lipoxygenase and PDE4 enzyme.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.24 no.3 s.35
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• pp.287-304
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• 1991

Tolerance to several toxic effects of cadmium, including lethality has been shown following pretreatment with cadmium and zinc. This study was designed to determine if tolerance also develops to Cd-induced hepatotoxicityandrenaltoxicity. Three groups of rats (A, B, C), each consisting of 16 rats, were studied and each group was divided into four subgroups (1, 2, 3, 4), 4 rats for each subgroup. Rats were subcutaneously pretreated with saline (A), $CdCl_2$ (0.5 mg/kg, B), and $ZnCl_2$ (13.0 mg/kg, C) during time periods of $1{\sim}6$ weeks. At the end of the period, rats were challenged with $CdCl_2$ (3.0, 6.0 and 9.0 mg/kg, ip). After giving the challenge dose, cadmium and metallothionein (MT) concentrations were determined and also observed the histologic change in liver and kidney. The concentration of cadmium in liver and kidney increased dose-dependently to the challenge dosage. These da indicate the kidney is a major target organ of chronic cadmium poisoning, and suggest that cadmium induced hepatic injury, via release of Cd-MT, may play an important role in the nephrotoxicity observed in response to long-term exposure to cadmium. In addition, histologic examination of group $A_2,\;A_3\;and\;A_4$ revealed moderate to severe cadmium toxicity, evidenced by infiltration of inflammatory cells, cell swelling, pyknosis, enlarged sinusoids and necrosis in liver, and tubule cell necrosis and degeneration in kidney. However, MT concentrations in liver and kidney were increased by the pretreatment of $CdCl_2$ and $ZnCl_2$, and their morphological findings were not significantly changed, comparing with control group. Higher MT concentration in liver and kidney observed in the pretreated groups constitutes a plausible explanation of the protective effects of pretreatment against the cadmium toxicity after challenge dosing.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.367-375
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the level of cracked whole barley on daily feed intake, daily body weight gain, carcass characteristics and meat composition of finishing Hanwoo steers (feeding from 24 months to 30 months of age). The dietary treatments were consisted of five types (C; normal concentrate as a basal diet, T1; 10% addition of cracked whole barley, T2; 20% addition of cracked whole barley, T3; 30% addition of cracked whole barley, T4; 40% addition of cracked whole barley). A total 30 Hanwoo steers (588.6${\pm}$11.8kg) were allocated to 5 feeding groups. The daily feed intake and daily body weight gain were high in the order of T2 > T3 >T4 > T1 > C. The back fat thickness and longissmus muscle area were highest in C and T1, respectively (P<0.05) than other treatments. The meat yield index decreased with increased back fat thickness. The marbling score and meat quality were highest in T1 (P<0.01, 0.05, respectively), but maturity, fat color and meat color were not significantly different among treatments. The crude fat was highest in T1 (17.59%), while in T4 (7.47%) it was lowest (P<0.05). The crude protein and crude ash were not significantly different among treatments. The energy value of cracked whole barley treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4) was higher than C (P<0.05). The contents of Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mo, Na and Zn were higher in C than the other treatments (P<0.01), but Co was higher in T2 (P<0.01). The CIE $L^*$ value of whole cracked barley treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4) was higher than C, however there were not differences among the treatments. The CIE $a^*$ value was highest in T1(P<0.05) than others. The CIE $b^*$ value was highest in C and it was decreased with increased feeding of cracked whole barley. Based on the above results, T1 treatment compared to other treatments improved the carcass quality parameters like loin muscle area, marbling score, meat quality, and CIE $L^*$ value.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.148-152
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• 2003

The phosphorus(P) adsorption capacities of various filter media were investigated in relation to the size and types of fitter media to screen the optimum condition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the constructed wetland longevity by improving P adsorption capacity. The maximum P adsorption capacities of filter media A($4{\sim}10\;mm$), B($2{\sim}4\;mm$) and C($0.1{\sim}2\;mm$) were 8, 10 and 22 mg/kg, respectively, showing those increased as the filter media size decreased. Among the experimental media, the optimum filter media size was $0.1{\sim}2\;mm$. When the filter Medium was supplemented with organic materials which were piled up and decayed in the constructed wetland, the P adsorption capacity was significantly enhanced Under the conditions of optimum fitter media size, the respective Maximum P adsorption capacities of filter media C when supplemented with Ca, Mg, Al and Fe were higher than that of filter media C. However the addition of Ca, Mg, Al and Fe to constructed wetland were not recommended because of the possibility of their secondary pollution. The maximum P adsorption capacity of filter media C was 22 mg/kg, but this was increased to 36 mg/kg when filter media C was supplemented with 2% oyster shell.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.523-528
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• 2015

In this study, we investigated the effects of sulfuric acid on the synthesis of calcium borate in the artificial boron-containing brine (bittern) saturated with calcium hydroxide. For the study, we attempted to synthesize calcium borate under various conditions such as reaction temperature, reaction time, and cooling temperature after heating, and then to examine the recovery and purity of the calcium borate according to the presence or absence of sulfuric acid at each condition. The XRD analysis confirmed that, regardless of the presence of sulfuric acid, the calcium borate ($Ca_2B_2O_5{\cdot}H_2O$) was synthesized, while, in the presence of sulfuric acid, the calcium sulfate ($CaSO_4{\cdot}0.5H_2O$) was produced as a by-product. In all the experiments performed by varying the reaction temperature and time, the recovery and purity of the calcium borate without sulfuric acid were observed higher than those with it. The results indicated that the addition of sulfuric acid increased the solubility of the calcium hydroxide, but the calcium sulfate produced as a by-product could decrease the recovery and purity of the calcium borate by preventing the synthesis. In this study, the artificial boron-containing brine (bittern) (500 mg-B/L) was saturated with calcium hydroxide in the absence of sulfuric acid, and then the solution was heated at $80-105^{\circ}C$ for less than 10 minutes to synthesize the calcium borate. The recovery and purity of calcium borate were measured as high as 80 % and 96 %, respectively.